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Peng Q, Wong CYP, Cheuk IWY, Teoh JYC, Chiu PKF, Ng CF. The Emerging Clinical Role of Spermine in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094382. [PMID: 33922247 PMCID: PMC8122740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermine, a member of polyamines, exists in all organisms and is essential for normal cell growth and function. It is highly expressed in the prostate compared with other organs and is detectable in urine, tissue, expressed prostatic secretions, and erythrocyte. A significant reduction of spermine level was observed in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue compared with benign prostate tissue, and the level of urinary spermine was also significantly lower in men with PCa. Decreased spermine level may be used as an indicator of malignant phenotype transformation from normal to malignant tissue in prostate. Studies targeting polyamines and key rate-limiting enzymes associated with spermine metabolism as a tool for PCa therapy and chemoprevention have been conducted with various polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors and polyamine analogues. The mechanism between spermine and PCa development are possibly related to the regulation of polyamine metabolism, cancer-driving pathways, oxidative stress, anticancer immunosurveillance, and apoptosis regulation. Although the specific mechanism of spermine in PCa development is still unclear, ongoing research in spermine metabolism and its association with PCa pathophysiology opens up new opportunities in the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of spermine in PCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Correspondence: (P.K.-F.C.); (C.-F.N.); Tel.: +85-235-052-625 (C.-F.N.)
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2
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El Bissati K, Redel H, Ting LM, Lykins JD, McPhillie MJ, Upadhya R, Woster PM, Yarlett N, Kim K, Weiss LM. Novel Synthetic Polyamines Have Potent Antimalarial Activities in vitro and in vivo by Decreasing Intracellular Spermidine and Spermine Concentrations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:9. [PMID: 30838177 PMCID: PMC6382690 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two compounds belonging to several classes of polyamine analogs have been examined for their ability to inhibit the growth of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and in vivo. Four lead compounds from the thiourea sub-series and one compound from the urea-based analogs were found to be potent inhibitors of both chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) and chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) strains of Plasmodium with IC50 values ranging from 150 to 460 nM. In addition, the compound RHW, N1,N7-bis (3-(cyclohexylmethylamino) propyl) heptane-1,7-diamine tetrabromide was found to inhibit Dd2 with an IC50 of 200 nM. When RHW was administered to P. yoelii-infected mice at 35 mg/kg for 4 days, it significantly reduced parasitemia. RHW was also assayed in combination with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor difluoromethylornithine, and the two drugs were found not to have synergistic antimalarial activity. Furthermore, these inhibitors led to decreased cellular spermidine and spermine levels in P. falciparum, suggesting that they exert their antimalarial activities by inhibition of spermidine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Henry Redel
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Li-Min Ting
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Joseph D Lykins
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Rajendra Upadhya
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kami Kim
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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3
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Inclán M, Guijarro L, Pont I, Frías JC, Rotger C, Orvay F, Costa A, García-España E, Albelda MT. Binding Mode and Selectivity of a Scorpiand-Like Polyamine Ligand to Single- and Double-Stranded DNA and RNA: Metal- and pH-Driven Modulation. Chemistry 2017; 23:15966-15973. [PMID: 28833584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of a polyazacyclophane ligand having an ethylamine pendant arm functionalized with an anthryl group (L), with the single-stranded polynucleotides polyA, polyG, polyU, and polyC as well as with the double-stranded polynucleotides polyA-polyU, poly(dAT)2 , and poly(dGC)2 has been followed by UV/Vis titration, steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, and thermal denaturation measurements. In the case of the single-stranded polynucleotides, the UV/Vis and fluorescence titrations permit to distinguish between sequences containing purine and pyrimidine bases. For the double-stranded polynucleotides the UV/Vis measurements show for all of them hypochromicity and bathochromic shifts. However, the fluorescence studies reveal that both polyA-polyU and poly(dAT)2 induce a twofold increase in the fluorescence, whereas interaction of poly(dGC)2 with the ligand L induces a quenching of the fluorescence. Cu2+ modulates the interaction with the double-stranded polynucleotides due to the conformation changes that its coordination induces in compound L. In general, the spectroscopic studies show that intercalation seems to be blocked by the formation of the metal complex. All these features suggest the possibility of using compound L as a sequence-selective fluorescence probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Inclán
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Lluis Guijarro
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Isabel Pont
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Juan C Frías
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Ramón y Cajal s/n, 46115, Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
| | - Carmen Rotger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Francisca Orvay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antoni Costa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Enrique García-España
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - M Teresa Albelda
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science, University of Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.,GIBI230, Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Imagen IIS La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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4
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Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the polyamine field and introduces the 32 other chapters that make up this volume. These chapters provide a wide range of methods, advice, and background relevant to studies of the function of polyamines, the regulation of their content, their role in disease, and the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting polyamine content and function. The methodology provided in this new volume will enable laboratories already working in this area to expand their experimental techniques and facilitate the entry of additional workers into this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
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5
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Apoptosis induced by the potential chemotherapeutic drug N 1, N 11-Diethylnorspermine in a neuroblastoma cell line. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:917-26. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32833d1cae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Önal A. Current Status of Polyamine and Polyamine Analogs Analysis in Cancer Research. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903018486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Taylor RR, Twin HC, Wen WW, Mallot RJ, Lough AJ, Gray-Owen SD, Batey RA. Substituted 2,5-diazabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes and their application as general piperazine surrogates: synthesis and biological activity of a Ciprofloxacin analogue. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Enzymes in the biosynthetic and catabolic polyamine pathway have long been considered targets for drug development, and early drug discovery efforts in the polyamine area focused on the design and development of specific inhibitors of the biosynthetic pathway, or polyamine analogues that specifically bind DNA. More recently, it has become clear that the natural polyamines are involved in numerous known and unknown cellular processes, and disruption of polyamine functions at their effector sites can potentially produce beneficial therapeutic effects. As new targets for polyamine drug discovery continue to evolve, the rational design of polyamine analogues will result in more structurally diverse agents. In addition, the physical linkage of polyamine-like structures to putative drug molecules can have beneficial effects resulting from increases in DNA affinity and selective cellular uptake. The present chapter will summarize recent advances in the development of alkylpolyamine analogues as antitumour agents, and describe subsequent advances that have resulted from incorporating polyamine character into more diverse drug molecules. Specifically, new polyamine analogues, and the role of polyamine fragments in the design of antiparasitic agents, antitumour metal complexes, histone deacetylase inhibitors and lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors, will be described.
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9
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Basu HS, Thompson TA, Church DR, Clower CC, Mehraein-Ghomi F, Amlong CA, Martin CT, Woster PM, Lindstrom MJ, Wilding G. A small molecule polyamine oxidase inhibitor blocks androgen-induced oxidative stress and delays prostate cancer progression in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7689-95. [PMID: 19773450 PMCID: PMC2756327 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in human prostate epithelia are an important etiologic factor in prostate cancer (CaP) occurrence, recurrence, and progression. Androgen induces ROS production in the prostate by a yet unknown mechanism. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time that androgen induces an overexpression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine oxidation pathway. As prostatic epithelia produce a large excess of polyamines, the androgen-induced polyamine oxidation that produces H2O2 could be a major reason for the high ROS levels in the prostate epithelia. A small molecule polyamine oxidase inhibitor N,N'-butanedienyl butanediamine (MDL 72,527 or CPC-200) effectively blocks androgen-induced ROS production in human CaP cells, as well as significantly delays CaP progression and death in animals developing spontaneous CaP. These data show that polyamine oxidation is not only a major pathway for ROS production in prostate, but inhibiting this pathway also successfully delays CaP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirak S Basu
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792-5669, USA.
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10
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Casero RA, Woster PM. Recent advances in the development of polyamine analogues as antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4551-73. [PMID: 19534534 DOI: 10.1021/jm900187v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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11
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Singhal SS, Roth C, Leake K, Singhal J, Yadav S, Awasthi S. Regression of prostate cancer xenografts by RLIP76 depletion. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:1074-83. [PMID: 19073149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RLIP76 plays a central role in radiation and chemotherapy resistance through its activity as a multi-specific ATP-dependent transporter which is over-expressed in a number of types of cancers. RLIP76 appears to be necessary for cancer cell survival because both in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal tumor studies show that depletion or inhibition of RLIP76 causes selective toxicity in malignant cells. RLIP76 induces apoptosis in cancer cells through the accumulation of endogenously formed GS-E. The results of our in vivo studies demonstrate that administration of RLIP76 antibodies, siRNA or anti-sense to mice bearing xenografts of PC-3 prostate cancer cells leads to near complete regression of established subcutaneous xenografts with no apparent toxic effects. Since anti-RLIP76 IgG (which inhibit RLIP76-mediated transport), siRNA and antisense (which deplete RLIP76) showed similar tumor regressing activities, our results indicate that the inhibition of RLIP76 transport activity at the cell surface is sufficient for observed anti-tumor activity. These studies indicate that RLIP76 serves a key effector function for the survival of prostate cancer cells and that it is a valid target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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12
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Molecular mechanisms underlying N 1, N 11-diethylnorspermine-induced apoptosis in a human breast cancer cell line. Anticancer Drugs 2008; 19:871-83. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32830f902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Biswas S, Hazeldine S, Ghosh B, Parrington I, Kuzhikandathil E, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Bioisosteric Heterocyclic Versions of 7-{[2-(4-Phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]propylamino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol: Identification of Highly Potent and Selective Agonists for Dopamine D3 Receptor with Potent in Vivo Activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3005-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swati Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Stuart Hazeldine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Ingrid Parrington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Eldo Kuzhikandathil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Maarten E. A. Reith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Aloke K. Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, Department of Psychiatry, Millhauser Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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14
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Boncher T, Bi X, Varghese S, Casero RA, Woster PM. Polyamine-based analogues as biochemical probes and potential therapeutics. Biochem Soc Trans 2007; 35:356-63. [PMID: 17371278 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that are found in nearly every cell type, and are required to support a wide variety of cellular functions. The existence of multiple cellular effector sites for naturally occurring polyamines implies that there are numerous targets for polyamine-based therapeutic agents. Through a programme aimed at the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active polyamine analogues, our laboratory has identified three distinct structural classes of polyamine derivatives that exhibit promising biological activity in vitro. We have synthesized more than 200 symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted alkylpolyamines that possess potent antitumour or antiparasitic activity, depending on their backbone architecture and terminal alkyl substituents. Along similar lines, we have developed novel polyamino(bis)guanidines and polyaminobiguanides that are promising antitrypanosomal agents and that interfere with biofilm formation in the pathogenic bacterium Yersinia pestis. Finally, we recently reported a series of PAHAs (polyaminohydroxamic acids) and PABAs (polyaminobenzamides) that inhibit HDACs (histone deacetylases), and in some cases are selective for individual HDAC isoforms. These studies support the hypothesis that polyamine-based small molecules can be developed for use as biochemical probes and as potential therapies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Boncher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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15
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Holst CM, Nevsten P, Johansson F, Carlemalm E, Oredsson SM. Subcellular distribution of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase. Cell Biol Int 2007; 32:39-47. [PMID: 17920945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of the polyamine catabolic enzyme spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) was studied in L56Br-C1 cells treated with 10 microM N(1),N(11)-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) for 24 h. Cells were fractioned into three subcellular fractions. A particulate fraction containing the mitochondria was denoted as the mitochondrial fraction. After DENSPM treatment, an increase in SSAT activity was mainly found in the mitochondrial fraction. Western blot analysis showed an increased level of the SSAT protein in the mitochondrial fraction compared to the cytosolic fraction. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold labeling transmission electron microscopy also showed a mitochondrial association of SSAT. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum was devoid of ribosomes in DENSPM-treated cells, in contrast to control cells that contained ample ribosomes. An increased SSAT activity in connection with the mitochondria may be part of the mechanism of DENSPM-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martina Holst
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3B, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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16
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Giri R, Wasa M, Breazzano SP, Yu JQ. Converting gem-dimethyl groups into cyclopropanes via Pd-catalyzed sequential C-H activation and radical cyclization. Org Lett 2007; 8:5685-8. [PMID: 17134247 DOI: 10.1021/ol0618858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel route to the synthesis of cyclopropane derivatives is described. 1,1-Dimethyls in 2-(1,1-dimethylalkyl)dimethyloxazolines are first converted into 1,3-diiodide derivatives via Pd-catalyzed sequential C-H activation and then radically cyclized to provide 2-(1-alkylcylclopropyl)dimethyloxazolines. The use of EtOAc as a solvent is crucial for the diiodination of the functionalized substrates. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry MS015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
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17
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D'hooghe M, Vervisch K, Kimpe ND. Synthesis of 1-Arylmethyl-2-(2-cyanoethyl)aziridines and Their Rearrangement into Novel 2-(Aminomethyl)cyclopropanecarbonitriles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7329-32. [PMID: 17705433 DOI: 10.1021/jo701302a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Arylmethyl-2-(bromomethyl)aziridines were transformed into novel 2-(2-cyanoethyl)aziridines upon treatment with alpha-lithiated trimethylsilylacetonitrile in THF in an efficient and straightforward approach. The latter aziridines underwent ring opening by reaction with benzyl bromide in acetonitrile, affording 5-amino-4-bromopentanenitriles through a regiospecific ring opening of intermediate aziridinium salts by bromide. Further elaboration of these gamma-bromonitriles resulted in the synthesis of novel 2-[N,N-bis(arylmethyl)aminomethyl]cyclopropanecarbonitriles in high yields by means of a 1,3-cyclization protocol upon treatment with KOtBu in THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D'hooghe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Holst CM, Frydman B, Marton LJ, Oredsson SM. Differential polyamine analogue effects in four human breast cancer cell lines. Toxicology 2006; 223:71-81. [PMID: 16697514 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine analogues have demonstrated anti-tumour activity in a number of solid tumour models. In the present study we compared the cytotoxicities of three polyamine analogues against four breast cancer cell lines. All cell lines are derived from tumours of women with breast cancer and, although we are sampling just a small number of tumours, they represent a spectrum of the genetic plethora of breast cancers. Cytotoxicity, over a dose range from 0.1 to 100 microM, was evaluated with three different cytotoxicity assays performed in 96-well plates. Comparing the effects of the analogues on polyamine pools with data from the cytotoxicity assays indicates that there was not a direct correlation between polyamine pool depletion and cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry was used to investigate analogue-induced cell death as measured by the appearance of a sub-G(1) peak. Induction of cell death by the analogues differed in the cell lines, however, cell death when induced was apoptotic, as demonstrated by detection of apoptotic bodies with immunofluorescence microscopy of propidium iodide-stained nuclei. Comparing the flow cytometry-derived data and the data from the cytotoxicity assays reveals that the analogues exert their effects by inhibiting cell growth and/or inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martina Holst
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonav. 3B, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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19
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Seiler N. Pharmacological aspects of cytotoxic polyamine analogs and derivatives for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:99-119. [PMID: 15963353 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past 20 years, numerous derivatives and analogues of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were synthesized with the aim to generate a new type of anticancer drug. The common denominator of most cytotoxic polyamine analogues is their lipophilicity, which is superior to that of the parent amines. The natural polyamines bind to polyanions and to proteins with anionic binding sites. Their hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity is balanced, allowing them to perform physiological functions by interacting with some of these anionic structures, without impairing the functionality of others. Because the attachment of lipophilic substituents to the polyamine backbone increases the binding energy, lipophilic polyamine derivatives affect secondary and tertiary structures of a larger number of macromolecules than do their natural counterparts. In addition, lipophilicity improves the blood-brain barrier transport and thus enhances CNS toxicity. Close structural analogues of spermidine and spermine mimic the natural polyamines in regulatory functions. The cytotoxic mechanisms of analogues with a less close structural resemblance to spermidine or spermine have not been completely clarified. The displacement of spermidine from functional binding sites and the consequent prevention of its physiological roles is a likely mechanism, but many others may play a role as well. Up to now, polyamine analogues were conceived without specific growth-related targets in mind. To develop therapeutically useful drugs, it will be imperative to identify specific targets and to design compounds that interact selectively with the target molecules. It will also be necessary to include, at an early state of the work, pharmacological and toxicological considerations, to avoid unproductive directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Seiler
- Laboratory of Nutritional Cancer Prevention, Institut de Recherche contre les Cancers de l'Appareil Digestif, Strasbourg Cedex 67091, France.
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20
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Holst CM, Oredsson SM. Comparison of three cytotoxicity tests in the evaluation of the cytotoxicity of a spermine analogue on human breast cancer cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:379-87. [PMID: 15713545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using three cytotoxicity assays, we have investigated the effect of the spermine analogue N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) on four human breast cancer cell lines with different known genetic lesions. Cells were seeded in 96 well plates and DENSPM was added 24 h later to give final concentrations from 0.1 to 100 microM. At 24, 48 and 72 h of treatment, the protein content was determined with a modified Lowry assay. Mitochondrial activity was determined with the AlamarBlue and MTT assays. These two assays differ with respect to where in the electron transport chain the reduction of the substrate takes place. Treatment with increasing concentrations of DENSPM resulted in differential responses in the four cell lines. There was a good of agreement between the protein content and the MTT assay showing increased negative effect with increased dose of DENSPM. The AlamarBlue assay on the other hand showed a stimulation of substrate reduction compared to control at DENSPM concentrations that were inhibitory according to the protein content and MTT assay. Thus, the data clearly show that the MTT and AlamarBlue assays are not equivalent. Importantly, the AlamarBlue assay presumably also reflects cytoplasmic reduction of the substrate through DENSPM-induced mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martina Holst
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Animal Physiology Building, Helgonavägen 3B, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Tsubaki K, Kusumoto T, Hayashi N, Tanima D, Fuji K, Kawabata T. Convenient preparation of optically active N,N-bis(4-substituted-4-aminobutyl)amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Frydman B, Bhattacharya S, Sarkar A, Drandarov K, Chesnov S, Guggisberg A, Popaj K, Sergeyev S, Yurdakul A, Hesse M, Basu HS, Marton LJ. Macrocyclic polyamines deplete cellular ATP levels and inhibit cell growth in human prostate cancer cells. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1051-9. [PMID: 14761207 DOI: 10.1021/jm030437s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, when O(2) partial pressure drops below 10 mmHg, ATP levels rapidly decrease due to the Warburg effect. It is known that certain macrocyclic polyamines catalyze the chemical hydrolysis of ATP with release of inorganic phosphate. Since tumor cells have diminished ATP levels as compared to normal cells, we attempted to deplete cellular ATP with macrocyclic polyamines in an effort to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Five macrocyclic polyamines, related to the budmunchamine family of alkaloids, were prepared by total synthesis. They were the [17]-N(4) macrocycle 1, the [16]-N(4) macrocycle 20, the [18]-N(4) macrocycle 13, the [20]-N(5) macrocycle 8, and the [13]-N(3) macrocycle 17. Each one of them hydrolyzed ATP in vitro with release of P(i); the largest ring macrocycle 8 was the most efficient catalyst, while the smallest ring macrocycle 17 was the least efficient (P(i) released in these runs was on the order of 40-100 microM). The linear polyamine spermine had no hydrolytic effect on ATP. The macrocycles were found to be cytotoxic when assessed by means of a MTT assay against two human prostate cell lines, DuPro and PC-3, with resultant ID(50) values ranging between 0.5 and 1.8 microM. Colony forming efficiency (CFE) assays performed on DuPro cells, where the macrocycles were used in a concentration range of 1-8 microM, confirmed the cytotoxic effect of each macrocycle. Each killed 3-4 log of DuPro cells. The smallest ring 17 was the least cytotoxic after 24 h of incubation, although after 144 h of incubation it showed significant cytotoxicity at 8 microM. The macrocycles were equally efficient in depleting the intracellular ATP pools; after a 24 h incubation with each macrocycle other than 17 at 1-8 microM concentrations, cellular ATP concentrations were decreased by 3 orders of magnitude. The decrease in ATP levels was more pronounced after a 72 h incubation, when even 17 reduced ATP by 2 orders of magnitude. A linear pentamine of established cytotoxicity was without effect on the ATP pools. The macrocycles depleted almost entirely the intracellular pools of polyamines and were efficiently taken up by cells. A rough correlation could be established between the cytotoxic effect of the macrocyclic polyamines and their ATP-ase like activity in the DuPro cell line. As ATP is a scarce metabolite in cancer cells, where it can only be replenished through the very ATP-inefficient glycolytic pathway; macrocyclic polyamines appear to be promising new anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frydman
- SLIL Biomedical Corp., 535 Science Dr., Suite C, Madison, Wisconsin 53711-1066, USA.
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