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Zhang W, Liu H, Qiu X, Zuo F, Wang B. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a drug delivery mechanism. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220867. [PMID: 38756857 PMCID: PMC11097044 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Research in intelligent drug delivery systems within the field of biomedicine promises to enhance drug efficacy at disease sites and reduce associated side effects. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), characterized by their large specific surface area, appropriate pore size, and excellent biocompatibility, have garnered significant attention as one of the most effective carriers for drug delivery. The hydroxyl groups on their surface are active functional groups, facilitating easy functionalization. The installation of controllable molecular machines on the surface of mesoporous silica to construct nanovalves represents a crucial advancement in developing intelligent drug delivery systems (DDSs) and addressing the issue of premature drug release. In this review, we compile several notable and illustrative examples of MSNs and discuss their varied applications in DDSs. These applications span regulated and progressive drug release mechanisms. MSNs hold the potential to enhance drug solubility, improve drug stability, and mitigate drug toxicity, attributable to their ease of functionalization. Furthermore, intelligent hybrid nanomaterials are being developed, featuring programmable properties that react to a broad spectrum of stimuli, including light, pH, enzymes, and redox triggers, through the use of molecular and supramolecular switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, No. 1 West Huan-Hu Road, Ti Yuan Bei, Hexi District, Tianjin300060, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xilong Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 of Poyang Lake Road, Tuanpo Xincheng West District, Tianjin301617, China
| | - Fanjiao Zuo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 of Poyang Lake Road, Tuanpo Xincheng West District, Tianjin301617, China
| | - Boyao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin301617, China
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Chang M, Zhang F, Wei T, Zuo T, Guan Y, Lin G, Shao W. Smart linkers in polymer–drug conjugates for tumor-targeted delivery. J Drug Target 2015; 24:475-91. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tiantian Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Shao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Tsukigawa K, Nakamura H, Fang J, Otagiri M, Maeda H. Effect of different chemical bonds in pegylation of zinc protoporphyrin that affects drug release, intracellular uptake, and therapeutic effect in the tumor. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 89:259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Minko T. Soluble polymer conjugates for drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 2:15-20. [PMID: 24981750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of water-soluble polymeric conjugates as drug carriers offers several possible advantages. These advantages include: (1) improved drug pharmacokinetics; (2) decreased toxicity to healthy organs; (3) possible facilitation of accumulation and preferential uptake by targeted cells; (4) programmed profile of drug release. In this review, we will consider the main types of useful polymeric conjugates and their role and effectiveness as carriers in drug delivery systems.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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Collette F, Delatouche R, Blanquart C, Gueugnon F, Grégoire M, Bertrand P, Héroguez V. Easy and effective method to produce functionalized particles for cellular uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ambrogio MW, Thomas CR, Zhao YL, Zink JI, Stoddart JF. Mechanized silica nanoparticles: a new frontier in theranostic nanomedicine. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:903-13. [PMID: 21675720 PMCID: PMC3196789 DOI: 10.1021/ar200018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medicine can benefit significantly from advances in nanotechnology because nanoscale assemblies promise to improve on previously established therapeutic and diagnostic regimes. Over the past decade, the use of delivery platforms has attracted attention as researchers shift their focus toward new ways to deliver therapeutic and/or diagnostic agents and away from the development of new drug candidates. Metaphorically, the use of delivery platforms in medicine can be viewed as the "bow-and-arrow" approach, where the drugs are the arrows and the delivery vehicles are the bows. Even if one possesses the best arrows that money can buy, they will not be useful if one does not have the appropriate bow to deliver the arrows to their intended location. Currently, many strategies exist for the delivery of bioactive agents within living tissue. Polymers, dendrimers, micelles, vesicles, and nanoparticles have all been investigated for their use as possible delivery vehicles. With the growth of nanomedicine, one can envisage the possibility of fabricating a theranostic vector that could release powerful therapeutics and diagnostic markers simultaneously and selectively to diseased tissue. In our design of more robust theranostic delivery systems, we have focused our attention on using mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SNPs). The payload "cargo" molecules can be stored within this robust domain, which is stable to a wide range of chemical conditions. This stability allows SNPs to be functionalized with stimulus-responsive mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) in the shape of bistable rotaxanes and psuedorotaxanes to yield mechanized silica nanoparticles (MSNPs). In this Account, we chronicle the evolution of various MSNPs, which came about as a result of our decade-long collaboration, and discuss advances in the synthesis of novel hybrid SNPs and the various MIMs which have been attached to their surfaces. These MIMs can be designed in such a way that they either change shape or shed off some of their parts in response to a specific stimulus, such as changes in redox potential, alterations in pH, irradiation with light, or the application of an oscillating magnetic field, allowing a theranostic payload to be released from the nanopores to a precise location at the appropiate time. We have also shown that these integrated systems can operate not only within cells, but also in live animals in response to pre-existing biological triggers. Recognizing that the theranostics of the future could offer a fresh approach to the treatment of degenerative diseases including cancer, we aim to start moving out of the chemical domain and into the biological one. Some MSNPs are already being tested in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Ambrogio
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Courtney R. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | | | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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Guo XM, Guo B, Zhang Q, Sun X. Absorption of 10-hydroxycamptothecin on Fe3O4 magnetite nanoparticles with layer-by-layer self-assembly and drug release response. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:3039-46. [PMID: 21327277 DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the structural and zeta potential properties of 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) were investigated by FT-IR and zeta potential analyzer under different pH. The anticancer drug HCPT as a model drug was used to prepare a high-performance and relatively easy-to-fabricate system on Fe(3)O(4) magnetite nanoparticles by using a polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) and HCPT interlayer self-assembly method. The results obtained from FT-IR and XRD confirmed that HCPT was molecularly dispersed into the nanoparticles. The method holds not only environment-friendly characteristics and the ability to mimic the self-organization process in biological systems but also greatly decreases adjuvant polymers. In addition, the system has an ideal drug payload for the delivery of insoluble HCPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ming Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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Adams DJ, Waud WR, Wani MC, Manikumar G, Flowers JL, Driscoll TA, Morgan LR. BACPTDP: a water-soluble camptothecin pro-drug with enhanced activity in hypoxic/acidic tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 67:855-65. [PMID: 20567829 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors. Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducing factor-1 (HIF-1) occurs in the majority of primary malignant tumors and in two-thirds of metastases, while most normal tissues are negative. HIF-1 induces the glycolytic phenotype, which creates an acidic extracellular microenvironment and associated pH gradient such that drugs that are weak acids are selectively taken up and retained in acidic tumors. 7-Butyl-10-amino-camptothecin (BACPT) is a prime example of an agent that can exploit the tumor pH gradient for enhanced selectivity. PURPOSE This study profiles the antitumor activity of BACPT in vitro and its water-soluble dipeptide ester, BACPTDP, in vivo. METHODS Antitumor activity was evaluated by proliferation assays in cancer cell lines and in murine xenograft models for human neuroblastoma (IMR-32), colon (HT29), ovarian (SK-OV-3), pancreatic (Panc-1), glioma (SF-295) and non-small-cell lung (NCI-H460) cancers. RESULTS BACPT had superior antiproliferative activity compared to established drugs in monolayer cultures of human neuroblastoma and pancreatic tumor cell lines and in 3-dimensional histocultures of colon and primary ovarian cancer. Antitumor activity of BACPTDP was comparable to irinotecan in IMR-32, HT29, SF-295 and NCI-H460 xenografts, significantly greater in SK-OV-3 and in Panc-1 where complete regressions were observed. Combination of BACPT with gemcitabine produced additive to synergistic interactions in Panc-1 cells that were independent of drug ratio and optimal when gemcitabine was administered 24 h prior to BACPT. CONCLUSIONS BACPTDP is a water-soluble camptothecin pro-drug that spontaneously generates the lipid-soluble active agent, BACPT. This topoisomerase inhibitor exploits solid tumor physiology for improved selectivity and activity against multiple tumor types with particular promise for use in treating pediatric neuroblastoma and pancreatic carcinoma.
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Law B, Tung CH. Proteolysis: A Biological Process Adapted in Drug Delivery, Therapy, and Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1683-95. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800500a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Law
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ching-Hsuan Tung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, and The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, Texas 77030
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Homsi J, Simon GR, Garrett CR, Springett G, De Conti R, Chiappori AA, Munster PN, Burton MK, Stromatt S, Allievi C, Angiuli P, Eisenfeld A, Sullivan DM, Daud AI. Phase I trial of poly-L-glutamate camptothecin (CT-2106) administered weekly in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5855-61. [PMID: 17908979 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CT-2106 is a 20(S)-camptothecin poly-L-glutamate conjugate. This linkage stabilizes the active lactone form of camptothecin and enhances aqueous solubility. In addition, poly-L-glutamate is postulated to increase tumor delivery of the active compound through enhanced permeability and retention effect in tumor. We studied a weekly schedule of CT-2106 in patients with refractory solid tumor malignancies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CT-2106 was infused (10 min i.v. infusion) on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle. Plasma and urine were analyzed for total and unconjugated camptothecin by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. Toxicity and response assessments were done with Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events version 3 and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled. Median age was 58 years (range, 36-83) and median number of doses was 6 (range, 1-9). The most frequent tumor type (50%) was melanoma. Dose limiting toxicities were thrombocytopenia and fatigue. A weekly dose of 25 mg/m2 given every 3 of 4 weeks was the maximum tolerated dose. The majority of grade 3 and 4 toxicities were hematologic. The pharmacokinetic profile of conjugated and unconjugated camptothecin showed a polyexponential decline with similar terminal half life (t1/2 range was 44-63 and 31-48 h for conjugated and unconjugated, respectively). Pharmacokinetics of conjugated and unconjugated camptothecin were dose and time independent in the tested dose range. Urinary excretion of conjugated and unconjugated camptothecin accounted for about 30% and 4% of the administered dose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CT-2106 has a more manageable toxicity profile compared with unconjugated camptothecin. The maximum tolerated dose is 25 mg/m2 weekly given 3 of 4 weeks. This compound results in prolonged release of unconjugated camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Homsi
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612-9497, USA
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Lu J, Liong M, Zink JI, Tamanoi F. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a delivery system for hydrophobic anticancer drugs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:1341-6. [PMID: 17566138 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, California NanoSystems Institute, JCCC, University of California, Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Bettio F, Canevari M, Marzano C, Bordin F, Guiotto A, Greco F, Duncan R, Veronese FM. Synthesis and biological in vitro evaluation of novel PEG-psoralen conjugates. Biomacromolecules 2007; 7:3534-41. [PMID: 17154485 DOI: 10.1021/bm060760n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Psoralens are well-known photosensitizers, and 8-methoxypsoralen and 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen are widely used in photomedicine as "psoralens plus UVA therapy" (PUVA), in photopheresis, and in sterilization of blood preparations. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic efficiency of PUVA therapy and photopheresis, four poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-psoralen conjugates were synthesized to promote tumor targeting by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Peptide linkers were used to exploit specific enzymatic cleavage by lysosomal proteases. A new psoralen, 4-hydroxymethyl-4',8-dimethylpsoralen (6), suitable for polymer conjugation was synthesized. The hydroxy group allowed exploring different strategies for PEG conjugation, and linkages with different stability such ester or urethanes were obtained. PEG (5 kDa) was covalently conjugated to the new psoralen derivative using four different linkages, namely, (i) direct ester bond (7), (ii) ester linkage with a peptide spacer (8), (iii) a carbamic linker (9), and (iv) a carbamic linker with a peptide spacer (12). The stability of these new conjugates was assessed at different pHs, in plasma and following incubation with cathepsin B. Conjugates 7 and 8 were rapidly hydrolyzed in plasma, while 9 was stable in buffer and in the presence of cathepsin B. As expected, only the conjugates containing the peptide linker released the drug in presence of cathepsin B. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic activity in the presence and absence of light was carried out in two cell lines (MCF-7 and A375 cells). Conjugates 7 and 8 displayed a similar activity to the free drug (probably due to the low stability of the ester linkage). Interestingly, the conjugates containing the carbamate linkage (9 and 12) were completely inactive in the dark (IC50 > 100 microM in both cell lines). However, antiproliferative activity become apparent after UV irradiation. Conjugate 12 appears to be the most promising for future in vivo evaluation, since it was relatively stable in plasma, which should allow tumor targeting and drug release to occur by cathepsin B-mediated hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bettio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Francesco Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Bersani C, Berna M, Pasut G, Veronese FM. PEG-metronidazole conjugates: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:783-8. [PMID: 16040031 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ), a drug used for the treatment of protozoal infections caused by protozoa and anaerobic microorganisms, was conjugated to linear or branched poly(ethylene glycol) of 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 Da. An ester linkage between polymer and drug was used in the coupling to yield a polymeric prodrug. The modification allowed overcoming the known MTZ solubility problem leading us to obtain a bioconjugate more suitable for parental administration. The conjugates of various molecular weight polymers have been tested in vitro toward chemical degradation and digestive enzymes. It was found that molecular weight and shape of PEG is critical for the prodrugs stability. Good resistance in the stomach acidic media was found and a slow release of the drug in the large intestinal fluid may take place. In vivo studies carried out following i.v. or s.c. administration to mice revealed improved pharmacokinetics properties upon conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Bersani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Pasut G, Guiotto A, Veronese FM. Protein, peptide and non-peptide drug PEGylation for therapeutic application. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.6.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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