1
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Zou D, Liu R, Lv Y, Guo J, Zhang C, Xie Y. Latest advances in dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B against Alzheimer's disease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2270781. [PMID: 37955252 PMCID: PMC10653629 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2270781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease characterised by progressive memory loss and cognition impairment, ultimately leading to death. There are three FDA-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, AChEIs) for the symptomatic treatment of AD. Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) has been considered to contribute to pathologies of AD. Therefore, we reviewed the dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and MAO-B developed in the last five years. In this review, these dual-target inhibitors were classified into six groups according to the basic parent structure, including chalcone, coumarin, chromone, benzo-fused five-membered ring, imine and hydrazine, and other scaffolds. Their design strategies, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and molecular docking studies with AChE and MAO-B were analysed and discussed, giving valuable insights for the subsequent development of AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors. Challenges in the development of balanced and potent AChE and MAO-B dual inhibitors were noted, and corresponding solutions were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renzheng Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangjing Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Garcia PJB, Huang SKH, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai PW. In Silico Neuroprotective Effects of Specific Rheum palmatum Metabolites on Parkinson's Disease Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13929. [PMID: 37762232 PMCID: PMC10530814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the large-scale health issues detrimental to human quality of life, and current treatments are only focused on neuroprotection and easing symptoms. This study evaluated in silico binding activity and estimated the stability of major metabolites in the roots of R. palmatum (RP) with main protein targets in Parkinson's disease and their ADMET properties. The major metabolites of RP were subjected to molecular docking and QSAR with α-synuclein, monoamine oxidase isoform B, catechol o-methyltransferase, and A2A adenosine receptor. From this, emodin had the greatest binding activity with Parkinson's disease targets. The chemical stability of the selected compounds was estimated using density functional theory analyses. The docked compounds showed good stability for inhibitory action compared to dopamine and levodopa. According to their structure-activity relationship, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, and rhein exhibited good inhibitory activity to specific targets. Finally, mediocre pharmacokinetic properties were observed due to unexceptional blood-brain barrier penetration and safety profile. It was revealed that the major metabolites of RP may have good neuroprotective activity as an additional hit for PD drug development. Also, an association between redox-mediating and activities with PD-relevant protein targets was observed, potentially opening discussion on electrochemical mechanisms with biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jay B. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Rhoda B. Leron
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
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3
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Abstract
Proper elucidation of drug-target interaction is one of the most significant steps at the early stages of the drug development research. Computer-aided drug design tools have substantial contribution to this stage. In this chapter, we specifically concentrate on the computational methods widely used to develop reversible inhibitors for monoamine oxidase (MAO) isozymes. In this context, current computational techniques in identifying the best drug candidates showing high potency are discussed. The protocols of structure-based drug design methodologies, namely, molecular docking, in silico screening, and molecular dynamics simulations, are presented. Employing case studies of safinamide binding to MAO B, we demonstrate how to use AutoDock 4.2.6 and NAMD software packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Yelekçi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Safiye Sağ Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Ramsay RR. MAO Visible Spectroscopy for Ligand Interactions, Redox Chemistry, and Kinetics of Irreversible Inhibition. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2558:63-74. [PMID: 36169856 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2643-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The covalently bound FAD cofactor in monoamine oxidase (MAO) is reduced by the amine substrate and reoxidized by oxygen. Visible spectroscopy provides a convenient tool to study the interaction of ligands and the kinetics of the half-reactions for mechanistic investigations. Equilibrium redox titrations allow measurement of redox potentials, while rapid mixing experiments allow determination of the rate of reduction by different substrates and of covalent adduct formation by irreversible inactivators. Three techniques are described: (1) measuring ligand interactions by alterations in the spectrum, especially at 495 nm; (2) reducing MAO, including the essentials for anaerobic procedures; and (3) studying kinetics of reduction, reoxidation, or inactivation of MAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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5
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The evaluation of N-propargylamine-2-aminotetralin as an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 67:128746. [PMID: 35447344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors are established therapy for Parkinson's disease and act, in part, by blocking the MAO-catalysed metabolism of dopamine in the brain. Two propargylamine-containing MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline [(R)-deprenyl] and rasagiline, are currently used in the clinic for this purpose. These compounds are mechanism-based inactivators and, after oxidative activation, form covalent adducts with the FAD co-factor. An important consideration is that selegiline and rasagiline display specificity for MAO-B over the MAO-A isoform thus reducing the risk of tyramine-induced changes in blood-pressure. In the interest of discovering new propargylamine MAO inhibitors, the present study synthesises racemic N-propargylamine-2-aminotetralin (2-PAT), a compound that may be considered as both a six-membered ring analogue of rasagiline and a semi-rigid N-desmethyl ring-closed analogue of selegiline. The in vitro human MAO inhibition properties of this compound were measured and the results showed that 2-PAT is a 20-fold more potent inhibitor of MAO-A (IC50 = 0.721 µM) compared to MAO-B (IC50 = 14.6 µM). Interestingly, dialysis studies found that 2-PAT is a reversible MAO-A inhibitor, while acting as an inactivator of MAO-B. Since reversible MAO-A inhibitors are much less liable to potentiate tyramine-induced side effects than MAO-A inactivators, it is reasonable to suggest that 2-PAT could be a useful and safe therapeutic agent for disorders such as Parkinson's disease and depression.
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6
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Knez D, Hrast M, Frlan R, Pišlar A, Žakelj S, Kos J, Gobec S. Indoles and 1-(3-(benzyloxy)benzyl)piperazines: Reversible and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors identified by screening an in-house compound library. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105581. [PMID: 34990933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic indications for monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B) inhibitors that have emerged from biological studies on animal and cellular models of neurological and oncological diseases have focused drug discovery projects upon identifying reversible MAO inhibitors. Screening of our in-house academic compound library identified two hit compounds that inhibit MAO-B with IC50 values in micromolar range. Two series of indole (23 analogues) and 3-(benzyloxy)benzyl)piperazine (16 analogues) MAO-B inhibitors were derived from hits, and screened for their structure-activity relationships. Both series yielded low micromolar selective inhibitors of human MAO-B, namely indole 2 (IC50 = 12.63 ± 1.21 µM) and piperazine 39 (IC50 = 19.25 ± 4.89 µM), which is comparable to selective MAO-B inhibitor isatin (IC50 = 6.10 ± 2.81 µM), yet less potent in comparison to safinamide (IC50 = 0.029 ± 0.002 µM). Selective MAO-B inhibitors 2, 14, 38 and 39 exhibited favourable permeation of the blood-brain barrier and low cytotoxicity in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damijan Knez
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Martina Hrast
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Frlan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Žakelj
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Abstract
We have structure, a wealth of kinetic data, thousands of chemical ligands and clinical information for the effects of a range of drugs on monoamine oxidase activity in vivo. We have comparative information from various species and mutations on kinetics and effects of inhibition. Nevertheless, there are what seem like simple questions still to be answered. This article presents a brief summary of existing experimental evidence the background and poses questions that remain intriguing for chemists and biochemists researching the chemical enzymology of and drug design for monoamine oxidases (FAD-containing EC 4.1.3.4).
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8
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Zhang C, Lv Y, Bai R, Xie Y. Structural exploration of multifunctional monoamine oxidase B inhibitors as potential drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105070. [PMID: 34126574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AD is one of the most typical neurodegenerative disorders that suffer many seniors worldwide. Recently, MAO inhibitors have received increasing attention not only for their roles involved in monoamine neurotransmitters metabolism and oxidative stress but also for their additional neuroprotective and neurorescue effects against AD. The curiosity in MAO inhibitors is reviving, and novel MAO-B inhibitors recently developed with ancillary activities (e.g., Aβ aggregation and AChE inhibition, anti-ROS and chelating activities) have been proposed as multitarget drugs foreshadowing a positive outlook for the treatment of AD. The current review describes the recent development of the design, synthesis, and screening of multifunctional ligands based on MAO-B inhibition for AD therapy. Structure-activity relationships and rational design strategies of the synthetic or natural product derivatives (chalcones, coumarins, chromones, and homoisoflavonoids) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yangjing Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceutical, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
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9
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Rahman MH, Alim MA, Rahman MM, Khatkar A, Al Mamun A, Rauf A, Mathew B, Ashraf GM. Exploring the Multifunctional Neuroprotective Promise of Rasagiline Derivatives for Multi-Dysfunctional Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:4690-4698. [PMID: 32250219 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406075044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, age-related, and irreversible brain disorder that typically develops slowly and gets worse over time. The potent auspicious drug candidate for the treatment of AD is supposed to perform the simultaneous modulation of several targets linked to AD. The new therapeutic approach involves drug candidates that are designed to act on multiple targets and have various pharmacological properties. This trend has triggered the development of various multimodal drugs including TV-3326 (i.e. ladostigil) and M-30 (i.e. a new multitarget iron chelator). TV-3326 combines the neurorestorative/neuroprotective effects of the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity of rivastigmine with rasagiline (a selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor and novel antiparkinsonian agent) in a single molecule. M-30, the second derivative of rasagiline, was developed by combining the propargyl moiety of rasagiline into the skeleton of VK-28 (i.e. a novel brain permeable neuroprotective iron chelator). It has been revealed that both the compounds possess anti-AD effects and therefore, the clinical development is directed to the treatment of this type of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this article, we have reviewed the neuroprotective molecular mechanisms and multimodal effects of TV-3326 and M-30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abdul Alim
- Department of Chemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh,Graduate School of Innovative Life Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Md Motiar Rahman
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Laboratory for Preservation Technology and Enzyme Inhibition Studies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Sharma P, Singh M, Mathew B. An Update of Synthetic Approaches and Structure‐Activity Relationships of Various Classes of Human MAO‐B Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University Punjab India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy Chitkara University Punjab India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus Kochi 682 041 India
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11
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Campora M, Canale C, Gatta E, Tasso B, Laurini E, Relini A, Pricl S, Catto M, Tonelli M. Multitarget Biological Profiling of New Naphthoquinone and Anthraquinone-Based Derivatives for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:447-461. [PMID: 33428389 PMCID: PMC7880572 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Two
series of naphthoquinone and anthraquinone derivatives decorated
with an aromatic/heteroaromatic chain have been synthesized and evaluated
as potential promiscuous agents capable of targeting different factors
playing a key role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis.
On the basis of the in vitro biological profiling,
most of them exhibited a significant ability to inhibit amyloid aggregation,
PHF6 tau sequence aggregation, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and monoamine
oxidase (MAO) B. In particular, naphthoquinone 2 resulted
as one of the best performing multitarget-directed ligand (MTDL) experiencing
a high potency profile in inhibiting β-amyloid (Aβ40) aggregation (IC50 = 3.2 μM), PHF6 tau
fragment (91% at 10 μM), AChE enzyme (IC50 = 9.2
μM) jointly with a remarkable inhibitory activity against MAO
B (IC50 = 7.7 nM). Molecular modeling studies explained
the structure–activity relationship (SAR) around the binding
modes of representative compound 2 in complex with hMAO
B and hAChE enzymes, revealing inhibitor/protein key contacts and
the likely molecular rationale for enzyme selectivity. Compound 2 was also demonstrated to be a strong inhibitor of Aβ42 aggregation, with potency comparable to quercetin. Accordingly,
atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the most promising naphthoquinones 2 and 5 and anthraquinones 11 and 12 were able to impair Aβ42 fibrillation,
deconstructing the morphologies of its fibrillar aggregates. Moreover,
the same compounds exerted a moderate neuroprotective effect against
Aβ42 toxicity in primary cultures of cerebellar granule
cells. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that these molecules may
represent valuable chemotypes toward the development of promising
candidates for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campora
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Bruno Tasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTS), Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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12
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Synthesis of Chiral Helic[1]triptycene[3]arenes and Their Enantioselective Recognition Towards Chiral Guests Containing Aminoindan Groups. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030536. [PMID: 33498575 PMCID: PMC7864338 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from the enantiopure precursors, a pair of chiral macrocyclic arenes named helic[1]triptycene[3]arenes were conveniently synthesized. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the enantiomeric macrocyclic arenes exhibited mirror images, and the X-ray single crystal structures confirmed their absolute conformations as well. Moreover, the macrocyclic arenes showed strong complexation with secondary ammonium and primary ammonium salts containing aminoindan groups. In particular, the chiral macrocyclic arenes exhibited enantioselective recognition ability towards the chiral secondary ammonium salts containing aminoindan groups with an enantioselective ratio up to 3.89.
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13
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First Synthesis of Racemic Trans Propargylamino-Donepezil, a Pleiotrope Agent Able to Both Inhibit AChE and MAO-B, with Potential Interest against Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010080. [PMID: 33375412 PMCID: PMC7795340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease towards which pleiotropic approach using Multi-Target Directed Ligands is nowadays recognized as probably convenient. Among the numerous targets which are today validated against AD, acetylcholinesterase (ACh) and Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B) appear as particularly convincing, especially if displayed by a sole agent such as ladostigil, currently in clinical trial in AD. Considering these results, we wanted to take benefit of the structural analogy lying in donepezil (DPZ) and rasagiline, two indane derivatives marketed as AChE and MAO-B inhibitors, respectively, and to propose the synthesis and the preliminary in vitro biological characterization of a structural compromise between these two compounds, we called propargylaminodonepezil (PADPZ). The synthesis of racemic trans PADPZ was achieved and its biological evaluation established its inhibitory activities towards both (h)AChE (IC50 = 0.4 µM) and (h)MAO-B (IC50 = 6.4 µM).
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14
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Wu X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou H, Tang X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Chen D, Zhou X, Guo J, Cai H, Zheng J, Sun P. Click-Reaction-Triggered SERS Signals for Specific Detection of Monoamine Oxidase B Activity. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15050-15058. [PMID: 33103897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of biogenic amines. One of its isoforms, monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), is thought to be involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, which make the selective detection of MAOB activity essential. In this work, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor was fabricated and the MAOB activity was specifically determined by detecting the SERS signals of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction product via an amine-aldehyde click reaction. This process was simply achieved by coating core-shell gold-silver nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) on 3-aminopropyl aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES)-modified glass, and then, a monolayer of cysteamine (CA) was attached to the nanoparticle surface as a linker through Ag-S bonds. Using phenethylamine (PA) as a specific substrate of MAOB, the enzyme product phenylacetaldehyde (PAA) will produce significant Raman signals via the amine-aldehyde click reaction with CA, while other molecules, such as MAOB and PA, have no signal output because they cannot form close interaction with nanoparticles due to the existence of a CA layer. This sensor was further used for the specific determination of MAOB activity in clinical blood samples and the MAOB inhibitor assessment successfully. Meanwhile, by changing the click reaction types and taking advantage of the SERS fingerprint peaks for the specific click reaction products, this strategy offers huge potential to detect multiple enzyme activities simultaneously and can be used for new click reaction screening, enzyme-related disease diagnosis, drug screening, and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqiang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yifang Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Huaihong Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Junxia Zheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Pinghua Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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15
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The evaluation of 1-tetralone and 4-chromanone derivatives as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase. Mol Divers 2020; 25:491-507. [PMID: 32970293 PMCID: PMC7512223 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10143-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is of much clinical relevance, and inhibitors of this enzyme are used in the treatment for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders such as depression and Parkinson’s disease. The present study synthesises and evaluates the MAO inhibition properties of a series of 33 1-tetralone and 4-chromanone derivatives in an attempt to discover high-potency compounds and to expand on the structure–activity relationships of MAO inhibition by these classes. Among these series, eight submicromolar MAO-A inhibitors and 28 submicromolar MAO-B inhibitors are reported, with all compounds acting as specific inhibitors of the MAO-B isoform. The most potent inhibitor was a 1-tetralone derivative (1h) with IC50 values of 0.036 and 0.0011 µM for MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively. Interestingly, with the reduction of 1-tetralones to the corresponding alcohols, a decrease in MAO inhibition potency is observed. Among these 1-tetralol derivatives, 1p (IC50 = 0.785 μM) and 1o (IC50 = 0.0075 μM) were identified as particularly potent inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively. Potent compounds such as those reported here may act as leads for the future development of MAO-B specific inhibitors. Graphic abstract The present study describes the MAO inhibitory activities of a series of 1-tetralone and 4-chromanone derivatives. Numerous high-potency MAO-B specific inhibitors were identified.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11030-020-10143-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorised users.
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16
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Manzoor S, Hoda N. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112787. [PMID: 32942081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mammalian flavoenzyme, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of several neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines. The oxidative deamination produces several harmful side products like ammonia, peroxides, and aldehydes during the biochemical reaction. The concentration of biochemical neurotransmitter alteration in the brain by MAO is directly related with several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated MAO also contributes to the amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation by two successive cleft β-secretase and γ-secretase of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO is also involved in aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive destruction through the cholinergic neuronal damage and disorder of the cholinergic system. MAO inhibition has general anti-Alzheimer's disease effect as a consequence of oxidative stress reduction prompted by MAO enzymes. In this review, we outlined and addressed recent understanding on MAO enzymes such as their structure, physiological function, catalytic mechanism, and possible therapeutic goals in AD. In addition, it also highlights the current development and discovery of potential MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) from various chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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Hydride Abstraction as the Rate-Limiting Step of the Irreversible Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase B by Rasagiline and Selegiline: A Computational Empirical Valence Bond Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176151. [PMID: 32858935 PMCID: PMC7503497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the degradation of a very broad range of biogenic and dietary amines including many neurotransmitters in the brain, whose imbalance is extensively linked with the biochemical pathology of various neurological disorders, and are, accordingly, used as primary pharmacological targets to treat these debilitating cognitive diseases. Still, despite this practical significance, the precise molecular mechanism underlying the irreversible MAO inhibition with clinically used propargylamine inhibitors rasagiline and selegiline is still not unambiguously determined, which hinders the rational design of improved inhibitors devoid of side effects current drugs are experiencing. To address this challenge, we present empirical valence bond QM/MM simulations of the rate-limiting step of the MAO inhibition involving the hydride anion transfer from the inhibitor α-carbon onto the N5 atom of the flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. The proposed mechanism is strongly supported by the obtained free energy profiles, which confirm a higher reactivity of selegiline over rasagiline, while the calculated difference in the activation Gibbs energies of ΔΔG‡ = 3.1 kcal mol-1 is found to be in very good agreement with that from the measured literature kinact values that predict a 1.7 kcal mol-1 higher selegiline reactivity. Given the similarity with the hydride transfer mechanism during the MAO catalytic activity, these results verify that both rasagiline and selegiline are mechanism-based irreversible inhibitors and offer guidelines in designing new and improved inhibitors, which are all clinically employed in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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18
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Rahman MM, Mathew B, Shah MA, Ashraf GM. TV 3326 for Alzheimer's dementia: a novel multimodal ChE and MAO inhibitors to mitigate Alzheimer's-like neuropathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 72:1001-1012. [PMID: 32149402 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders and a well-recognized cause of dementia with ageing. In this review, we have represented the ChE and MAO inhibitory potential of TV 3326 against AD based on current scientific evidence. KEY FINDINGS The aetiology of AD is quite complex and not completely understood. However, it has been observed that AD involves the deposition of abnormal amyloid beta (Aβ), along with hyperphosphorylation of tau, oxidative stress, low acetylcholine (ACh) level and biometal dyshomeostasis. Due to the complex nature of AD aetiology, active research is required in the areas of development of multitarget drugs with 2 or more complementary biological functions, as they might represent significant progress in the AD treatment. Interestingly, it has been found that TV 3326 (i.e. ladostigil) is regarded as a novel therapeutic agent since it has the potential to cause inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the brain. Furthermore, it has the capacity to reverse memory impairments, which further suggests the ability of this drug to elevate cholinergic activity in the brain. SUMMARY TV 3326 can avert oxidative-nitrative stress and gliosis. It has also been confirmed that TV 3326 contains neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties. Therefore, this distinctive combined inhibition of ChE and MAO along with its neuroprotective property makes TV 3326 a useful drug in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Motiar Rahman
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Molecular docking utilising the OliveNet™ library reveals novel phenolic compounds which may potentially target key proteins associated with major depressive disorder. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 86:107234. [PMID: 32220809 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant medications that are currently prescribed to patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) have limitations and as a result, there is an urgent need to increase the options that are available. A number of studies have found that natural polyphenols have neuroprotective properties and there is evidence to suggest that they modulate neurotransmitter systems. There are more than 200 phenolic compounds that have been identified in Olea europaea, many of which have not yet been investigated for their potential biological effects. In this study, in silico methods were used to screen the phenolic library from the OliveNet™ database and identify novel lead compounds for proteins implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. The molecular docking results revealed that the monoamine oxidase enzyme isoforms (MAO-A/MAO-B) had binding specificities for certain phenolic subclasses. The lead ligands that were identified from these subclasses were positioned near the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor, interacting in a similar manner as known inhibitors. In addition to the MAO enzymes, several phenolic compounds were docked to neurotransmitter transporters and postsynaptic receptors, as well as proteins involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and the endocannabinoid system. Based on the binding affinity, position, orientation and interactions of the lead phenolic compounds identified in this study, it is predicted that they may have antidepressant properties. The results should be validated further using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, as well as in vivo and in vitro techniques.
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20
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Tandarić T, Vianello R. Computational Insight into the Mechanism of the Irreversible Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase Enzymes by the Antiparkinsonian Propargylamine Inhibitors Rasagiline and Selegiline. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3532-3542. [PMID: 31264403 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin adenine dinucleotide containing flavoenzymes that catalyze the degradation of a range of brain neurotransmitters, whose imbalance is extensively linked with the pathology of various neurological disorders. This is why MAOs have been the central pharmacological targets in treating neurodegeneration for more than 60 years. Still, despite this practical importance, the precise chemical mechanisms underlying the irreversible inhibition of the MAO B isoform with clinical drugs rasagiline (RAS) and selegiline (SEL) remained unknown. Here we employed a combination of MD simulations, MM-GBSA binding free energy evaluations, and QM cluster calculations to show the MAO inactivation proceeds in three steps, where, in the rate-limiting first step, FAD utilizes its N5 atom to abstracts a hydride anion from the inhibitor α-CH2 group to ultimately give the final inhibitor-FAD adduct matching crystallographic data. The obtained free energy profiles reveal a lower activation energy for SEL by 1.2 kcal mol-1 and a higher reaction exergonicity by 0.8 kcal mol-1, with the former being in excellent agreement with experimental ΔΔG‡EXP = 1.7 kcal mol-1, thus rationalizing its higher in vivo reactivity over RAS. The calculated ΔGBIND energies confirm SEL binds better due to its bigger size and flexibility allowing it to optimize hydrophobic C-H···π and π···π interactions with residues throughout both of enzyme's cavities, particularly with FAD, Gln206 and four active site tyrosines, thus overcoming a larger ability of RAS to form hydrogen bonds that only position it in less reactive orientations for the hydride abstraction. Offered results elucidate structural determinants affecting the affinity and rates of the inhibition reaction that should be considered to cooperate when designing more effective compounds devoid of untoward effects, which are of utmost significance and urgency with the growing prevalence of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana Tandarić
- Computational Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Group, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Robert Vianello
- Computational Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Group, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Hong R, Li X. Discovery of monoamine oxidase inhibitors by medicinal chemistry approaches. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:10-25. [PMID: 30774851 PMCID: PMC6350766 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression, have seriously inconvenienced the lives of patients. Growing evidence indicates that these diseases are closely related to the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme, making it an attractive target for the exploitation of potent MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) with high selectivity and low side effects. Although various MAOIs have been discovered, the discovery of an ideal MAOI is not an easy task. In this review, we discuss the currently available rational design strategies for obtaining ideal MAOIs, including ligand-based and receptor-based design strategies, and these strategies were further illustrated with the aid of specific examples from the recent literature. To better understanding the biological activity of MAO, we also highlight the binding modes of typical inhibitors against MAO. Besides, advanced strategies for finding upcoming potent MAOIs were prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyuan Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: 86 531 88382005
| | - Xun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 , Jinan , Shandong , P. R. China . ; ; Tel: 86 531 88382005
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22
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Albreht A, Vovk I, Mavri J, Marco-Contelles J, Ramsay RR. Evidence for a Cyanine Link Between Propargylamine Drugs and Monoamine Oxidase Clarifies the Inactivation Mechanism. Front Chem 2018; 6:169. [PMID: 29892597 PMCID: PMC5985292 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful propargylamine drugs such as deprenyl inactivate monoamine oxidase (MAO), a target in multi-faceted approaches to prevent neurodegeneration in the aging population, but the chemical structure and mechanism of the irreversible inhibition are still debated. We characterized the covalent cyanine structure linking the multi-target propargylamine inhibitor ASS234 and the flavin adenine dinucleotide in MAO-A using a combination of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and computational methods. The partial double bond character of the cyanine chain gives rise to 4 interconverting geometric isomers of the adduct which were chromatographically separated at low temperatures. The configuration of the cyanine linker governs adduct stability with segments of much higher flexibility and rigidity than previously hypothesized. The findings indicate the importance of intramolecular electrostatic interactions in the MAO binding site and provide key information relevant to incorporation of the propargyl moiety into novel multi-target drugs. Based on the structure, we propose a mechanism of MAO inactivation applicable to all propargylamine inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Albreht
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Vovk
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Mavri
- Laboratory of Computational Biochemistry and Drug Design, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jose Marco-Contelles
- Laboratorio de Química Médica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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23
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Mergemeier K, Lehr M. HPLC-UV assays for evaluation of inhibitors of mono and diamine oxidases using novel phenyltetrazolylalkanamine substrates. Anal Biochem 2018; 549:29-38. [PMID: 29550344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have described an HPLC-UV assay for the evaluation of inhibitors of plasma amine oxidase (PAO) using 6-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)hexan-1-amine (4) as a new type of substrate. Now we studied, whether this compound or homologues of it can also function as substrate for related amine oxidases, namely diamine oxidase (DAO), monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). Among these substances, 4 was converted by DAO with the highest rate. The best substrate for MAO A and B was 4-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)butan-1-amine (2). To validate the new assays, the inhibition values of known enzyme inhibitors were determined and the data were compared with those obtained with the substrate benzylamine, which is often used in amine oxidase assays. For the DAO inhibitor 2-(4-phenylphenyl)acetohydrazide an about 10fold lower IC50-value against DAO was obtained when benzylamine was applied instead of 4, indicating that 4 binds to the enzyme with higher affinity than benzylamine. The IC50-values of clorgiline and selegiline against MAO A and B, respectively, also decreased (two- and 30fold) replacing 2 by benzylamine. The discrepancies largely disappeared, when the enzymes were pre-incubated with the inhibitors for 15 min. This can be explained with the covalent inhibition mechanism of the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Mergemeier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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24
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25
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Tripathi AC, Upadhyay S, Paliwal S, Saraf SK. Privileged scaffolds as MAO inhibitors: Retrospect and prospects. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:445-497. [PMID: 29335210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and readable review of general interest to the medicinal chemistry community because it focuses on the pharmacological, chemical, structural and computational aspects of diverse chemical categories as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Monoamine oxidases (MAOs), namely MAO-A and MAO-B represent an enormously valuable class of neuronal enzymes embodying neurobiological origin and functions, serving as potential therapeutic target in neuronal pharmacotherapy, and hence we have coined the term "Neurozymes" which is being introduced for the first time ever. Nowadays, therapeutic attention on MAOIs engrosses two imperative categories; MAO-A inhibitors, in certain mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and MAO-B inhibitors, in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The use of MAOIs declined due to some potential side effects, food and drug interactions, and introduction of other classes of drugs. However, curiosity in MAOIs is reviving and the recent developments of new generation of highly selective and reversible MAOIs, have renewed the therapeutic prospective of these compounds. The initial section of the review emphasizes on the detailed classification, structural and binding characteristics, therapeutic potential, current status and future challenges of the privileged pharmacophores. However, the chemical prospective of privileged scaffolds such as; aliphatic and aromatic amines, amides, hydrazines, azoles, diazoles, tetrazoles, indoles, azines, diazines, xanthenes, tricyclics, benzopyrones, and more interestingly natural products, along with their conclusive SARs have been discussed in the later segment of review. The last segment of the article encompasses some patents granted in the field of MAOIs, in a simplistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash C Tripathi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Savita Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Pharmacy Department, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Tonk 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow 226028, UP, India.
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26
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Piano V, Palfey BA, Mattevi A. Flavins as Covalent Catalysts: New Mechanisms Emerge. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:457-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Dual inhibitors of cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases for Alzheimer’s disease. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:811-832. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates a solid relationship between several enzymes and Alzheimer’s disease. Cholinesterases and monoamine oxidases are closely associated with the disease symptomatology and progression and have been tackled simultaneously using several multifunctional ligands. This design strategy offers great chances to alter the course of Alzheimer’s disease, in addition to alleviation of the symptoms. More than 15 years of research has led to the identification of various dual cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors, while some showing positive outcomes in clinical trials, thus giving rise to additional research efforts in the field. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the novel dual inhibitors identified recently and to shed light on their therapeutic potential.
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28
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Ou-yang J, Zhang W, Qin F, Zuo W, Xu S, Wang Y, Qin B, You S, Jia X. Enantioselective bioreduction of benzo-fused cyclic ketones with engineered Candida glabrata ketoreductase 1 – a promising synthetic route to ladostigil (TV3326). Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7374-7379. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Engineered Candida glabrata ketoreductase 1 variants are applied to the bioreduction of benzo-fused cyclic ketones. Particularly, these biocatalysts showed excellent enantioselectivity towards a key intermediate of Ladostigil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Ou-yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University)
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Wenhe Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Fengyu Qin
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Weiguo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University)
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Shaoyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University)
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Bin Qin
- Wuya College of Innovation
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Song You
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutical Sciences
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Xian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University)
- Ministry of Education
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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29
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Ramsay RR. Molecular aspects of monoamine oxidase B. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:81-9. [PMID: 26891670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) influence the monoamine levels in brain by virtue of their role in neurotransmitter breakdown. MAO B is the predominant form in glial cells and in platelets. MAO B structure, function and kinetics are described as a background for the effect of alterations in its activity on behavior. The need to inhibit MAO B to combat decreased brain amines continues to drive the search for new drugs. Reversible and irreversible inhibitors are now designed using data-mining, computational screening, docking and molecular dynamics. Multi-target ligands designed to combat the elevated activity of MAO B in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases incorporate MAO inhibition (usually irreversible) as well as iron chelation, antioxidant or neuroprotective properties. The main focus of drug design is the catalytic activity of MAO, but the imidazoline I2 site in the entrance cavity of MAO B is also a pharmacological target. Endogenous regulation of MAO B expression is discussed briefly in light of new studies measuring mRNA, protein, or activity in healthy and degenerative samples, including the effect of DNA methylation on the expression. Overall, this review focuses on examples of recent research on the molecular aspects of the expression, activity, and inhibition of MAO B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
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30
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Fišar Z. Drugs related to monoamine oxidase activity. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:112-24. [PMID: 26944656 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the role of monoamine neurotransmission in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders was made after the discovery of the mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs, including monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. The increase in monoamine neurotransmitter availability, decrease in hydrogen peroxide production, and neuroprotective effects evoked by MAO inhibitors represent an important approach in the development of new drugs for the treatment of mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. New drugs are synthesized by acting as multitarget-directed ligands, with MAO, acetylcholinesterase, and iron chelation as targets. Basic information is summarized in this paper about the drug-induced regulation of monoaminergic systems in the brain, with a focus on MAO inhibition. Desirable effects of MAO inhibition include increased availability of monoamine neurotransmitters, decreased oxidative stress, decreased formation of neurotoxins, induction of pro-survival genes and antiapoptotic factors, and improved mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Fišar
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 11, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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31
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Liu W, Lang M, Youdim MBH, Amit T, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Weinreb O. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel dual monoamine-cholinesterase inhibitors as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:376-385. [PMID: 27318273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Current novel therapeutic approach suggests that multifunctional compounds with diverse biological properties and a single bioavailability and pharmacokinetic metabolism, will produce higher significant advantages in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on this rational, a new class of cholinesterase (ChE)-monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were designed and synthesized by amalgamating the propargyl moiety of the irreversible selective MAO-B inhibitor, neuroprotective/neurorestorative anti-Parkinsonian drug, rasagiline, into the "N-methyl" position of the ChE inhibitor, anti-AD drug rivastigmine. Initially, we examined the MAO and ChE inhibitory effect of these novel compounds, MT series in vitro and in vivo. Among MT series, MT-031 exhibited higher potency as a dual MAO-A and ChE inhibitor compared to other compounds in acute-treated mice. Additionally, MT-031 was found to increase the striatal levels of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), and prevent the metabolism of DA and 5-HT. Finally, we have demonstrated that MT-031 exerted neuroprotective effect against H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and reactive oxygen species generation in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. These findings provide evidence that MT-031 is a potent brain permeable novel multifunctional, neuroprotective and MAO-A/ChE inhibitor, preserves in one molecule entity some of the beneficial properties of its parent drugs, rasagiline and rivastigmine, and thus may be indicated as novel therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ming Lang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yewei Sun
- Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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32
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4-Organoseleno-Isoquinolines Selectively and Reversibly Inhibit the Cerebral Monoamine Oxidase B Activity. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:135-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Bavachinin and Bavachin on Human Monoamine Oxidases A and B. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:852194. [PMID: 26557867 PMCID: PMC4629031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/852194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors (MAO-BIs) are used in the early management of Parkinson's disease (PD). Long-term suspected side effects of MAO-B classical inhibitors established the need for safer alternative therapeutic agents. In our study, the flavanone bavachinin (BNN) and its analog bavachin (BVN) found in the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia L. ethanolic extract (PCSEE) were investigated for their human MAO-A and MAO-B (hMAO-A and hMAO-B) inhibition. Both PCSEE and BNN effectively reduced hMAO-B activity more than hMAO-A while BVN had activating effects. BNN showed selective hMAO-B inhibition (IC50 ~ 8.82 μM) more than hMAO-A (IC502009;~ 189.28 μM). BNN in the crude extract was determined by HPLC, also validated by TLC showing a yield of 0.21% PCSEE dry weight. BNN competitively inhibited hMAO-A and hMAO-B, with a lower hMAO-B Ki than hMAO-A Ki by 10.33-fold, and reduced hMAO-B Km/Vmax efficiency ratio to be comparable to the standard selegiline. Molecular docking examination of BNN and BVN predicted an indirect role of BNN C7-methoxy group for its higher affinity, selectivity, and reversibility as an MAO-BI. These findings suggest that BNN, which is known to be a potent PPAR-γ agonist, is a selective and competitive hMAO-B inhibitor and could be used in the management of PD.
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34
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Synthesis of a series of unsaturated ketone derivatives as selective and reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6486-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Rojas RJ, Edmondson DE, Almos T, Scott R, Massari ME. Reversible and irreversible small molecule inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) investigated by biophysical techniques. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:770-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Naoi M, Riederer P, Maruyama W. Modulation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) expression in neuropsychiatric disorders: genetic and environmental factors involved in type A MAO expression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:91-106. [PMID: 25604428 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase types A and B (MAO-A, MAO-B) regulate the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain, and their dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis and influence the clinical phenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. Reversible MAO-A inhibitors, such as moclobemide and befloxatone, are currently employed in the treatment of emotional disorders by inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that the irreversible MAO-B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline exert a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. This effect, however, is not related to their inhibition of MAO activity; in animal and cellular models, selegiline and rasagiline protect neuronal cells through their anti-apoptotic activity and induction of pro-survival genes. There is increasing evidence that MAO-A activity, but not that of MAO-B, is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, but also in gene induction by MAO-B inhibitors; on the other hand, selegiline and rasagiline increase MAO-A mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels. Taken together, these results suggest that each MAO subtype exerts effects that modulate the expression and activity of the other isoenzyme. The roles of MAO-A and -B in the CNS should therefore be re-evaluated with respect to the "type-specificity" of their inhibitors, which may not be unconditional during chronic treatment. Mao-a expression, in particular, may be implicated in pathogenesis and phenotypes in neuropsychiatric disorders. MAO-A expression is modified by mao polymorphisms affecting its transcriptional efficiency, as well as by mutations and polymorphism of parkin, Sirt1, FOXO, microRNA, presenilin-1, and other regulatory proteins. In addition, childhood maltreatment has been shown to have an impact upon adolescent social behavior in children with mao-a polymorphisms of low transcriptional activity. Low MAO-A activity may increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in disturbed neurotransmitter system development and behavior. This review discusses genetic and environmental factors involved in the regulation of MAO-A expression, in the contexts of neuropsychiatric function and of the regulation of neuronal survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 470-0195, Japan.
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinical Neurochemistry, National Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wakako Maruyama
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, National Research Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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Tzvetkov NT, Hinz S, Küppers P, Gastreich M, Müller CE. Indazole- and Indole-5-carboxamides: Selective and Reversible Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors with Subnanomolar Potency. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6679-703. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Küppers
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Gastreich
- BioSolveIT GmbH, An der Ziegelei 79, 53757 St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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38
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Geldenhuys WJ, Kochi A, Lin L, Sutariya V, Dluzen DE, Van der Schyf CJ, Lim MH. Methyl Yellow: A Potential Drug Scaffold for Parkinson's Disease. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1591-1598. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Li N, Liu GG, Chen J, Pan FF, Wu B, Wang XW. Regio- and Enantioselective Organocascade Michael-Michael Reactions: Construction of Chiral Trisubstituted Indanes. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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40
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Inaba-Hasegawa K. Revelation in the neuroprotective functions of rasagiline and selegiline: the induction of distinct genes by different mechanisms. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:671-84. [PMID: 23739004 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, cell death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra progresses and neuroprotective therapy is required to halt neuronal loss. In cellular and animal models, selegiline [(-)deprenyl] and rasagiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, protect neuronal cells from programmed cell death. In this paper, the authors review their recent results on the molecular mechanisms by which MAO inhibitors prevent the cell death through the induction of antiapoptotic, prosurvival genes. MAO-A mediates the induction of antiapoptotic bcl-2 and mao-a itself by rasagiline, whereas a different mechanism is associated with selegiline. Rasagiline and selegiline preferentially increase GDNF and BDNF in nonhuman primates and Parkinsonian patients, respectively. Enhanced neurotrophic factors might be applicable to monitor the neurorescuing activity of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan.
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41
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Rasagiline prevents apoptosis induced by PK11195, a ligand of the outer membrane translocator protein (18 kDa), in SH-SY5Y cells through suppression of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1539-51. [PMID: 23681678 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline protects neuronal cells from cell death caused by various lines of insults. Its neuroprotective function is due to suppression of mitochondrial apoptosis signaling and induction of neuroprotective genes, including Bcl-2 and neurotrophic factors. Rasagiline inhibits the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, an initial stage in apoptosis, but the mechanism has been elusive. In this paper, it was investigated how rasagiline regulates mitochondrial death cascade in apoptosis induced in SH-SY5Y cells by PK11195, a ligand of the outer membrane translocator protein of 18 kDa. Rasagiline prevented release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c), and the following caspase 3 activation, ATP depletion and apoptosis, but did not inhibit the mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, in contrast to Bcl-2 overexpression. Rasagiline stabilized the mitochondrial contact site and suppressed Cyt-c release into cytoplasm, which should be the critical point for the regulation of apoptosis. Monoamine oxidase was not associated with anti-apoptotic activity of rasagiline in PK11195-induced apoptosis.
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42
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Quantum-chemical approach to determining the high potency of clorgyline as an irreversible acetylenic monoamine oxidase inhibitor. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:875-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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43
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Chen JJ, Wilkinson JR. The Monoamine Oxidase Type B Inhibitor Rasagiline in the Treatment of Parkinson Disease: Is Tyramine a Challenge? J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 52:620-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270011406279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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Goren T, Adar L, Sasson N, Weiss YM. Clinical Pharmacology Tyramine Challenge Study to Determine the Selectivity of the Monoamine Oxidase Type B (MAO-B) Inhibitor Rasagiline. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 50:1420-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0091270010369674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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In silico identification of novel and selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:853-8. [PMID: 23242744 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B are flavin adenine dinucleotides containing enzymes bound to the mitochondrial outer membranes of the cells of the brain, liver, intestine, and placenta, as well as platelets. Recently, selective MAO-B inhibitors have received increasing attention due to their neuroprotective properties and the multiple roles they can play in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. This study was based on 10 scaffolds that were selected from more than a million lead compounds in the ZINCv12 lead library for their structural and physicochemical properties which inhibit MAO-B. Utilizing ZINC and Accelrys 3.1 fragment-based libraries, which contain about 400 thousand fragments, we generated 200 potential candidates. GOLD, LibDock, and AutoDock 4.02 were used to identify the inhibition constants and their position in the active sites of both MAO isozymes. The dispositions of the candidate molecules within the organism were checked with ADMET PSA 2D (polar surface area) against ADMET AlogP98 (the logarithm of the partition coefficient between n-octanol and water). The MAO-B inhibition activities of the candidates were compared with the properties of rasagiline which is known to be a selective inhibitor of MAO-B.
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46
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Huang L, Lu C, Sun Y, Mao F, Luo Z, Su T, Jiang H, Shan W, Li X. Multitarget-Directed Benzylideneindanone Derivatives: Anti-β-Amyloid (Aβ) Aggregation, Antioxidant, Metal Chelation, and Monoamine Oxidase B (MAO-B) Inhibition Properties against Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8483-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanjun Lu
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Mao
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zonghua Luo
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Su
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjun Shan
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xingshu Li
- Institute
of Drug Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Processing,
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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47
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Inaba-Hasegawa K, Akao Y, Maruyama W, Naoi M. Rasagiline and selegiline, inhibitors of type B monoamine oxidase, induce type A monoamine oxidase in human SH-SY5Y cells. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:435-44. [PMID: 22968599 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Type B monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) is proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, through oxidative stress and synthesis of neurotoxins. MAO-B inhibitors, rasagiline and selegiline [(-)deprenyl], protect neuronal cells by direct intervention in mitochondrial death signaling and induction of pro-survival Bcl-2 and neurotrophic factors. Recently, type A MAO (MAO-A) was found to mediate the induction of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 by rasagiline, whereas MAO-A increases in neuronal death and also serves as a target of neurotoxins. These controversial results suggest that MAO-A may play a decisive role in neuronal survival and death. This paper reports that rasagiline and selegiline increased the mRNA, protein and catalytic activity of MAO-A in SH-SY5Y cells. Silencing MAO-A expression with small interfering (si)RNA suppressed rasagiline-dependent MAO-A expression, but MAO-B overexpression in SH-SY5Y cells did not affect, suggesting that MAO-A, not MAO-B, might be associated with MAO-A upregulation. Rasagiline reduced R1, a MAO-A specific repressor, but selegiline did not. Mithramycin-A, an inhibitor of Sp1 binding, and actinomycin-D, a transcriptional inhibitor, reduced the rasagiline-dependent upregulation of MAO-A mRNA, indicating that rasagiline induced MAO-A transcriptionally through R1-Sp1 pathway, whereas selegiline by another non-defined pathway. These results are discussed in relation to the role of MAO-A and these MAO-B inhibitors in neuronal death and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Inaba-Hasegawa
- Department of Neurosciences, Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan
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48
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Bolognesi ML, Melchiorre C, Van der Schyf CJ, Youdim M. Discovery of Multi-Target Agents for Neurological Diseases via Ligand Design. DESIGNING MULTI-TARGET DRUGS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734912-00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of neurological disorders in the developed world is rising in concert with an increase in human life expectancy, due in large part to better nutrition and health care. Even as drug discovery efforts are refocused on these disorders, there has been a dearth in the introduction of new disease-modifying therapies to prevent or delay their onset, or reverse their progression. Mounting evidence points to complex and heterogeneous etiopathologies that underlie these diseases. Therefore, it is unlikely that disorders in this class will be mitigated by any single drug that acts exclusively on a single pathway or target. The rational design of novel drug entities with the ability to simultaneously address multiple drug targets of a complex pathophysiology has recently emerged as a new paradigm in drug discovery. Similarly to the concept of multi-target agents within the psychopharmacology field, ligand design has gained an increasing prominence within the medicinal chemistry community. In this chapter we discuss several examples of select chemical scaffolds (polyamines, alkylxanthines, and propargyl carbamates) wherein these concepts were applied to develop novel drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moussa Youdim
- Technion Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
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49
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Type A monoamine oxidase is associated with induction of neuroprotective Bcl-2 by rasagiline, an inhibitor of type B monoamine oxidase. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:405-14. [PMID: 22065207 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rasagiline and (-)deprenyl (selegiline), irreversible type B monoamine oxidase (MAO-B) inhibitors, protect neuronal cells through gene induction of pro-survival Bcl-2 and neurotrophic factors in the cellular models of neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, the role of MAO in the up-regulation of neuroprotective Bcl-2 gene by these inhibitors was studied using type A MAO (MAO-A) expressing wild SH-SY5Y cells and the transfection-enforced MAO-B overexpressed cells. Rasagiline and (-)deprenyl, and also befloxatone, a reversible MAO-A inhibitor, increased Bcl-2 mRNA and protein in SH-SY5Y cells. Silencing MAO-A expression with short interfering (si) RNA suppressed Bcl-2 induction by rasagiline, but not by (-)deprenyl. MAO-B overexpression inhibited Bcl-2 induction by rasagiline and befloxatone, but did not affect that by (-)deprenyl, suggesting the different mechanisms behind Bcl-2 gene induction by these MAO-B inhibitors. The novel role of MAO-A in Bcl-2 induction by rasagiline is discussed with regard to the molecular mechanism underlying neuroprotection by the MAO inhibitors.
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50
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Borštnar R, Repič M, Kržan M, Mavri J, Vianello R. Irreversible Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase B by the Antiparkinsonian Medicines Rasagiline and Selegiline: A Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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