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Vu O, Bender BJ, Pankewitz L, Huster D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Meiler J. The Structural Basis of Peptide Binding at Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010210. [PMID: 35011444 PMCID: PMC8746363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest membrane protein family and a significant target class for therapeutics. Receptors from GPCRs’ largest class, class A, influence virtually every aspect of human physiology. About 45% of the members of this family endogenously bind flexible peptides or peptides segments within larger protein ligands. While many of these peptides have been structurally characterized in their solution state, the few studies of peptides in their receptor-bound state suggest that these peptides interact with a shared set of residues and undergo significant conformational changes. For the purpose of understanding binding dynamics and the development of peptidomimetic drug compounds, further studies should investigate the peptide ligands that are complexed to their cognate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oanh Vu
- Deparment of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Brian Joseph Bender
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa Pankewitz
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
| | - Daniel Huster
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Department, Leipzig University, Härtelstr. 16–18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Jens Meiler
- Deparment of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA;
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (B.J.B.); (L.P.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Institute for Drug Discovery, Departments of Chemistry and Computer Science, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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2
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Structure-based design of a Cortistatin analogue with immunomodulatory activity in models of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1869. [PMID: 33767180 PMCID: PMC7994712 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are forms of inflammatory bowel disease whose incidence and prevalence are increasing worldwide. These diseases lead to chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of an abnormal response of the immune system. Recent studies positioned Cortistatin, which shows low stability in plasma, as a candidate for IBD treatment. Here, using NMR structural information, we design five Cortistatin analogues adopting selected native Cortistatin conformations in solution. One of them, A5, preserves the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of Cortistatin in vitro and in mouse models of the disease. Additionally, A5 displays an increased half-life in serum and a unique receptor binding profile, thereby overcoming the limitations of the native Cortistatin as a therapeutic agent. This study provides an efficient approach to the rational design of Cortistatin analogues and opens up new possibilities for the treatment of patients that fail to respond to other therapies. Inflammatory bowel disease is caused by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and disturbed immune responses. Here the authors present examination of Cortistatin analogues that display enhanced half-life stability whilst maintaining immunomodulatory functionality.
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3
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Use of MALDI-MS with solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange for semi-automated assessment of peptide and protein physical stability in lyophilized solids. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1054:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Peptide aromatic interactions modulated by fluorinated residues: Synthesis, structure and biological activity of Somatostatin analogs containing 3-(3',5'difluorophenyl)-alanine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27285. [PMID: 27271737 PMCID: PMC4895178 DOI: 10.1038/srep27285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is a 14-residue peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system by binding to five G-protein-coupled receptors (SSTR1–5). We have designed six new Somatostatin analogs with L-3-(3′,5′-difluorophenyl)-alanine (Dfp) as a substitute of Phe and studied the effect of an electron-poor aromatic ring in the network of aromatic interactions present in Somatostatin. Replacement of each of the Phe residues (positions 6, 7 and 11) by Dfp and use of a D-Trp8 yielded peptides whose main conformations could be characterized in aqueous solution by NMR. Receptor binding studies revealed that the analog with Dfp at position 7 displayed a remarkable affinity to SSTR2 and SSTR3. Analogs with Dfp at positions 6 or 11 displayed a π-π interaction with the Phe present at 11 or 6, respectively. Interestingly, these analogs, particularly [D-Trp8,L-Dfp11]-SRIF, showed high selectivity towards SSTR2, with a higher value than that of Octreotide and a similar one to that of native Somatostatin.
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5
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Anoop A, Ranganathan S, Das Dhaked B, Jha NN, Pratihar S, Ghosh S, Sahay S, Kumar S, Das S, Kombrabail M, Agarwal K, Jacob RS, Singru P, Bhaumik P, Padinhateeri R, Kumar A, Maji SK. Elucidating the role of disulfide bond on amyloid formation and fibril reversibility of somatostatin-14: relevance to its storage and secretion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16884-903. [PMID: 24782311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.548354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage of protein/peptide hormones within subcellular compartments and subsequent release are crucial for their native function, and hence these processes are intricately regulated in mammalian systems. Several peptide hormones were recently suggested to be stored as amyloids within endocrine secretory granules. This leads to an apparent paradox where storage requires formation of aggregates, and their function requires a supply of non-aggregated peptides on demand. The precise mechanism behind amyloid formation by these hormones and their subsequent release remain an open question. To address this, we examined aggregation and fibril reversibility of a cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin (SST)-14 using various techniques. After proving that SST gets stored as amyloid in vivo, we investigated the role of native structure in modulating its conformational dynamics and self-association by disrupting the disulfide bridge (Cys(3)-Cys(14)) in SST. Using two-dimensional NMR, we resolved the initial structure of somatostatin-14 leading to aggregation and further probed its conformational dynamics in silico. The perturbation in native structure (S-S cleavage) led to a significant increase in conformational flexibility and resulted in rapid amyloid formation. The fibrils formed by disulfide-reduced noncyclic SST possess greater resistance to denaturing conditions with decreased monomer releasing potency. MD simulations reveal marked differences in the intermolecular interactions in SST and noncyclic SST providing plausible explanation for differential aggregation and fibril reversibility observed experimentally in these structural variants. Our findings thus emphasize that subtle changes in the native structure of peptide hormone(s) could alter its conformational dynamics and amyloid formation, which might have significant implications on their reversible storage and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunagiri Anoop
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Srivastav Ranganathan
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Bhagwan Das Dhaked
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Narendra Nath Jha
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Supriya Pratihar
- the Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400 005
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Shruti Sahay
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Santosh Kumar
- the School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751 005, and
| | - Subhadeep Das
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, the IITB-Monash Research Academy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Mamata Kombrabail
- the Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400 005
| | - Kumud Agarwal
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Reeba S Jacob
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Praful Singru
- the School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751 005, and
| | - Prasenjit Bhaumik
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Ranjith Padinhateeri
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076,
| | - Samir K Maji
- From the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076,
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6
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Erchegyi J, Cescato R, Waser B, Rivier JE, Reubi JC. N-imidazolebenzyl-histidine substitution in somatostatin and in its octapeptide analogue modulates receptor selectivity and function. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5981-7. [PMID: 21806016 DOI: 10.1021/jm200307v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite 3 decades of focused chemical, biological, structural, and clinical developments, unusual properties of somatostatin (SRIF, 1) analogues are still being uncovered. Here we report the unexpected functional properties of 1 and the octapeptide cyclo(3-14)H-Cys-Phe-Phe-Trp(8)-Lys-Thr-Phe-Cys-OH (somatostatin numbering; OLT-8, 9) substituted by imBzl-l- or -d-His at position 8. These analogues were tested for their binding affinity to the five human somatostatin receptors (sst(1-5)), as well as for their functional properties (or functionalities) in an sst(3) internalization assay and in an sst(3) luciferase reporter gene assay. While substitution of Trp(8) in somatostatin by imBzl-l- or -d-His(8) results in sst(3) selectivity, substitution of Trp(8) in the octapeptide 9 by imBzl-l- or -d-His(8) results in loss of binding affinity for sst(1,2,4,5) and a radical functional switch from agonist to antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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7
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Robertson CR, Flynn SP, White HS, Bulaj G. Anticonvulsant neuropeptides as drug leads for neurological diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:741-62. [PMID: 21340067 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticonvulsant neuropeptides are best known for their ability to suppress seizures and modulate pain pathways. Galanin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin, among others, have been validated as potential first-in-class anti-epileptic or/and analgesic compounds in animal models of epilepsy and pain, but their therapeutic potential extends to other neurological indications, including neurodegenerative and psychatric disorders. Disease-modifying properties of neuropeptides make them even more attractive templates for developing new-generation neurotherapeutics. Arguably, efforts to transform this class of neuropeptides into drugs have been limited compared to those for other bioactive peptides. Key challenges in developing neuropeptide-based anticonvulsants are: to engineer optimal receptor-subtype selectivity, to improve metabolic stability and to enhance their bioavailability, including penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize advances toward developing systemically active and CNS-penetrant neuropeptide analogs. Two main objectives of this review are: (1) to provide an overview of structural and pharmacological properties for selected anticonvulsant neuropeptides and their analogs and (2) to encourage broader efforts to convert these endogenous natural products into drug leads for pain, epilepsy and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Robertson
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 421 Wakara Way, STE. 360 Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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8
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Ramón R, Martín-Gago P, Verdaguer X, Macias MJ, Martin-Malpartida P, Fernández-Carneado J, Gomez-Caminals M, Ponsati B, López-Ruiz P, Cortés MA, Colás B, Riera A. SSTR1- and SSTR3-selective somatostatin analogues. Chembiochem 2011; 12:625-32. [PMID: 21259412 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We prepared the two enantiomers of 3-(3'-quinolyl)-alanine (Qla, 1) in multigram scale by asymmetric hydrogenation. These amino acids, protected as Fmoc derivatives, were then used in the solid-phase synthesis of two new somatostatin 14 (SRIF-14) analogues 8 a and 8 b, tetradecapeptides in which the tryptophan residue (Trp8) is replaced by one of the two enantiomers of 3-(3'-quinolyl)-alanine (Qla8) and therefore lack the N--H bond in residue 8. The selectivity of these new analogues for the somatostatin receptors, SSTR1-5, was measured. Substitution with L-Qla8 yielded peptide 8 a, which was highly selective for SSTR1 and SSTR3, with an affinity similar to that of SRIF-14. Substitution by D-Qla gave the relatively selective analogue 8 b, which showed high affinity for SSTR3 and significant affinity for SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR5. The biological results demonstrate that bulky and electronically poor aromatic amino acids at position 8 are compatible with strong activity with SSTR1 and SSTR3. Remarkably, these high affinity levels were achieved with peptides in which the conformational mobility was increased with respect to that of SRIF-14. This observation suggests that conformational rigidity is not required, and might be detrimental to the interaction with receptors SSTR1 and SSTR3. The absence of an indole N proton in Qla8 might also contribute to the increased flexibility observed in these analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Ramón
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Ovadia O, Greenberg S, Laufer B, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Improvement of drug-like properties of peptides: the somatostatin paradigm. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:655-71. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.493935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Beierle J, Horne W, van Maarseveen J, Waser B, Reubi J, Ghadiri M. Conformationally Homogeneous Heterocyclic Pseudotetrapeptides as Three‐Dimensional Scaffolds for Rational Drug Design: Receptor‐Selective Somatostatin Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Erchegyi J, Cescato R, Grace CRR, Waser B, Piccand V, Hoyer D, Riek R, Rivier JE, Reubi JC. Novel, potent, and radio-iodinatable somatostatin receptor 1 (sst1) selective analogues. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2733-46. [PMID: 19351180 DOI: 10.1021/jm801314f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The proposed sst(1) pharmacophore (J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 523-533) derived from the NMR structures of a family of mono- and dicyclic undecamers was used to design octa-, hepta-, and hexamers with high affinity and selectivity for the somatostatin sst(1) receptor. These compounds were tested for their in vitro binding properties to all five somatostatin (SRIF) receptors using receptor autoradiography; those with high SRIF receptor subtype 1 (sst(1)) affinity and selectivity were shown to be agonists when tested functionally in a luciferase reporter gene assay. Des-AA(1,4-6,10,12,13)-[DTyr(2),DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (25) was radio-iodinated ((125)I-25) and specifically labeled sst(1)-expressing cells and tissues. 3D NMR structures were calculated for des-AA(1,4-6,10,12,13)-[DPhe(2),DTrp(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (16), des-AA(1,2,4-6,10,12,13)-[DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9)]-SRIF-Thr-NH(2) (23), and des-AA(1,2,4-6,10,12,13)-[DAgl(NMe,2naphthoyl)(8),IAmp(9),Tyr(11)]-SRIF-NH(2) (27) in DMSO. Though the analogues have the sst(1) pharmacophore residues at the previously determined distances from each other, the positioning of the aromatic residues in 16, 23, and 27 is different from that described earlier, suggesting an induced fit mechanism for sst(1) binding of these novel, less constrained sst(1)-selective family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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12
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Beierle JM, Horne WS, van Maarseveen JH, Waser B, Reubi JC, Reza Ghadiri M. Conformationally homogeneous heterocyclic pseudotetrapeptides as three-dimensional scaffolds for rational drug design: receptor-selective somatostatin analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4725-9. [PMID: 19266506 PMCID: PMC3080139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A would-be amide: A 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole was used as a surrogate for a trans amide bond to create a library of 16 diastereomeric pseudotetrapeptides as beta-turn mimetics. High-resolution structural analysis indicated that these scaffolds adopt distinct, rigid, conformationally homogeneous beta-turn-like structures (see example), some of which bind somatostatin receptor subtypes selectively, and some of which show broad-spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Beierle
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - W. Seth Horne
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Beatrice Waser
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research University of Berne Berne, Switzerland 3010
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research University of Berne Berne, Switzerland 3010
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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13
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Grace CRR, Erchegyi J, Reubi JC, Rivier JE, Riek R. Three-dimensional consensus structure of sst2-selective somatostatin (SRIF) antagonists by NMR. Biopolymers 2008; 89:1077-87. [PMID: 18655144 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional NMR structures of seven octapeptide analogs of somatostatin (SRIF), based on octreotide, with the basic sequence H-Cpa/Phe2-c[DCys3-Xxx7-DTrp/DAph(Cbm)8-Lys9-Thr10-Cys14]-Yyy-NH2 (the numbering refers to the position in native SRIF), with Xxx7 being Aph(Cbm)/Tyr/Agl(NMe,benzoyl) and Yyy being Nal/DTyr/Thr, are presented here. Most of these analogs exhibit potent and highly selective binding to sst2 receptors, and all of the analogs are antagonists inhibiting receptor signaling. Based on their consensus 3D structure, the pharmacophore of the sst2-selective antagonist has been defined. The pharmacophore involves the side chains of Cpa2, DTrp/DAph(Cbm)8, and Lys9, with the backbone for most of the sst2-selective antagonists comprised a Type-II' beta-turn. Hence, the sst2-selective antagonist pharmacophore is very similar to the sst2-selective agonist pharmacophore previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Rani R Grace
- Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Feytens D, De Vlaeminck M, Cescato R, Tourwé D, Reubi JC. Highly Potent 4-Amino-indolo[2,3-c]azepin-3-one-Containing Somatostatin Mimetics with a Range of sst Receptor Selectivities. J Med Chem 2008; 52:95-104. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801205x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debby Feytens
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Magali De Vlaeminck
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Renzo Cescato
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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15
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Moore SB, Grant M, Rew Y, Bosa E, Fabbri M, Kumar U, Goodman M. Synthesis and biologic activity of conformationally constrained analogs of L-363,301. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 66:404-22. [PMID: 16316457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, biological activity and conformational analysis of analogs of the cyclic hexapeptide L-363,301, c[Pro6-Phe7-D-Trp8-Lys9-Thr10-Phe11] (numbering as in the native hormone somatostatin-14). The d-Trp in position 8 was replaced with (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-beta-MeTrp respectively, with an added methyl group in the beta position of Trp. The objective of our study was to determine the potency and selectivity generated by the added constraint in the beta position of the d-Trp upon binding to human somatostatin receptors hsst1-5. We synthesized the building blocks enantioselectively and incorporated them into the peptides by SPPS. Competition binding assays revealed that both compounds 2 and 3 were selective for hsst2 over hsst5. The (2R,3S) analog 2 was approximately 30 times more potent at hsst2 than the (2R,3R) analog 3. Interestingly, the (2R,3R) compound showed no binding affinity at hsst5.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0343, USA.
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16
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Seebach D, Dubost E, Mathad R, Jaun B, Limbach M, Löweneck M, Flögel O, Gardiner J, Capone S, Beck A, Widmer H, Langenegger D, Monna D, Hoyer D. New Open-Chain and Cyclic Tetrapeptides, Consisting ofα-,β2-, andβ3-Amino-Acid Residues, as Somatostatin Mimics - A Survey. Helv Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200890190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Gardiner J, Langenegger D, Hoyer D, Beck A, Mathad R, Seebach D. The Enantiomer of Octreotate Binds to All Five Somatostatin Receptors with Almost Equal Micromolar Affinity - A Comparison withSANDOSTATIN®. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:1213-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Erchegyi J, Grace CRR, Samant M, Cescato R, Piccand V, Riek R, Reubi JC, Rivier JE. Ring size of somatostatin analogues (ODT-8) modulates receptor selectivity and binding affinity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2668-75. [PMID: 18410084 PMCID: PMC2782568 DOI: 10.1021/jm701444y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, biological testing, and NMR studies of several analogues of H-c[Cys (3)-Phe (6)-Phe (7)-DTrp (8)-Lys (9)-Thr (10)-Phe (11)-Cys (14)]-OH (ODT-8, a pan-somatostatin analogue, 1) have been performed to assess the effect of changing the stereochemistry and the number of atoms in the disulfide bridge on binding affinity. Cysteine at positions 3 and/or 14 (somatostatin numbering) were/was substituted with d-cysteine, norcysteine, D-norcysteine, homocysteine, and/or D-homocysteine. The 3D structure analysis of selected partially selective, bioactive analogues (3, 18, 19, and 21) was carried out in dimethylsulfoxide. Interestingly and not unexpectedly, the 3D structures of these analogues comprised the pharmacophore for which the analogues had the highest binding affinities (i.e., sst 4 in all cases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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19
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D’Addona D, Carotenuto A, Novellino E, Piccand V, Reubi JC, Di Cianni A, Gori F, Papini AM, Ginanneschi M. Novel sst5-Selective Somatostatin Dicarba-Analogues: Synthesis and Conformation−Affinity Relationships. J Med Chem 2008; 51:512-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070886i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debora D’Addona
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Véronique Piccand
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Alessandra Di Cianni
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Francesca Gori
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
| | - Mauro Ginanneschi
- Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Firenze, Via Lastruccia 13 I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Napoli, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Italy, Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31 CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Peptides and Proteins, Chemistry and Biology, Department of
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Grace CRR, Cervini L, Gulyas J, Rivier J, Riek R. Astressin-amide and astressin-acid are structurally different in dimethylsulfoxide. Biopolymers 2007; 87:196-205. [PMID: 17657708 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The C-terminally amidated CRF antagonist astressin binds to CRF-R1 or CRF-R2 receptors with low nanomolar affinity while the corresponding astressin-acid has >100 times less affinity. To understand the role of the amide group in binding, the conformations of astressin-amide and astressin-acid were studied in DMSO using NMR techniques. The 3D NMR structures show that the backbones of both analogs prefer an alpha-helical conformation, with a small kink around Gln(26). However, astressin-amide has a well-defined helical structure from Leu(27) to Ile(41) and a conformation very similar to the bioactive conformation reported by our group (Grace et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104, 4858-4863). In contrast, astressin-acid has an irregular helical conformation from Arg(35) onward, including a rearrangement of the side chains in that region. This structural difference highlights the crucial role of the C-terminal amidation for stabilization of astressin's bioactive conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Rani R Grace
- Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, LA Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Nikiforovich GV, Marshall GR, Achilefu S. Molecular modeling suggests conformational scaffolds specifically targeting five subtypes of somatostatin receptors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 69:163-9. [PMID: 17441902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several analogs of somatostatin with conformational constraints in their peptide backbones have been modeled to determine energetically feasible conformations. Comparison of low-energy backbone structures of these peptides suggested unique conformations of the central Phe/Ala(i)-D-Trp(i+1)-Lys(i+2)-Thr(i+3) fragment characteristic for specific interactions of somatostatin with each of the five distinct subtypes of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). The conformations obtained were in good agreement with experimental data obtained earlier by NMR measurements and/or X-ray crystallography. The results help rationalize experimental observations on the specificity of binding of various somatostatin analogs with different subtypes of the SSTRs. They also serve as templates for the design of conformationally constrained non-peptide scaffolds that effectively and selectively interact with different subtypes of SSTRs. Such scaffolds can be convenient carriers of radiolabels and near-infrared labels in specific agents for imaging tumors expressing different SSTR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Nikiforovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Grace CRR, Erchegyi J, Koerber SC, Reubi JC, Rivier J, Riek R. Novel sst2-selective somatostatin agonists. Three-dimensional consensus structure by NMR. J Med Chem 2006; 49:4487-96. [PMID: 16854054 PMCID: PMC2515173 DOI: 10.1021/jm060363v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 3D NMR structures of six octapeptide agonist analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) in the free form are described. These analogues, with the basic sequence H-DPhe/Phe2-c[Cys3-Xxx7-DTrp8-Lys9-Thr10-Cys14]-Thr-NH2 (the numbering refers to the position in native SRIF), with Xxx7 being Ala/Aph, exhibit potent and highly selective binding to human SRIF type 2 (sst2) receptors. The backbone of these sst2-selective analogues have the usual type-II' beta-turn reported in the literature for sst2/3/5-subtype-selective analogues. Correlating the biological results and NMR studies led to the identification of the side chains of DPhe2, DTrp8, and Lys9 as the necessary components of the sst2 pharmacophore. This is the first study to show that the aromatic ring at position 7 (Phe7) is not critical for sst2 binding and that it plays an important role in sst3 and sst5 binding. This pharmacophore is, therefore, different from that proposed by others for sst2/3/5 analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Rani R. Grace
- Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Judit Erchegyi
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steven C. Koerber
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author: Jean Rivier The Salk Institute The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, CA 92037 (858) 453−4100 Fax: (858) 552−1546
| | - Roland Riek
- Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Gairí M, Saiz P, Madurga S, Roig X, Erchegyi J, Koerber SC, Reubi JC, Rivier JE, Giralt E. Conformational analysis of a potent SSTR3-selective somatostatin analogue by NMR in water solution. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:82-91. [PMID: 16365912 DOI: 10.1002/psc.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of a potent SSTR3-selective analogue of somatostatin, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-Agl(8)(N(beta) Me, 2-naphthoyl)]-SRIF) (peptide 1) has been determined by (1)H NMR in water and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The peptide exists in two conformational isomers differing mainly by the cis/trans isomerization of the side chain in residue 8. The structure of 1 is compared with the consensus structural motifs of other somatostatin analogues that bind predominantly to SSTR1, SSTR2/SSTR5 and SSTR4 receptors, and to the 3D structure of a non-selective SRIF analogue, cyclo(3-14)H-Cys(3)-Phe(6)-Tyr(7)-D-2Nal(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Phe(11)-Cys(14)-OH (des-AA(1, 2, 4, 5, 12, 13)[Tyr(7), D-2Nal(8)]-SRIF) (peptide 2). The structural determinant factors that could explain selectivity of peptide 1 for SSTR3 receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Gairí
- NMR Facility, Serveis Cientificotècnics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona Science Park, Josep Samitier 1-5, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Altman J. Endocrine receptors as targets for new drugs. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 83:282-8. [PMID: 16926529 DOI: 10.1159/000095337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly detailed knowledge of cellular signalling pathways is providing a sound basis for the development of specific drugs aimed at selected components of the pathways. Many of these targets are receptors and the multitude of hormone receptors makes endocrine functions a rich proving ground for this research. This article reviews a recent meeting (Insights into Receptor Function and New Drug Development Targets; 5th Endocrinology Colloquium of the Fondation Ipsen, Paris, December 5, 2005) where progress in defining suitable targets for drug therapies in the endocrine system and in designing drugs for some of these targets was discussed. Although the family of G-protein-coupled receptors, ubiquitous in the endocrine system, was the central focus, comparisons with other receptor families were made. Many mutations affecting genes coding for receptors or other components of signalling pathways have been found in a wide range of endocrine disorders including obesity, parathyroid malfunction, disorders involving thyroid-stimulating hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and tumours in the anterior pituitary, as well as in many types of cancer. These are being used to dissect the normal control mechanisms as well as to provide information for the development of selective drugs. Recently identified mutations that affect the intracellular traffic in newly synthesised receptors open up possibilities of another dimension of cellular regulation of signalling. Both the discovery of hormones such as apelin and its pairing with an 'orphan' receptor, and the unexpected action of a drug against cannabinoid receptors point to further levels of complexity in cardiovascular regulation. Deeper understanding of the evolution of receptor families and of the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction is enabling the design of highly specific agonists and antagonists. Pharmacological intervention is not limited to the ligand-receptor interaction but can extend to inhibition of selected steps in the intracellular pathway, such as the regulation of G protein deactivation. The progress in this area is both leading to improved treatment for a range of endocrine disorders and serving as a model for the study of signalling in other physiological systems.
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