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Liu W, Bi S, Tian T, Zhou T, Lin K, Zhou W. A Novel and Practical Synthesis of Mavorixafor. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Liu
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Siju Bi
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ting Tian
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kuaile Lin
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Weicheng Zhou
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Key Lab of Anti-Infectives, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, No. 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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2
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Li L, Liu H, Wu Z, Miao J, Zhang S. Crystal structure of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, C 11H 16N 2O 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2018-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C11H16N2O2, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 6.1516(10) Å, b = 13.711(2) Å, c = 13.7392(18) Å, V = 1158.8(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0657, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1940, T = 293(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Li
- Hubei University , The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Wuhan, 430062 , China
| | - Hui Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Technology , School of Materials Science and Engineering , Wuhan, 430205 , China
| | - Zhongjun Wu
- Hubei University , The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Wuhan, 430062 , China
| | - Junfeng Miao
- Hubei University , The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Wuhan, 430062 , China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Hubei University , The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Wuhan, 430062 , China
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3
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Kirk SR, Andrade AL, Melich K, Jackson EP, Cuellar E, Karpen JW. Halogen substituents on the aromatic moiety of the tetracaine scaffold improve potency of cyclic nucleotide-gated channel block. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6417-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Andrade AL, Melich K, Whatley GG, Kirk SR, Karpen JW. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel block by hydrolysis-resistant tetracaine derivatives. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4904-12. [PMID: 21634421 DOI: 10.1021/jm200495g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To meet a pressing need for better cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel antagonists, we have increased the biological stability of tetracaine-based blockers by synthesizing amide and thioamide linkage substitutions of tetracaine (1) and a higher affinity octyl tail derivative (5). We report the apparent K(D) values, the mechanism of block, and the in vitro hydrolysis rates for these compounds. The ester linkage substitutions did not adversely affect CNG channel block; unexpectedly, thioamide substitution in 1 (compound 8) improved block significantly. Furthermore, the ester linkage substitutions did not appear to affect the mechanism of block in terms of the strong state preference for closed channels. All ester substituted compounds, especially the thioamide substitutions, were more resistant to hydrolysis by serum cholinesterase than their ester counterparts. These findings have implications for dissecting the physiological roles of CNG channels, treating certain forms of retinal degeneration, and possibly the current clinical uses of compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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5
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Breunig E, Kludt E, Czesnik D, Schild D. The styryl dye FM1-43 suppresses odorant responses in a subset of olfactory neurons by blocking cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28041-8. [PMID: 21646359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.233890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many olfactory receptor neurons use a cAMP-dependent transduction mechanism to transduce odorants into depolarizations. This signaling cascade is characterized by a sequence of two currents: a cation current through cyclic nucleotide-gated channels followed by a chloride current through calcium-activated chloride channels. To date, it is not possible to interfere with these generator channels under physiological conditions with potent and specific blockers. In this study we identified the styryl dye FM1-43 as a potent blocker of native olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Furthermore, we characterized this substance to stain olfactory receptor neurons that are endowed with cAMP-dependent transduction. This allows optical differentiation and pharmacological interference with olfactory receptor neurons at the level of the signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Breunig
- Department of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University of Göttingen,37073 Göttingen, Germany
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6
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Strassmaier T, Kirk SR, Banerji T, Karpen JW. Block of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels by tetracaine derivatives: role of apolar interactions at two distinct locations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 18:645-9. [PMID: 18055205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of new tetracaine derivatives was synthesized to explore the effects of hydrophobic character on blockade of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. Increasing the hydrophobicity at either of two positions on the tetracaine scaffold, the tertiary amine or the butyl tail, yields blockers with increased potency. However, shape also plays an important role. While gradual increases in length of the butyl tail lead to increased potency, substitution of the butyl tail with branched alkyl or cyclic groups is deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Strassmaier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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7
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Strassmaier T, Karpen JW. Novel N7- and N1-substituted cGMP derivatives are potent activators of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4186-94. [PMID: 17665892 PMCID: PMC2597524 DOI: 10.1021/jm0702581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, key players in olfactory and visual signal transduction, generate electrical responses to odorant- and light-induced changes in cyclic nucleotide concentration. Previous work suggests that substitutions are tolerated solely at the C8 position on the purine ring of cGMP. Our studies with C8, 2'-OH, and 2-NH2-modified cGMP derivatives support this assertion. To gain further insight into determinants important for CNG channel binding and activation, we targeted previously unexplored positions. Modifications at N7 of 8-SH-cGMP (6) are well tolerated by olfactory and retinal rod CNG channels. Toleration of a very large substituent, a 3400 molecular weight PEG, at either N7 or C8 argues for broad accommodation at these positions in the binding site. Modification at N1 of cGMP reduces the apparent affinity for the channel; however, when combined with 8-parachlorophenylthio derivatization, the resulting cGMP analogue is more potent than cGMP itself. These studies establish the N7 and N1 positions of cGMP as targets for modification in the design of novel CNG channel agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey W. Karpen
- Corresponding author: Jeffrey W. Karpen, Phone 503-494-7463. E-mail:
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8
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Contreras JE, Holmgren M. Access of quaternary ammonium blockers to the internal pore of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: implications for the location of the gate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 127:481-94. [PMID: 16606688 PMCID: PMC2151523 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200509440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels play important roles in the transduction of visual and olfactory information by sensing changes in the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. We have investigated the interactions between intracellularly applied quaternary ammonium (QA) ions and the alpha subunit of rod cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. We have used a family of alkyl-triethylammonium derivatives in which the length of one chain is altered. These QA derivatives blocked the permeation pathway of CNG channels in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner. For QA compounds with tails longer than six methylene groups, increasing the length of the chain resulted in higher apparent affinities of approximately 1.2 RT per methylene group added, which is consistent with the presence of a hydrophobic pocket within the intracellular mouth of the channel that serves as part of the receptor binding site. At the single channel level, decyltriethyl ammonium (C10-TEA) ions did not change the unitary conductance but they did reduce the apparent mean open time, suggesting that the blocker binds to open channels. We provide four lines of evidence suggesting that QA ions can also bind to closed channels: (1) the extent of C10-TEA blockade at subsaturating [cGMP] was larger than at saturating agonist concentration, (2) under saturating concentrations of cGMP, cIMP, or cAMP, blockade levels were inversely correlated with the maximal probability of opening achieved by each agonist, (3) in the closed state, MTS reagents of comparable sizes to QA ions were able to modify V391C in the inner vestibule of the channel, and (4) in the closed state, C10-TEA was able to slow the Cd2+ inhibition observed in V391C channels. These results are in stark contrast to the well-established QA blockade mechanism in Kv channels, where these compounds can only access the inner vestibule in the open state because the gate that opens and closes the channel is located cytoplasmically with respect to the binding site of QA ions. Therefore, in the context of Kv channels, our observations suggest that the regions involved in opening and closing the permeation pathways in these two types of channels are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Contreras
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
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Brown RL, Strassmaier T, Brady JD, Karpen JW. The pharmacology of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: emerging from the darkness. Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12:3597-613. [PMID: 17073662 PMCID: PMC2467446 DOI: 10.2174/138161206778522100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels play a central role in vision and olfaction, generating the electrical responses to light in photoreceptors and to odorants in olfactory receptors. These channels have been detected in many other tissues where their functions are largely unclear. The use of gene knockouts and other methods have yielded some information, but there is a pressing need for potent and specific pharmacological agents directed at CNG channels. To date there has been very little systematic effort in this direction - most of what can be termed CNG channel pharmacology arose from testing reagents known to target protein kinases or other ion channels, or by accident when researchers were investigating other intracellular pathways that may regulate the activity of CNG channels. Predictably, these studies have not produced selective agents. However, taking advantage of emerging structural information and the increasing knowledge of the biophysical properties of these channels, some promising compounds and strategies have begun to emerge. In this review we discuss progress on two fronts, cyclic nucleotide analogs as both activators and competitive inhibitors, and inhibitors that target the pore or gating machinery of the channel. We also discuss the potential of these compounds for treating certain forms of retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Lane Brown
- Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Timothy Strassmaier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - James D. Brady
- Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Karpen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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