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Fay N, Kouklovsky C, de la Torre A. Natural Product Synthesis: The Endless Quest for Unreachable Perfection. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:350-363. [PMID: 38075446 PMCID: PMC10704578 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Total synthesis is a field in constant progress. Its practitioners aim to develop ideal synthetic strategies to build complex molecules. As such, they are both a driving force and a showcase of the progress of organic synthesis. In this Perspective, we discuss recent notable total syntheses. The syntheses selected herein are classified according to the key strategic considerations for each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fay
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Cyrille Kouklovsky
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aurélien de la Torre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91405 Orsay, France
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Perspectives from nearly five decades of total synthesis of natural products and their analogues for biology and medicine. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:1404-1435. [PMID: 32319494 PMCID: PMC7578074 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00003e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1970 to 2020By definition total synthesis is the art and science of making the molecules of living Nature in the laboratory, and by extension, their analogues. Although obvious, its application to the synthesis of molecules for biology and medicine was not always the purpose of total synthesis. In recent years, however, the field has acquired momentum as its power to reach higher molecular complexity and diversity is increasing, and as the demand for rare bioactive natural products and their analogues is expanding due to their recognised potential to facilitate biology and drug discovery and development. Today this component of total synthesis endeavors is considered highly desirable, and could be part of interdisciplinary academic and/or industrial partnerships, providing further inspiration and momentum to the field. In this review we provide a brief historical background of the emergence of the field of total synthesis as it relates to making molecules for biology and medicine. We then discuss specific examples of this practice from our laboratories as they developed over the years. The review ends with a conclusion and future perspectives for natural products chemistry and its applications to biology and medicine and other added-value contributions to science and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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Qin X, Hao X, Han H, Zhu S, Yang Y, Wu B, Hussain S, Parveen S, Jing C, Ma B, Zhu C. Design and Synthesis of Potent and Multifunctional Aldose Reductase Inhibitors Based on Quinoxalinones. J Med Chem 2015; 58:1254-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Qin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Bobin Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Saghir Hussain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Shagufta Parveen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Chaojun Jing
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Bing Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhongguancun South Street, 100081 Beijing, China
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Nicolaou KC. The Emergence of the Structure of the Molecule and the Art of Its Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a biyouyanagin compound library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6715-20. [PMID: 21245351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1015258108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern drug discovery efforts rely, to a large extent, on lead compounds from two classes of small organic molecules; namely, natural products (i.e., secondary metabolites) and designed compounds (i.e., synthetic molecules). In this article, we demonstrate how these two domains of lead compounds can be merged through total synthesis and molecular design of analogs patterned after the targeted natural products, whose promising biological properties provide the motivation. Specifically, the present study targeted the naturally occurring biyouyanagins A and B and their analogs through modular chemical synthesis and led to the discovery of small organic molecules possessing anti-HIV and anti-arenavirus properties.
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part X, 2005–2007. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385464-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lear MJ, Salmons B, Gunzburg WH, Dangerfield JA. Singapore R&D and globetrotting. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:179-85. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Passiniemi M, Koskinen AM. Stereoselective total synthesis of pachastrissamine (jaspine B). Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
While a number of methods exist for the production of N-methyl amino acid derivatives, the methods for the production of N-methyl cysteine (MeCys) derivatives are suboptimal as they either have low yields or lead to significant sulfhydryl deprotection during the synthetic protocol. This article focuses on the generation of MeCys and its subsequent use in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis for the generation of N-methyl cystine containing peptides. Various methods for amino methylation of cysteine, in the presence of acid labile or acid stable sulfhydryl protecting groups, are compared and contrasted. Production of MeCys is best attained through formation of an oxazolidinone precursor obtained via cyclization of Fmoc--Cys(StBu)--OH. Following oxazolidinone ring opening, iminium ion reduction generates Fmoc--MeCys(StBu)--OH with an overall yield of 91%. The key to this procedure is using an electronically neutral Cys-derivative, as other polar Cys-derivatives gave poor results using the oxazolidinone procedure. Subsequently, the Fmoc--MeCys(StBu)--OH building block was used to replace a Cys residue with a MeCys residue in two peptide fragments that correspond to the active sites of glutaredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. The examples used here highlight the use of a MeCys(StBu) derivative, which allows for facile on-resin conversion to a MeCys(5-Npys) residue that can be subsequently used for intramolecular disulfide bond formation with concomitant cleavage of the peptide from the solid support. (c) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 61-68, 2008. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The "Published Online" date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Ruggles
- Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Stevenson Flemer
- Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Robert J. Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given Laboratory, Room B413, Burlington, VT 05405
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2005. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Our bodies are made of molecules, and it is from molecules that we derive our strength and joys. The joys of molecules manifest themselves in many ways. These include beautiful colors, exquisite aromas, distinct tastes, psychological ups and downs, and intellectual inspirations, among other forms of stimulation, material or spiritual. In this Perspective, written on the occasion of the 2005 American Chemical Society Arthur C. Cope Award address, I recount some of the joys I have experienced and shared with my students during campaigns to synthesize some of Nature's most intriguing and complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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