1
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Elhalem E, Donadío LG, Zhou X, Lewin NE, Garcia LC, Lai CC, Kelley JA, Peach ML, Blumberg PM, Comin MJ. Exploring the influence of indololactone structure on selectivity for binding to the C1 domains of PKCα, PKCε, and RasGRP. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2971-2980. [PMID: 28392275 PMCID: PMC5493039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
C1 domain-containing proteins, such as protein kinase C (PKC), have a central role in cellular signal transduction. Their involvement in many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and immunological and neurological disorders has been extensively demonstrated and has prompted a search for small molecules to modulate their activity. By employing a diacylglycerol (DAG)-lactone template, we have been able to develop ultra potent analogs of diacylglycerol with nanomolar binding affinities approaching those of complex natural products such as phorbol esters and bryostatins. One current challenge is the development of selective ligands capable of discriminating between different protein family members. Recently, structure-activity relationship studies have shown that the introduction of an indole ring as a DAG-lactone substituent yielded selective Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP1) activators when compared to PKCα and PKCε. In the present work, we examine the effects of ligand selectivity relative to the orientation of the indole ring and the nature of the DAG-lactone template itself. Our results show that the indole ring must be attached to the lactone moiety through the sn-2 position in order to achieve RasGRP1 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Elhalem
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Gandolfi Donadío
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lia C Garcia
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christopher C Lai
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - María J Comin
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Li J, Ziemba BP, Falke J, Voth GA. Interactions of protein kinase C-α C1A and C1B domains with membranes: a combined computational and experimental study. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11757-66. [PMID: 25075641 PMCID: PMC4140453 DOI: 10.1021/ja505369r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-α (PKCα) has been studied widely as a paradigm for conventional PKCs, with two C1 domains (C1A and C1B) being important for the regulation and function of the kinase. However, it is challenging to explore these domains in membrane-bound environments with either simulations or experiments alone. In this work, we have combined modeling, simulations, and experiments to understand the molecular basis of the PKCα C1A and C1B domain interactions with membranes. Our atomistic simulations of the PKCα C1 domains reveal the dynamic interactions of the proteins with anionic lipids, as well as the conserved hydrogen bonds and the distinct nonpolar contacts formed with lipid activators. Corroborating evidence is obtained from additional simulations and experiments in terms of lipid binding and protein diffusion. Overall, our study, for the first time, explains with atomistic detail how the PKCα C1A and C1B domains interact differently with various lipids. On the molecular level, the information provided by our study helps to shed light on PKCα regulation and activation mechanism. The combined computational/experimental approach demonstrated in this work is anticipated to enable further studies to explore the roles of C1 domains in many signaling proteins and to better understand their molecular mechanisms in normal cellular function and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute
and Computation Institute, The University
of Chicago, 5735 South
Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Brian P. Ziemba
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biophysics Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Joseph
J. Falke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biophysics Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute
and Computation Institute, The University
of Chicago, 5735 South
Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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3
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Garcia LC, Donadío LG, Mann E, Kolusheva S, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Hill CS, Kelsey JS, Yang J, Esch TE, Santos M, Peach ML, Kelley JA, Blumberg PM, Jelinek R, Marquez VE, Comin MJ. Synthesis, biological, and biophysical studies of DAG-indololactones designed as selective activators of RasGRP. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3123-40. [PMID: 24794745 PMCID: PMC4104769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of selective agents capable of discriminating between protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms and other diacylglycerol (DAG)-responsive C1 domain-containing proteins represents an important challenge. Recent studies have highlighted the role that Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) isoforms play both in immune responses as well as in the development of prostate cancer and melanoma, suggesting that the discovery of selective ligands could have potential therapeutic value. Thus far, the N-methyl-substituted indololactone 1 is the agonist with the highest reported potency and selectivity for RasGRP relative to PKC. Here we present the synthesis, binding studies, cellular assays and biophysical analysis of interactions with model membranes of a family of regioisomers of 1 (compounds 2-5) that differ in the position of the linkage between the indole ring and the lactone moiety. These structural variations were studied to explore the interaction of the active complex (C1 domain-ligand) with cellular membranes, which is believed to be an important factor for selectivity in the activation of DAG-responsive C1 domain containing signaling proteins. All compounds were potent and selective activators of RasGRP when compared to PKCα with selectivities ranging from 6 to 65 fold. However, the parent compound 1 was appreciably more selective than any of the other isomers. In intact cells, modest differences in the patterns of translocation of the C1 domain targets were observed. Biophysical studies using giant vesicles as model membranes did show substantial differences in terms of molecular interactions impacting lipid organization, dynamics and membrane insertion. However, these differences did not yield correspondingly large changes in patterns of biological response, at least for the parameters examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia C Garcia
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Gandolfi Donadío
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ella Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sofiya Kolusheva
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Colin S Hill
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica S Kelsey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy E Esch
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marina Santos
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical, Inc., Chemical Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Victor E Marquez
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Molecular Discovery Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maria J Comin
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Center of Research and Development in Chemistry, National Institute of Industrial Technology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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4
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Pu Y, Kang JH, Sigano DM, Peach M, Lewin NE, Marquez VE, Blumberg PM. Diacylglycerol lactones targeting the structural features that distinguish the atypical C1 domains of protein kinase C ζ and ι from typical C1 domains. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3835-44. [PMID: 24684293 PMCID: PMC4310642 DOI: 10.1021/jm500165n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To explore the feasibility of developing ligands targeted to the atypical C1 domains of protein kinase C ζ and ι, we have prepared diacylglycerol lactones substituted with hydrophilic groups on their side chains, which potentially could interact with the arginine residues that distinguish the atypical C1 domains of PKCζ and PKCι from typical C1 domains, and we have measured their binding to mutated versions of the C1b domain of PKCδ that incorporate one or more of these arginine residues. The most selective of the diacylglycerol lactones showed only a 10-fold reduction in binding affinity with the triple arginine mutant (N7R/S10R/L20R) compared to the wild-type, whereas phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate showed a 6000-fold loss of affinity. Molecular modeling confirms that these ligands are indeed able to interact with the arginine residues. Our results show that dramatic changes in selectivity can be obtained through appropriate substitution of diacylglycerol lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Pu
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Ji-Hye Kang
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Dina M. Sigano
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Megan
L. Peach
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory
for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical,
Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United
States
| | - Nancy E. Lewin
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
| | - Victor E. Marquez
- Chemical
Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Peter M. Blumberg
- Laboratory
of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of
Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United
States
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5
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Mamidi N, Gorai S, Ravi B, Manna D. Physicochemical characterization of diacyltetrol-based lipids consisting of both diacylglycerol and phospholipid headgroups. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis and physicochemical properties of a family of diacyltetrol-based hybrid lipids, containing both diacylglycerol and anionic lipid headgroups within the same moiety, have been reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Mamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- , India
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- , India
| | - Bolledu Ravi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- , India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- , India
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6
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Raifman O, Kolusheva S, El Kazzouli S, Sigano DM, Kedei N, Lewin NE, Lopez-Nicolas R, Ortiz-Espin A, Gomez-Fernandez JC, Blumberg PM, Marquez VE, Corbalan-Garcia S, Jelinek R. Membrane-surface anchoring of charged diacylglycerol-lactones correlates with biological activities. Chembiochem 2010; 11:2003-9. [PMID: 20715268 PMCID: PMC3729217 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic diacylglycerol-lactones (DAG-lactones) are effective modulators of critical cellular signaling pathways, downstream of the lipophilic second messenger diacylglycerol, that activate a host of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and other nonkinase proteins that share similar C1 membrane-targeting domains with PKC. A fundamental determinant of the biological activity of these amphiphilic molecules is the nature of their interactions with cellular membranes. This study examines the biological properties of charged DAG-lactones exhibiting different alkyl groups attached to the heterocyclic nitrogen of an α-pyridylalkylidene chain, and particularly the relationship between membrane interactions of the substituted DAG-lactones and their respective biological activities. Our results suggest that bilayer interface localization of the N-alkyl chain in the R(2) position of the DAG-lactones inhibits translocation of PKC isoenzymes onto the cellular membrane. However, the orientation of a branched alkyl chain at the bilayer surface facilitates PKC binding and translocation. This investigation emphasizes that bilayer localization of the aromatic side residues of positively charged DAG-lactone derivatives play a central role in determining biological activity, and that this factor contributes to the diversity of biological actions of these synthetic biomimetic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or Raifman
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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7
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El Kazzouli S, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM, Marquez VE. Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol. 30. An investigation of diacylglycerol-lactones containing heteroaryl groups reveals compounds with high selectivity for Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing proteins. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5371-86. [PMID: 18707088 DOI: 10.1021/jm800380b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a diacylglycerol-lactone (DAG-lactone) template previously developed in our laboratory as a scaffold with high binding affinity for C1 domains, we describe herein a series of novel DAG-lactones containing heterocyclic moieties (pyridines, quinolines, and indoles) as alpha-arylidene fragments. Some of the DAG-lactones obtained show selective binding to RasGRP3 as compared to PKCalpha by more than 2 orders of magnitude and possess subnanomolar affinities. Because activated C1 domains bound to their ligands (DAG or DAG-lactones) insert into membranes, the lipid composition of membranes (cellular, nuclear, and those of internal organelles) is an important determinant for specificity. Therefore, reaching a proper hydrophilic/lipophilic balance for these molecules is critical. This was achieved by carefully selecting partnering acyl fragments for the DAG-lactones with the appropriate lipophilicity. The results clearly show that the combination of chemical and physical properties in these molecules needs to be perfectly balanced to achieve the desired specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïd El Kazzouli
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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8
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Duan D, Sigano DM, Kelley JA, Lai CC, Lewin NE, Kedei N, Peach ML, Lee J, Abeyweera TP, Rotenberg SA, Kim H, Kim YH, El Kazzouli S, Chung JU, Young HA, Young MR, Baker A, Colburn NH, Haimovitz-Friedman A, Truman JP, Parrish DA, Deschamps JR, Perry NA, Surawski RJ, Blumberg PM, Marquez VE. Conformationally constrained analogues of diacylglycerol. 29. Cells sort diacylglycerol-lactone chemical zip codes to produce diverse and selective biological activities. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5198-220. [PMID: 18698758 DOI: 10.1021/jm8001907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol-lactone (DAG-lactone) libraries generated by a solid-phase approach using IRORI technology produced a variety of unique biological activities. Subtle differences in chemical diversity in two areas of the molecule, the combination of which generates what we have termed "chemical zip codes", are able to transform a relatively small chemical space into a larger universe of biological activities, as membrane-containing organelles within the cell appear to be able to decode these "chemical zip codes". It is postulated that after binding to protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes or other nonkinase target proteins that contain diacylglycerol responsive, membrane interacting domains (C1 domains), the resulting complexes are directed to diverse intracellular sites where different sets of substrates are accessed. Multiple cellular bioassays show that DAG-lactones, which bind in vitro to PKCalpha to varying degrees, expand their biological repertoire into a larger domain, eliciting distinct cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Duan
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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9
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Van Kolen K, Pullan S, Neefs JM, Dautzenberg FM. Nociceptive and behavioural sensitisation by protein kinase Cepsilon signalling in the CNS. J Neurochem 2007; 104:1-13. [PMID: 17971128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the apparent homology in the protein kinase C (PKC) family, it has become clear that slight structural differences are sufficient to have unique signalling properties for each individual isoform. For PKCepsilon in depth investigation of these aspects revealed unique actions in the CNS and lead to development of specific modulators with clinical perspective. In this review, we describe to which extent PKCepsilon is distinct from other isoforms on the level of tissue expression and protein structure. As this kinase is highly expressed in the brain, we outline three main aspects of PKCepsilon signalling in the CNS. First, its ability to alter the permeability of N-type Ca2+ channels in dorsal root ganglia has been shown to enhance nociception. Secondly, PKCepsilon increases anxiety by diminishing GABA(A)R-induced inhibitory post-synaptic currents in the prefrontal cortex. Another important aspect of the latter inhibition is the reduced sensitivity of GABA(A) receptors to ethanol, a mechanism potentially contributing to abuse. A third signalling cascade improves cognitive functions by facilitating cholinergic signalling in the hippocampus. Collectively, these findings point to a physical and behavioural sensitising role for this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Van Kolen
- CNS Research, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
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