1
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Eberhardt J, Forli S. WaterKit: Thermodynamic Profiling of Protein Hydration Sites. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2535-2556. [PMID: 37094087 PMCID: PMC10732097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Water desolvation is one of the key components of the free energy of binding of small molecules to their receptors. Thus, understanding the energetic balance of solvation and desolvation resulting from individual water molecules can be crucial when estimating ligand binding, especially when evaluating different molecules and poses as done in High-Throughput Virtual Screening (HTVS). Over the most recent decades, several methods were developed to tackle this problem, ranging from fast approximate methods (usually empirical functions using either discrete atom-atom pairwise interactions or continuum solvent models) to more computationally expensive and accurate ones, mostly based on Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, such as Grid Inhomogeneous Solvation Theory (GIST) or Double Decoupling. On one hand, MD-based methods are prohibitive to use in HTVS to estimate the role of waters on the fly for each ligand. On the other hand, fast and approximate methods show an unsatisfactory level of accuracy, with low agreement with results obtained with the more expensive methods. Here we introduce WaterKit, a new grid-based sampling method with explicit water molecules to calculate thermodynamic properties using the GIST method. Our results show that the discrete placement of water molecules is successful in reproducing the position of crystallographic waters with very high accuracy, as well as providing thermodynamic estimates with accuracy comparable to more expensive MD simulations. Unlike these methods, WaterKit can be used to analyze specific regions on the protein surface, (such as the binding site of a receptor), without having to hydrate and simulate the whole receptor structure. The results show the feasibility of a general and fast method to compute thermodynamic properties of water molecules, making it well-suited to be integrated in high-throughput pipelines such as molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Eberhardt
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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2
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Xie L, Sun L, Wu P, Wang Z, Zhao C, Wu L, Li X, Gao Z, Liu W, Nie SZ. Organocatalytic cascade nucleophilic/aza-Michael addition reactions: metal-free catalytic strategy for the synthesis of hydantoins. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2295-2300. [PMID: 36825465 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01825j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lewis base-catalyzed cascade nucleophilic/aza-Michael addition reaction of N-alkoxy β-oxo-acrylamides with isocyanates has been developed to afford various highly functionalized hydantoin derivatives in 80-98% yields under mild reaction conditions. The intriguing features of this method include metal-free reaction conditions, low catalyst loading, broad substrate scope and short reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Lei Sun
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Ping Wu
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Zhaoxue Wang
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Chenyi Zhao
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Lingang Wu
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Zhenzhen Gao
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
| | - Wanxing Liu
- The Non-Public Enterprise Service Center of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Shao-Zhen Nie
- Address here. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, P. R. China. xieleilcu.edu.cn
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3
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Villaescusa L, Hernández I, Azcune L, Rudi A, Mercero JM, Landa A, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Rigidified Bis(sulfonyl)ethylenes as Effective Michael Acceptors for Asymmetric Catalysis: Application to the Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Hydantoins. J Org Chem 2023; 88:972-987. [PMID: 36630318 PMCID: PMC10013931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic, enantio- and diastereoselective addition of hydantoin surrogates II to "rigidified" vinylidene bis(sulfone) reagents is developed, thus overcoming the inability of commonly employed β-substituted vinylic sulfones to react. Adducts are transformed in enantioenriched 5,5-disubstituted hydantoins through hydrolysis and reductive desulfonylation processes providing new structures for eventual bioassays. Density functional theory studies that rationalize the observed reactivity and stereoselectivity trends are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Villaescusa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Iker Hernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Laura Azcune
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Rudi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - José M Mercero
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) & Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Spain
| | - Aitor Landa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Mikel Oiarbide
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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4
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Tvaroška I, Kozmon S, Kóňa J. Molecular Modeling Insights into the Structure and Behavior of Integrins: A Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020324. [PMID: 36672259 PMCID: PMC9856412 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are heterodimeric glycoproteins crucial to the physiology and pathology of many biological functions. As adhesion molecules, they mediate immune cell trafficking, migration, and immunological synapse formation during inflammation and cancer. The recognition of the vital roles of integrins in various diseases revealed their therapeutic potential. Despite the great effort in the last thirty years, up to now, only seven integrin-based drugs have entered the market. Recent progress in deciphering integrin functions, signaling, and interactions with ligands, along with advancement in rational drug design strategies, provide an opportunity to exploit their therapeutic potential and discover novel agents. This review will discuss the molecular modeling methods used in determining integrins' dynamic properties and in providing information toward understanding their properties and function at the atomic level. Then, we will survey the relevant contributions and the current understanding of integrin structure, activation, the binding of essential ligands, and the role of molecular modeling methods in the rational design of antagonists. We will emphasize the role played by molecular modeling methods in progress in these areas and the designing of integrin antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Medical Vision o. z., Záhradnícka 4837/55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kóňa
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Medical Vision o. z., Záhradnícka 4837/55, 821 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
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5
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Cleves AE, Johnson SR, Jain AN. Synergy and Complementarity between Focused Machine Learning and Physics-Based Simulation in Affinity Prediction. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5948-5966. [PMID: 34890185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present results on the extent to which physics-based simulation (exemplified by FEP+) and focused machine learning (exemplified by QuanSA) are complementary for ligand affinity prediction. For both methods, predictions of activity for LFA-1 inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry lead optimization project were accurate within the applicable domain of each approach. A hybrid model that combined predictions by both approaches by simple averaging performed better than either method, with respect to both ranking and absolute pKi values. Two publicly available FEP+ benchmarks, covering 16 diverse biological targets, were used to test the generality of the synergy. By identifying training data specifically focused on relevant ligands, accurate QuanSA models were derived using ligand activity data known at the time of the original series publications. Results across the 16 benchmark targets demonstrated significant improvements both for ranking and for absolute pKi values using hybrid predictions that combined the FEP+ and QuanSA predicted affinity values. The results argue for a combined approach for affinity prediction that makes use of physics-driven methods as well as those driven by machine learning, each applied carefully on appropriate compounds, with hybrid prediction strategies being employed where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Cleves
- Applied Science, BioPharmics LLC, Santa Rosa, California 95404, United States
| | - Stephen R Johnson
- Computer-Assisted Drug-Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Ajay N Jain
- Research and Development, BioPharmics LLC, Santa Rosa, California 95404, United States
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6
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Guterres H, Park SJ, Jiang W, Im W. Ligand-Binding-Site Refinement to Generate Reliable Holo Protein Structure Conformations from Apo Structures. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 61:535-546. [PMID: 33337877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The first important step in a structure-based virtual screening is the judicious selection of a receptor protein. In cases where the holo protein receptor structure is unavailable, significant reduction in virtual screening performance has been reported. In this work, we present a robust method to generate reliable holo protein structure conformations from apo structures using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with restraints derived from holo structure binding-site templates. We perform benchmark tests on two different datasets: 40 structures from a directory of useful decoy-enhanced (DUD-E) and 84 structures from the Gunasekaran dataset. Our results show successful refinement of apo binding-site structures toward holo conformations in 82% of the test cases. In addition, virtual screening performance of 40 DUD-E structures is significantly improved using our MD-refined structures as receptors with an average enrichment factor (EF), an EF1% value of 6.2 compared to apo structures with 3.5. Docking of native ligands to the refined structures shows an average ligand root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 1.97 Å (DUD-E dataset and Gunasekaran dataset) relative to ligands in the holo crystal structures, which is comparable to the self-docking (i.e., docking of the native ligand back to its crystal structure receptor) average, 1.34 Å (DUD-E dataset) and 1.36 Å (Gunasekaran dataset). On the other hand, docking to the apo structures yields an average ligand RMSD of 3.65 Å (DUD-E) and 2.90 Å (Gunasekaran). These results indicate that our method is robust and can be useful to improve virtual screening performance of apo structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Guterres
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Sang-Jun Park
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Computational Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wonpil Im
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Computer Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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7
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Bednarczyk M, Stege H, Grabbe S, Bros M. β2 Integrins-Multi-Functional Leukocyte Receptors in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1402. [PMID: 32092981 PMCID: PMC7073085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β2 integrins are heterodimeric surface receptors composed of a variable α (CD11a-CD11d) and a constant β (CD18) subunit and are specifically expressed by leukocytes. The α subunit defines the individual functional properties of the corresponding β2 integrin, but all β2 integrins show functional overlap. They mediate adhesion to other cells and to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), orchestrate uptake of extracellular material like complement-opsonized pathogens, control cytoskeletal organization, and modulate cell signaling. This review aims to delineate the tremendous role of β2 integrins for immune functions as exemplified by the phenotype of LAD-I (leukocyte adhesion deficiency 1) patients that suffer from strong recurrent infections. These immune defects have been largely attributed to impaired migratory and phagocytic properties of polymorphonuclear granulocytes. The molecular base for this inherited disease is a functional impairment of β2 integrins due to mutations within the CD18 gene. LAD-I patients are also predisposed for autoimmune diseases. In agreement, polymorphisms within the CD11b gene have been associated with autoimmunity. Consequently, β2 integrins have received growing interest as targets in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, β2 integrin activity on leukocytes has been implicated in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.B.); (H.S.); (S.G.)
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8
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Zheng Y, Leftheris K. Insights into Protein–Ligand Interactions in Integrin Complexes: Advances in Structure Determinations. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5675-5696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katerina Leftheris
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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9
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Ni D, Lu S, Zhang J. Emerging roles of allosteric modulators in the regulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs): A new paradigm for PPI drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2314-2342. [PMID: 30957264 DOI: 10.1002/med.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are closely implicated in various types of cellular activities and are thus pivotal to health and disease states. Given their fundamental roles in a wide range of biological processes, the modulation of PPIs has enormous potential in drug discovery. However, owing to the general properties of large, flat, and featureless interfaces of PPIs, previous attempts have demonstrated that the generation of therapeutic agents targeting PPI interfaces is challenging, rendering them almost "undruggable" for decades. To date, rapid progress in chemical and structural biology techniques has promoted the exploitation of allostery as a novel approach in drug discovery. By attaching to allosteric sites that are topologically and spatially distinct from PPI interfaces, allosteric modulators can achieve improved physiochemical properties. Thus, allosteric modulators may represent an alternative strategy to target intractable PPIs and have attracted intense pharmaceutical interest. In this review, we first briefly introduce the characteristics of PPIs and then present different approaches for investigating PPIs, as well as the latest methods for modulating PPIs. Importantly, we comprehensively review the recent progress in the development of allosteric modulators to inhibit or stabilize PPIs. Finally, we conclude with future perspectives on the discovery of allosteric PPI modulators, especially the application of computational methods to aid in allosteric PPI drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Clinical and Fundamental Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Single-Cell Omics, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Yu Q, Yu J, Bao H, Hu X, Ying D, Wu L, Liu F, Jiang H, Jinxia Z, Zhang S. Naturally occurring bioactive 5-ethylidenehydantoins as inspiration for the development of analogues. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1467457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingmou Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiou Bao
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danxia Ying
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixia Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Jinxia
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuihua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332000, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Xu S, Zhou GC. A Convenient Synthesis of a Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 (LFA-1) Antagonist of ‘Compound 4’. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3184/174751918x15272594754006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) antagonist of ‘Compound 4’ was synthesised by a convenient route using cheap, commercially available starting materials and catalysts under mild reaction conditions and by easily handled reactions. The total yield in the preparation of ‘Compound 4’ was more than 38% via Sonogashira coupling of an iodide and an alkyne, reduction of the alkyne catalysed by Raney nickel and later steps involving hydrolysis of an ester, condensation of an acid and an amine and a final hydrolysis of an ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Chun Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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12
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Izquierdo J, Etxabe J, Duñabeitia E, Landa A, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Enantioselective Synthesis of 5,5-Disubstituted Hydantoins by Brønsted Base/H-Bond Catalyst Assisted Michael Reactions of a Design Template. Chemistry 2018; 24:7217-7227. [PMID: 29575281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the enantioselective synthesis of 5,5-disubstituted (quaternary) hydantoins was developed on the basis of an organocatalytic Michael reaction approach involving the use of 2-benzylthio-3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-ones as key hydantoin surrogates. The method is general with respect to the substitution pattern at the hydantoin N1 (alkyl, aryl, acyl), N3 (aryl), and C5 (linear/branched alkyl, aryl) positions and affords essentially single diastereomeric products with enantioselectivities higher than 95 % ee in most cases. Among the bifunctional Brønsted base/H-bond catalysts examined, a known squaramide-tertiary amine catalyst and a newly prepared squaramide-tertiary amine catalyst provide the highest selectivity so far with either nitroolefins or vinyl ketones as the acceptor components. Kinetic measurements support a first-order rate dependence on both reaction partners, the donor template and the Michael acceptor, whereas competitive 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments reveal the high ability of the template for catalyst binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseba Izquierdo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Julen Etxabe
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eider Duñabeitia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitor Landa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mikel Oiarbide
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
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13
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Abdullahi M, Olotu FA, Soliman ME. Allosteric inhibition abrogates dysregulated LFA-1 activation: Structural insight into mechanisms of diminished immunologic disease. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 73:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of spiro[imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-6,3'-pyrrolidine] derivatives. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Bogolubsky AV, Moroz YS, Savych O, Pipko S, Konovets A, Platonov MO, Vasylchenko OV, Hurmach VV, Grygorenko OO. An Old Story in the Parallel Synthesis World: An Approach to Hydantoin Libraries. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2018; 20:35-43. [PMID: 29227678 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.7b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An approach to the parallel synthesis of hydantoin libraries by reaction of in situ generated 2,2,2-trifluoroethylcarbamates and α-amino esters was developed. To demonstrate utility of the method, a library of 1158 hydantoins designed according to the lead-likeness criteria (MW 200-350, cLogP 1-3) was prepared. The success rate of the method was analyzed as a function of physicochemical parameters of the products, and it was found that the method can be considered as a tool for lead-oriented synthesis. A hydantoin-bearing submicromolar primary hit acting as an Aurora kinase A inhibitor was discovered with a combination of rational design, parallel synthesis using the procedures developed, in silico and in vitro screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Olena Savych
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Sergey Pipko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Angelika Konovets
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Vasyl V. Hurmach
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska
Street, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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16
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Schittenhelm L, Hilkens CM, Morrison VL. β 2 Integrins As Regulators of Dendritic Cell, Monocyte, and Macrophage Function. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1866. [PMID: 29326724 PMCID: PMC5742326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the β2 integrin family of adhesion molecules have an important role in suppressing immune activation and inflammation. β2 integrins are important adhesion and signaling molecules that are exclusively expressed on leukocytes. The four β2 integrins (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, and CD11d paired with the β2 chain CD18) play important roles in regulating three key aspects of immune cell function: recruitment to sites of inflammation; cell-cell contact formation; and downstream effects on cellular signaling. Through these three processes, β2 integrins both contribute to and regulate immune responses. This review explores the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of β2 integrins in monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and how they influence the outcome of immune responses. We furthermore discuss how imbalances in β2 integrin function can have far-reaching effects on mounting appropriate immune responses, potentially influencing the development and progression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Therapeutic targeting of β2 integrins, therefore, holds enormous potential in exploring treatment options for a variety of inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schittenhelm
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catharien M Hilkens
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky L Morrison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Arthritis Research UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Wang Z, Thinn AMM, Zhu J. A pivotal role for a conserved bulky residue at the α1-helix of the αI integrin domain in ligand binding. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20756-20768. [PMID: 29079572 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand-binding βI and αI domains of integrin are the best-studied von Willebrand factor A domains undergoing significant conformational changes for affinity regulation. In both βI and αI domains, the α1- and α7-helixes work in concert to shift the metal-ion-dependent adhesion site between the resting and active states. An absolutely conserved Gly in the middle of the α1-helix of βI helps maintain the resting βI conformation, whereas the homologous position in the αI α1-helix contains a conserved Phe. A functional role of this Phe is structurally unpredictable. Using αLβ2 integrin as a model, we found that the residue volume at the Phe position in the α1-helix is critical for αLβ2 activation because trimming the Phe by small amino acid substitutions abolished αLβ2 binding with soluble and immobilized intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1. Similar results were obtained for αMβ2 integrin. Our experimental and molecular dynamics simulation data suggested that the bulky Phe acts as a pawl that stabilizes the downward ratchet-like movement of β6-α7 loop and α7-helix, required for high-affinity ligand binding. This mechanism may apply to other von Willebrand factor A domains undergoing large conformational changes. We further demonstrated that the conformational cross-talk between αL αI and β2 βI could be uncoupled because the β2 extension and headpiece opening could occur independently of the αI activation. Reciprocally, the αI activation does not inevitably lead to the conformational changes of the β2 subunit. Such loose linkage between the αI and βI is attributed to the αI flexibility and could accommodate the αLβ2-mediated rolling adhesion of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Wang
- From the Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - Aye Myat Myat Thinn
- From the Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and.,the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Jieqing Zhu
- From the Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and .,the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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18
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Abdullahi M, Olotu FA, Soliman ME. Dynamics of allosteric modulation of lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 closure-open switch: unveiling the structural mechanisms associated with outside-in signaling activation. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1843-1851. [PMID: 28918491 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide insight into the dynamics of the shape-shifting mechanistic events associated with the opening (activation) of Lymphocyte Function Associated Antigen-1 upon allosteric modulation by an activator, ICAM Binding Enhancer-667 (IBE-667), using molecular dynamics simulation. RESULTS Various parameters were used to appropriately describe and understand the sequence of events that characterized its activation across the simulation period such as residual distances, TriCα angles; as well as the dihedral angle. Our findings revealed a significant residual fluctuation and stability difference between both systems. Also, there was a synergistic coordination of the active MIDAS site by the downward pull of the α7 helix upon ligand binding, which appeared to be directly proportional to each other. CONCLUSION Allosteric binding of IBE-667, activated LFA-1 integrin as evidenced by residual motion at the MIDAS region which appears to be synergistically coordinated by the downward pull of the α7 helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdullahi
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research, Group School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research, Group School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Research, Group School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa. .,College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU), Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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19
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Konnert L, Lamaty F, Martinez J, Colacino E. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Hydantoins: The State of the Art of a Valuable Scaffold. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The review highlights the hydantoin syntheses presented from the point of view of the preparation methods. Novel synthetic routes to various hydantoin structures, the advances brought to the classical methods in the aim of producing more sustainable and environmentally friendly procedures for the preparation of these biomolecules, and a critical comparison of the different synthetic approaches developed in the last twelve years are also described. The review is composed of 95 schemes, 8 figures and 528 references for the last 12 years and includes the description of the hydantoin-based marketed drugs and clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Konnert
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Evelina Colacino
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
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20
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Mancuso RV, Welzenbach K, Steinberger P, Krähenbühl S, Weitz-Schmidt G. Downstream effect profiles discern different mechanisms of integrin αLβ2 inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 119:42-55. [PMID: 27613223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The integrin leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (αLβ2, LFA-1) plays crucial roles in T cell adhesion, migration and immunological synapse (IS) formation. Consequently, αLβ2 is an important therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Three major classes of αLβ2 inhibitors with distinct modes of action have been described to date: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), small molecule α/β I allosteric and small molecule α I allosteric inhibitors. The objective of this study was to systematically compare these three modes of αLβ2 inhibition for their αLβ2 inhibitory as well as their potential agonist-like effects. All inhibitors assessed were found to potently block αLβ2-mediated leucocyte adhesion. None of the inhibitors induced ZAP70 phosphorylation, indicating absence of agonistic outside-in signalling. Paradoxically, however, the α/β I allosteric inhibitor XVA143 induced conformational changes within αLβ2 characteristic for an intermediate affinity state. This effect was not observed with the α I allosteric inhibitor LFA878 or the anti-αLβ2 mAb efalizumab. On the other hand, efalizumab triggered the unscheduled internalization of αLβ2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells while LFA878 and XVA143 did not affect or only mildly reduced αLβ2 surface expression, respectively. Moreover, efalizumab, in contrast to the small molecule inhibitors, disturbed the fine-tuned internalization/recycling of engaged TCR/CD3, concomitantly decreasing ZAP70 expression levels. In conclusion, different modes of αLβ2 inhibition are associated with fundamentally different biologic effect profiles. The differential established here is expected to provide important translational guidance as novel αLβ2 inhibitors will be advanced from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo V Mancuso
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Research, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl Welzenbach
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 19, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology and Department of Research, University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Modulation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is becoming increasingly important in drug discovery and chemical biology. While a few years ago this 'target class' was deemed to be largely undruggable an impressing number of publications and success stories now show that targeting PPIs with small, drug-like molecules indeed is a feasible approach. Here, we summarize the current state of small-molecule inhibition and stabilization of PPIs and review the active molecules from a structural and medicinal chemistry angle, especially focusing on the key examples of iNOS, LFA-1 and 14-3-3.
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23
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Brennan M, Cox D. The therapeutic potential of I-domain integrins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 819:157-78. [PMID: 25023174 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9153-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their role in processes central to cancer and autoimmune disease I-domain integrins are an attractive drug target. Both antibodies and small molecule antagonists have been discovered and tested in the clinic. Much of the effort has focused on αLβ2 antagonists. Maybe the most successful was the monoclonal antibody efalizumab, which was approved for the treatment of psoriasis but subsequently withdrawn from the market due to the occurrence of a serious adverse effect (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy). Other monoclonal antibodies were tested for the treatment of reperfusion injury, post-myocardial infarction, but failed to progress due to lack of efficacy. New potent small molecule inhibitors of αv integrins are promising reagents for treating fibrotic disease. Small molecule inhibitors targeting collagen-binding integrins have been discovered and future work will focus on identifying molecules selectively targeting each of the collagen receptors and identifying appropriate target diseases for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Brennan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Pervaiz I, Ahmad S, Madni MA, Ahmad H, Khaliq FH. Microbial biotransformation: a tool for drug designing. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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26
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Gore S, Chinthapally K, Baskaran S, König B. Synthesis of substituted hydantoins in low melting mixtures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5052-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41254g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Structure–activity relationship (SAR) of the α-amino acid residue of potent tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ)-derived LFA-1/ICAM-1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:307-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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29
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Cox D, Brennan M, Moran N. Integrins as therapeutic targets: lessons and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:804-20. [PMID: 20885411 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The integrins are a large family of cell adhesion molecules that are essential for the regulation of cell growth and function. The identification of key roles for integrins in a diverse range of diseases, including cancer, infection, thrombosis and autoimmune disorders, has revealed their substantial potential as therapeutic targets. However, so far, pharmacological inhibitors for only three integrins have received marketing approval. This article discusses the structure and function of integrins, their roles in disease and the chequered history of the approved integrin antagonists. Recent advances in the understanding of integrin function, ligand interaction and signalling pathways suggest novel strategies for inhibiting integrin function that could help harness their full potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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30
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Discovery of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) derivatives as potent and orally bioavailable LFA-1/ICAM-1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5269-73. [PMID: 20655213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This letter describes the discovery of a novel series of tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ)-derived small molecules that potently inhibit both human T-cell migration and super-antigen induced T-cell activation through disruption of the binding of integrin LFA-1 to its receptor, ICAM-1. In addition to excellent in vitro potency, 6q shows good pharmacokinetic properties and its ethyl ester (6t) demonstrates good oral bioavailability in both mouse and rat. Either intravenous administration of 6q or oral administration of its ethyl ester (6t) produced a significant reduction of neutrophil migration in a thioglycollate-induced murine peritonitis model.
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31
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Watterson SH, Xiao Z, Dodd DS, Tortolani DR, Vaccaro W, Potin D, Launay M, Stetsko DK, Skala S, Davis PM, Lee D, Yang X, McIntyre KW, Balimane P, Patel K, Yang Z, Marathe P, Kadiyala P, Tebben AJ, Sheriff S, Chang CY, Ziemba T, Zhang H, Chen BC, DelMonte AJ, Aranibar N, McKinnon M, Barrish JC, Suchard SJ, Murali Dhar TG. Small molecule antagonist of leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1): structure-activity relationships leading to the identification of 6-((5S,9R)-9-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,7-triazaspiro[4.4]nonan-7-yl)nicotinic acid (BMS-688521). J Med Chem 2010; 53:3814-30. [PMID: 20405922 DOI: 10.1021/jm100348u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), also known as CD11a/CD18 or alpha(L)beta(2), belongs to the beta(2) integrin subfamily and is constitutively expressed on all leukocytes. The major ligands of LFA-1 include three intercellular adhesion molecules 1, 2, and 3 (ICAM 1, 2, and 3). The interactions between LFA-1 and the ICAMs are critical for cell adhesion, and preclinical animal studies and clinical data from the humanized anti-LFA-1 antibody efalizumab have provided proof-of-concept for LFA-1 as an immunological target. This article will detail the structure-activity relationships (SAR) leading to a novel second generation series of highly potent spirocyclic hydantoin antagonists of LFA-1. With significantly enhanced in vitro and ex vivo potency relative to our first clinical compound (1), as well as demonstrated in vivo activity and an acceptable pharmacokinetic and safety profile, 6-((5S,9R)-9-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,7-triazaspiro-[4.4]nonan-7-yl)nicotinic acid (2e) was selected to advance into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Watterson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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32
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Suchard SJ, Stetsko DK, Davis PM, Skala S, Potin D, Launay M, Dhar TGM, Barrish JC, Susulic V, Shuster DJ, McIntyre KW, McKinnon M, Salter-Cid L. An LFA-1 (alphaLbeta2) small-molecule antagonist reduces inflammation and joint destruction in murine models of arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3917-26. [PMID: 20190141 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LFA-1 appears to play a central role in normal immune responses to foreign Ags. In autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, there is increased expression of LFA-1 and/or its counterligand, ICAM-1. Others have demonstrated that the targeted disruption of LFA-1:ICAM interactions, either by gene deletion or Ab treatment in mice, results in reduced leukocyte trafficking, inflammatory responses, and inhibition of inflammatory arthritis in the K/BxN serum transfer model. However, there has been little success in finding a small-molecule LFA-1 antagonist that can similarly impact rodent models of arthritis. In this paper, we present the first reported example of an LFA-1 small-molecule antagonist, BMS-587101, that is efficacious in preclinical disease models. In vitro, BMS-587101 inhibited LFA-1-mediated adhesion of T cells to endothelial cells, T cell proliferation, and Th1 cytokine production. Because BMS-587101 exhibits in vitro potency, cross-reactivity, and oral bioavailability in rodents, we evaluated the impact of oral administration of this compound in two different models of arthritis: Ab-induced arthritis and collagen-induced arthritis. Significant impact of BMS-587101 on clinical score in both models was observed, with inhibition comparable or better than anti-mouse LFA-1 Ab. In addition, BMS-587101 significantly reduced cytokine mRNA levels in the joints of Ab-induced arthritis animals as compared with those receiving vehicle alone. In paws taken from the collagen-induced arthritis study, the bones of vehicle-treated mice had extensive inflammation and bone destruction, whereas treatment with BMS-587101 resulted in marked protection. These findings support the potential use of an LFA-1 small-molecule antagonist in rheumatoid arthritis, with the capacity for disease modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Suchard
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Tran SB, Maxwell BD, Chen SY, Bonacorsi SJ, Leith L, Ogan M, Rinehart JK, Balasubramanian B. Synthesis of lead LFA-1 antagonist [14C]spyrocyclic hydantoin. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blanco-Ania D, Hermkens PHH, Sliedregt LAJM, Scheeren HW, Rutjes FPJT. Synthesis of Hydantoins and Thiohydantoins Spiro-Fused to Pyrrolidines: Druglike Molecules Based on the 2-Arylethyl Amine Scaffold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:527-38. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800190z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blanco-Ania
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Schering-Plough, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Sector Discovery Weesp, P.O. Box 900, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro H. H. Hermkens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Schering-Plough, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Sector Discovery Weesp, P.O. Box 900, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A. J. M. Sliedregt
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Schering-Plough, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Sector Discovery Weesp, P.O. Box 900, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Scheeren
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Schering-Plough, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Sector Discovery Weesp, P.O. Box 900, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Schering-Plough, P.O. Box 20, 5340 BH Oss, The Netherlands, and Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Sector Discovery Weesp, P.O. Box 900, 1380 DA Weesp, The Netherlands
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Woodside DG, Vanderslice P. Cell adhesion antagonists: therapeutic potential in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BioDrugs 2008; 22:85-100. [PMID: 18345706 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases of the lung where a hallmark feature is excessive leukocyte infiltration that leads to tissue injury. Cell adhesion molecules (e.g. selectins and integrins) play a key role in cell trafficking, and in the lung they regulate leukocyte extravasation, migration within the interstitium, cellular activation, and tissue retention. All selectin family members (including L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin) and many of the beta1 and beta2 integrins appear to be important therapeutic targets, as numerous animal studies have demonstrated essential roles for these cell adhesion molecules in lung inflammation. Not surprisingly, these families of adhesion molecules have been under intense investigation by the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel therapeutics. Integrins are validated drug targets, as drugs that antagonize integrin alphaIIbbeta3 (e.g. abciximab), integrin alphaLbeta2 (efalizumab), and integrin alpha4beta1 (natalizumab) are currently US FDA-approved for acute coronary syndromes, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis, respectively. However, none has been approved for indications related to asthma or COPD. Here, we provide an overview of roles played by selectins and integrins in lung inflammation. We also describe recent clinical results (both failures and successes) in developing adhesion molecule antagonists, with specific emphasis on those targets that may have potential benefit in asthma and COPD. Early clinical trials using selectin and integrin antagonists have met with limited success. However, recent positive phase II clinical trials with a small-molecule selectin antagonist (bimosiamose) and a small-molecule integrin alpha4beta1 antagonist (valategrast [R411]), have generated enthusiastic anticipation that novel strategies to treat asthma and COPD may be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Woodside
- Department of Drug Discovery, Biological Sciences, Encysive Pharmaceuticals Inc., Houston, Texas, USA.
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36
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Abstract
The advent of therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting specific macromolecular components of deregulated signaling pathways associated with particular disease states has given rise to the idea that it should be possible to design ligands as drug candidates to these targets from first principles. This concept has been beckoning for a long time but structure-based ligand design only became feasible once it was possible to determine the 3-D structures of molecular targets at atomic resolution. However, structure-based design turned out to be difficult, chiefly because under physiological conditions both receptors and ligands are not static but they behave dynamically. While it is possible to design ligands with high steric and electronic complementarity to a receptor site, it is always uncertain how biologically relevant the assumed conformations of both ligand and receptor actually are. The fact that it remains beyond our current abilities to predict with sufficient accuracy the affinity between hypothetical ligand and receptor poses is in part connected with this problem and continues to confound the reliable prediction of drug-like ligands for therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made and so-called virtual screening methods that use computational methods to dock candidate ligands into receptor sites and to score the resulting complexes are now used routinely as one of the components in drug discovery screening campaigns. Here an overview is given of the underlying principles, implementations, and applications of structure-guided computational design technologies. Although the emphasis is on receptor-based strategies, mention will also be made of some of the more established ligand-based approaches, such as similarity analyses and quantitative structure-activity relationship methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences and School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.
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Li W, Josephs JL, Skiles GL, Humphreys WG. Metabolite Generation via Microbial Biotransformations with Actinomycetes: Rapid Screening for Active Strains and Biosynthesis of Important Human Metabolites of Two Development-Stage Compounds, 5-[(5S,9R)-9-(4-Cyanophenyl)-3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3,7-triazaspiro[4.4]non7-yl-methyl]-3-thiophenecarboxylic Acid (BMS-587101) and Dasatinib. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:721-30. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.019570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Design and synthesis of novel hydantoin-containing melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3754-9. [PMID: 17448659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report here new chemical series acting as antagonists of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR-1). Synthesis and structure-activity relationships are described leading to the identification of compounds with optimized in vitro pharmacological and in vitro ADME profiles. In vivo activity has been demonstrated in animal models of food intake and depression.
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Dodd DS, Sheriff S, Chang CJ, Stetsko DK, Phillips LM, Zhang Y, Launay M, Potin D, Vaccaro W, Poss MA, McKinnon M, Barrish JC, Suchard SJ, Murali Dhar TG. Design of LFA-1 antagonists based on a 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5(7aH)-one scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1908-11. [PMID: 17291752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new class of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) antagonists is described. Elaboration of the 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizin-5(7aH)-one scaffold resulted in the synthesis of potent inhibitors of the LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction. Along with the in vitro activity, we present the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of compound 9b, in a novel binding mode to the I-domain of LFA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmpal S Dodd
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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