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Kuralt V, Frlan R. Navigating the Chemical Space of ENR Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:252. [PMID: 38534687 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat that requires innovative strategies against drug-resistant bacteria. Our study focuses on enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases (ENRs), in particular FabI, FabK, FabV, and InhA, as potential antimicrobial agents. Despite their promising potential, the lack of clinical approvals for inhibitors such as triclosan and isoniazid underscores the challenges in achieving preclinical success. In our study, we curated and analyzed a dataset of 1412 small molecules recognized as ENR inhibitors, investigating different structural variants. Using advanced cheminformatic tools, we mapped the physicochemical landscape and identified specific structural features as key determinants of bioactivity. Furthermore, we investigated whether the compounds conform to Lipinski rules, PAINS, and Brenk filters, which are crucial for the advancement of compounds in development pipelines. Furthermore, we investigated structural diversity using four different representations: Chemotype diversity, molecular similarity, t-SNE visualization, molecular complexity, and cluster analysis. By using advanced bioinformatics tools such as matched molecular pairs (MMP) analysis, machine learning, and SHAP analysis, we were able to improve our understanding of the activity cliques and the precise effects of the functional groups. In summary, this chemoinformatic investigation has unraveled the FAB inhibitors and provided insights into rational antimicrobial design, seamlessly integrating computation into the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Kuralt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Frlan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Dureja C, Rutherford JT, Pavel FB, Norseeda K, Prah I, Sun D, Hevener KE, Hurdle JG. In vivo evaluation of Clostridioides difficile enoyl-ACP reductase II (FabK) inhibition by phenylimidazole unveils a promising narrow-spectrum antimicrobial strategy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0122223. [PMID: 38265216 PMCID: PMC10916379 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01222-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, which often stems from disruption of the gut microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant C. difficile strains, combined with disappointing clinical trial results for recent antibiotic candidates, underscores the urgent need for novel CDI antibiotics. To this end, we investigated C. difficile enoyl ACP reductase (CdFabK), a crucial enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis, as a drug target for microbiome-sparing antibiotics. To test this concept, we evaluated the efficacy and in vivo spectrum of activity of the phenylimidazole analog 296, which is validated to inhibit intracellular CdFabK. Against major CDI-associated ribotypes 296 had an Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 2 µg/mL, which was comparable to vancomycin (1 µg/mL), a standard of care antibiotic. In addition, 296 achieved high colonic concentrations and displayed dosed-dependent efficacy in mice with colitis CDI. Mice that were given 296 retained colonization resistance to C. difficile and had microbiomes that resembled the untreated mice. Conversely, both vancomycin and fidaxomicin induced significant changes to mice microbiomes, in a manner consistent with prior reports. CdFabK, therefore, represents a potential target for microbiome-sparing CDI antibiotics, with phenylimidazoles providing a good chemical starting point for designing such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Dureja
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob T. Rutherford
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fahad B.A. Pavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Krissada Norseeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Isaac Prah
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
| | - Kirk E. Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julian G. Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Dureja C, Rutherford JT, Pavel FBA, Norseeda K, Prah I, Sun D, Hevener KE, Hurdle JG. In vivo evaluation of Clostridioides difficile enoyl-ACP reductase II (FabK) Inhibition by phenylimidazole unveils a promising narrow-spectrum antimicrobial strategy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.22.559005. [PMID: 37790427 PMCID: PMC10543012 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.22.559005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, which often stem from disruption of the gut microbiota by broad-spectrum antibiotics. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant C. difficile strains, combined with disappointing clinical trials results for recent antibiotic candidates, underscore the urgent need for novel CDI antibiotics. To this end, we investigated C. difficile enoyl ACP reductase (CdFabK), a crucial enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis, as a drug target for microbiome-sparing antibiotics. To test this concept, we evaluated the efficacy and in vivo spectrum of activity of the phenylimidazole analog 296, which is validated to inhibit intracellular CdFabK. Against major CDI-associated ribotypes 296 had an MIC90 of 2 μg/ml, which was comparable to vancomycin (1 μg/ml), a standard of care antibiotic. In addition, 296 achieved high colonic concentrations and displayed dosed-dependent efficacy in mice with colitis CDI. Mice that were given 296 retained colonization resistance to C. difficile and had microbiomes that resembled the untreated mice. Conversely, both vancomycin and fidaxomicin induced significant changes to mice microbiomes, in a manner consistent with prior reports. CdFabK therefore represents a potential target for microbiome-sparing CDI antibiotics, with phenylimidazoles providing a good chemical starting point for designing such agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Dureja
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jacob T. Rutherford
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Fahad B. A. Pavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Krissada Norseeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Isaac Prah
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Kirk E. Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Julian G. Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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4
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Norseeda K, Bin Aziz Pavel F, Rutherford JT, Meer HN, Dureja C, Hurdle JG, Hevener KE, Sun D. Synthesis and evaluation of phenylimidazole FabK inhibitors as new Anti-C. Difficile agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 88-89:117330. [PMID: 37224699 PMCID: PMC10834300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously, 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)thiazol-2-yl)urea bearing a p-bromine substitution was shown to possess selective inhibitory activity against the Clostridioides difficile enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase II enzyme, FabK. Inhibition of CdFabK by this compound translated to promising antibacterial activity in the low micromolar range. In these studies, we sought to expand our knowledge of the SAR of the phenylimidazole CdFabK inhibitor series while improving the potency of the compounds. Three main series of compounds were synthesized and evaluated based on: 1) pyridine head group modifications including the replacement with a benzothiazole moiety, 2) linker explorations, and 3) phenylimidazole tail group modifications. Overall, improvement in the CdFabK inhibition was achieved, while maintaining the whole cell antibacterial activity. Specifically, compounds 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(5-((3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)thiazol-2-yl)urea, 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)urea, and 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)urea showed CdFabK inhibition (IC50 = 0.10 to 0.24 μM), a 5 to 10-fold improvement in biochemical activity relative to 1-((4-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-(5-(pyridin-2-ylthio)thiazol-2-yl)urea, with anti-C. difficile activity ranging from 1.56 to 6.25 μg/mL. Detailed analysis of the expanded SAR, supported by computational analysis, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissada Norseeda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, United States
| | - Fahad Bin Aziz Pavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Jacob T Rutherford
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Humna N Meer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States
| | - Chetna Dureja
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Julian G Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kirk E Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, United States.
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5
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Hopf FSM, Roth CD, de Souza EV, Galina L, Czeczot AM, Machado P, Basso LA, Bizarro CV. Bacterial Enoyl-Reductases: The Ever-Growing List of Fabs, Their Mechanisms and Inhibition. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:891610. [PMID: 35814645 PMCID: PMC9260719 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.891610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enoyl-ACP reductases (ENRs) are enzymes that catalyze the last step of the elongation cycle during fatty acid synthesis. In recent years, new bacterial ENR types were discovered, some of them with structures and mechanisms that differ from the canonical bacterial FabI enzymes. Here, we briefly review the diversity of structural and catalytic properties of the canonical FabI and the new FabK, FabV, FabL, and novel ENRs identified in a soil metagenome study. We also highlight recent efforts to use the newly discovered Fabs as targets for drug development and consider the complex evolutionary history of this diverse set of bacterial ENRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S. M. Hopf
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Candida D. Roth
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo V. de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiza Galina
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexia M. Czeczot
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pablo Machado
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz A. Basso
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V. Bizarro
- Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF) and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristiano V. Bizarro,
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6
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Stojanović M, Bugarski S, Baranac-Stojanović M. Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-4-pyridones and 4-Pyridones by the Cyclization Reaction of Ester-Tethered Enaminones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13495-13507. [PMID: 33092340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Dihydro-4-pyridone skeleton is an important building block in organic synthesis because it features several reaction sites with nucleophilic or electrophilic properties. Herein, we disclose a method for its formation by intramolecular cyclization of ester-tethered enaminones, which can easily be synthesized from readily available materials, such as amines, activated alkynes, and activated alkenes. 2,3-Dihydro-4-pyridones have been isolated in 41-90% yields. We also demonstrate the transformation of these heterocycles into another important class of compounds, 4-pyridones, by utilizing 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (chloranil) as an oxidizing agent. The latter products were isolated in 65-94% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milovan Stojanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy-Center for Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, P.O. Box 473, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Bugarski
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Baranac-Stojanović
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, P.O. Box 158, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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7
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. An Updated Review on the Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Molecular Hybrids and Conjugates Bearing Imidazole Moiety. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215133. [PMID: 33158247 PMCID: PMC7663458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of serious infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria, especially the nosocomial ESKAPE pathogens, has been acknowledged by Governments and scientists and is one of the world's major health problems. Various strategies have been and are currently investigated and developed to reduce and/or delay the bacterial resistance. One of these strategies regards the design and development of antimicrobial hybrids and conjugates. This unprecedented critical review, in which our continuing interest in the synthesis and evaluation of the bioactivity of imidazole derivatives is testified, aims to summarise and comment on the results obtained from the end of the 1900s until February 2020 in studies conducted by numerous international research groups on the synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial properties of imidazole-based molecular hybrids and conjugates in which the pharmacophoric constituents of these compounds are directly covalently linked or connected through a linker or spacer. In this review, significant attention was paid to summarise the strategies used to overcome the antibiotic resistance of pathogens whose infections are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics. However, it does not include literature data on the synthesis and evaluation of the bioactivity of hybrids and conjugates in which an imidazole moiety is fused with a carbo- or heterocyclic subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (M.C.)
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8
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Rana P, Ghouse SM, Akunuri R, Madhavi YV, Chopra S, Nanduri S. FabI (enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase) - A potential broad spectrum therapeutic target and its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112757. [PMID: 32883635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of new anti-bacterial agents acting upon underexploited targets and thus evading known mechanisms of resistance is the need of the hour. The highly conserved and distinct bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis pathway (FAS-II), presents a validated and yet relatively underexploited target for drug discovery. FabI and its isoforms (FabL, FabK, FabV and InhA) are essential enoyl-ACP reductases present in several microorganisms. In addition, the components of the FAS-II pathway are distinct from the multi-enzyme FAS-I complex found in mammals. Thus, inhibition of FabI and its isoforms is anticipated to result in broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Several research groups from industry and academic laboratories have devoted significant efforts to develop effective FabI-targeting antibiotics, which are currently in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. This review summarizes all the natural as well as synthetic inhibitors of gram-positive and gram-negative enoyl ACP reductases (FabI). The knowledge of the reported inhibitors can aid in the development of broad-spectrum antibacterials specifically targeting FabI enzymes from S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. anthracis, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. falciparum and M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Shaik Mahammad Ghouse
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Ravikumar Akunuri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Y V Madhavi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226 031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India.
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9
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Khade AB, Eshwara VK, Boshoff HI, Arora K, Tiwari A, Bhat P, Tiwari M, Shenoy GG. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Diphenyl Ether Derivatives as Antitubercular and Antibacterial Agents. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amol B. Khade
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal- 576104 India
| | - Vandana K. Eshwara
- Department of MicrobiologyKasturba Medical College; Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal- 576104
| | - Helena I.M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland 20892 United States
| | - Kriti Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland 20892 United States
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal- 576104 India
| | - Pritesh Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal- 576104 India
| | - Mradul Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyManipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal- 576104 India
| | - G. Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryManipal College of Pharmaceutical SciencesManipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal- 576104 India
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10
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Huang J, Hu G, An S, Chen D, Li M, Li P. Synthesis of N-Alkylpyridin-4-ones and Thiazolo[3,2- a]pyridin-5-ones through Pummerer-Type Reactions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9758-9769. [PMID: 31290663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-Alkylated 4-pyridones were obtained through a one-pot procedure involving either normal or interrupted Pummerer reactions between triflic anhydride-activated sulfoxides and 4-fluoropyridine derivatives, followed by hydrolysis. On the other hand, triflic anhydride-activated benzyl 6-fluoro-2-pyridyl sulfoxide could react with alkenes or alkynes to afford thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridin-5-ones, via the pyridinium salt intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China.,Department of Chemistry , Baotou Teacher's College , Baotou 014030 , China
| | - Shaoyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Dongding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Minglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Pingfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029 , China
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11
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Jones JA, Prior AM, Marreddy RKR, Wahrmund RD, Hurdle JG, Sun D, Hevener KE. Small-Molecule Inhibition of the C. difficile FAS-II Enzyme, FabK, Results in Selective Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1528-1535. [PMID: 31184849 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare-related costs in the United States. After standard therapy, recurrence rates remain high, and multiple recurrences are not uncommon. Causes include treatments employing broad-spectrum agents that disrupt the normal host microbiota, as well as treatment-resistant spore formation by C. difficile. Thus, novel druggable anti-C. difficile targets that promote narrow-spectrum eradication and inhibition of sporulation are desired. As a critical rate-limiting step within the FAS-II bacterial fatty acid synthesis pathway, which supplies precursory component phospholipids found in bacterial cytoplasmic and spore-mediated membranes, enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase II (FabK) represents such a target. FabK is essential in C. difficile (CdFabK) and is structurally and mechanistically distinct from other isozymes found in gut microbiota species, making CdFabK an attractive narrow-spectrum target. We report here the kinetic evaluation of CdFabK, the biochemical activity of a series of phenylimidazole analogues, and microbiological data suggesting these compounds' selective antibacterial activity against C. difficile versus several other prominent gut organisms. The compounds display promising, selective, low micromolar CdFabK inhibitory activity without significantly affecting the growth of other gut organisms, and the series prototype (1b) is shown to be competitive for the CdFabK cofactor and uncompetitive for the substrate. A series analogue (1g) shows maintained inhibitory activity while also possessing increased solubility. These findings represent the basis for future drug discovery efforts by characterizing the CdFabK enzyme while demonstrating its druggability and potential role as a narrow-spectrum antidifficile target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Allan M. Prior
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720, United States
| | - Ravi K. R. Marreddy
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Wahrmund
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Julian G. Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720, United States
| | - Kirk E. Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
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12
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Marreddy RKR, Wu X, Sapkota M, Prior AM, Jones JA, Sun D, Hevener KE, Hurdle JG. The Fatty Acid Synthesis Protein Enoyl-ACP Reductase II (FabK) is a Target for Narrow-Spectrum Antibacterials for Clostridium difficile Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:208-217. [PMID: 30501172 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an antibiotic-induced microbiota shift disease of the large bowel. While there is a need for narrow-spectrum CDI antibiotics, it is unclear which cellular proteins are appropriate drug targets to specifically inhibit C. difficile. We evaluated the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase II (FabK), which catalyzes the final step of bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis. Bioinformatics showed that C. difficile uses FabK as its sole enoyl-ACP reductase, unlike several major microbiota species. The essentiality of fabK for C. difficile growth was confirmed by failure to delete this gene using ClosTron mutagenesis and by growth inhibition upon gene silencing with CRISPR interference antisense to fabK transcription or by blocking protein translation. Inhibition of C. difficile's FASII pathway could not be circumvented by supply of exogenous fatty acids, either during fabK's gene silencing or upon inhibition of the enzyme with a phenylimidazole-derived inhibitor (1). The inability of fatty acids to bypass FASII inhibition is likely due to the function of the transcriptional repressor FapR. Inhibition of FabK also inhibited spore formation, reflecting the enzyme's role in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis for the formation of spore membrane lipids. Compound 1 did not inhibit growth of key microbiota species. These findings suggest that C. difficile FabK is a druggable target for discovering narrow-spectrum anti- C. difficile drugs that treat CDI but avoid collateral damage to the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. R. Marreddy
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Madhab Sapkota
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, 701 West Nedderman Drive, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Allan M. Prior
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Jesse A. Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, United States
| | - Kirk E. Hevener
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Julian G. Hurdle
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 2121 West Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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13
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Reddy V, Dayal D, Szalda DJ, Cosenza SC, Reddy MR. Synthesis and characterization of triruthenium carbonyl incorporating 4-pyridones as potential antitumor agents. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Jasass RS, Alshehrei F, Farghaly TA. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Antimicrobial Agents Containing Carbazole and Thiazole Moieties. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabab S. Jasass
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science; Umm Al-Qura University; Mecca 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alshehrei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science; Umm Al-Qura University; Mecca 24382 Saudi Arabia
| | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza 12613 Egypt
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15
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Trapero A, Pacitto A, Singh V, Sabbah M, Coyne AG, Mizrahi V, Blundell TL, Ascher DB, Abell C. Fragment-Based Approach to Targeting Inosine-5'-monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2806-2822. [PMID: 29547284 PMCID: PMC5900554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tuberculosis (TB)
remains a major cause of mortality worldwide,
and improved treatments are needed to combat emergence of drug resistance.
Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a crucial enzyme
required for de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides,
is an attractive TB drug target. Herein, we describe the identification
of potent IMPDH inhibitors using fragment-based screening and structure-based
design techniques. Screening of a fragment library for Mycobacterium
thermoresistible (Mth) IMPDH ΔCBS
inhibitors identified a low affinity phenylimidazole derivative. X-ray
crystallography of the Mth IMPDH ΔCBS–IMP–inhibitor
complex revealed that two molecules of the fragment were bound in
the NAD binding pocket of IMPDH. Linking the two molecules of the
fragment afforded compounds with more than 1000-fold improvement in
IMPDH affinity over the initial fragment hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Trapero
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Angela Pacitto
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Vinayak Singh
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Mohamad Sabbah
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit & DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701 , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
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16
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Yu Y, Zhang Y, Xiao LY, Peng QQ, Zhao YL. Thermally induced formal [4+2] cycloaddition of 3-aminocyclobutenones with electron-deficient alkynes: facile and efficient synthesis of 4-pyridones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8229-8232. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03974g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermally induced novel formal [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclobutenones with electron-deficient alkynes under metal-free conditions has been developed. The reaction provides a straightforward and efficient method for the synthesis of 4-pyridone derivatives in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Li-Yun Xiao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Qin-Qin Peng
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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17
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Studies of Staphylococcus aureus FabI inhibitors: fragment-based approach based on holographic structure-activity relationship analyses. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:135-151. [PMID: 28128979 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM FabI is a key enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism of Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and is an established drug target for known antibiotics such as triclosan. However, due to increasing antibacterial resistance, there is an urgent demand for new drug discovery. Recently, aminopyridine derivatives have been proposed as promising competitive inhibitors of FabI. METHODS In the present study, holographic structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) analyses were employed for determining structural contributions of a series containing 105 FabI inhibitors. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The final HQSAR model was robust and predictive according to statistical validation (q2 and r2pred equal to 0.696 and 0.854, respectively) and could be further employed to generate fragment contribution maps. Then, final HQSAR model together with FabI active site information can be useful for designing novel bioactive ligands.
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18
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Khalil MA, Raslan MA, Sayed SM. Synthesis and Reactivity of 3‐oxoprop‐1‐en‐1‐olate Derivative as a Building Block for the Synthesis of Azole and Azine Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAswan University 81528 Aswan Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Raslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAswan University 81528 Aswan Egypt
| | - Samia M. Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAswan University 81528 Aswan Egypt
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19
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Kar SS, Bhat G V, Rao PPN, Shenoy VP, Bairy I, Shenoy GG. Rational design and synthesis of novel diphenyl ether derivatives as antitubercular agents. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2299-310. [PMID: 27486307 PMCID: PMC4958353 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s104037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of triclosan mimic diphenyl ether derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. The binding mode of the compounds at the active site of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of M. tuberculosis has been explored. Among them, compound 10b was found to possess antitubercular activity (minimum inhibitory concentration =12.5 µg/mL) comparable to triclosan. All the synthesized compounds exhibited low levels of cytotoxicity against Vero and HepG2 cell lines, and three compounds 10a, 10b, and 10c had a selectivity index more than 10. Compound 10b was also evaluated for log P, pKa, human liver microsomal stability, and % protein binding, in order to probe its druglikeness. Based on the antitubercular activity and druglikeness profile, it may be concluded that compound 10b could be a lead for future development of antitubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha S Kar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Varadaraj Bhat G
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Praveen PN Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Vishnu P Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
| | - Indira Bairy
- Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - G Gautham Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India
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20
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Chakraborty A, Majumdar S, Maiti DK. Selective exploitation of acetoacetate carbonyl groups using imidazolium based ionic liquids: synthesis of 3-oxo-amides and substituted benzimidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Neckles C, Pschibul A, Lai CT, Hirschbeck M, Kuper J, Davoodi S, Zou J, Liu N, Pan P, Shah S, Daryaee F, Bommineni GR, Lai C, Simmerling C, Kisker C, Tonge PJ. Selectivity of Pyridone- and Diphenyl Ether-Based Inhibitors for the Yersinia pestis FabV Enoyl-ACP Reductase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2992-3006. [PMID: 27136302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enoyl-ACP reductase (ENR) catalyzes the last reaction in the elongation cycle of the bacterial type II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) pathway. While the FabI ENR is a well-validated drug target in organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, alternate ENR isoforms have been discovered in other pathogens, including the FabV enzyme that is the sole ENR in Yersinia pestis (ypFabV). Previously, we showed that the prototypical ENR inhibitor triclosan was a poor inhibitor of ypFabV and that inhibitors based on the 2-pyridone scaffold were more potent [Hirschbeck, M. (2012) Structure 20 (1), 89-100]. These studies were performed with the T276S FabV variant. In the work presented here, we describe a detailed examination of the mechanism and inhibition of wild-type ypFabV and the T276S variant. The T276S mutation significantly reduces the affinity of diphenyl ether inhibitors for ypFabV (20-fold → 100-fold). In addition, while T276S ypFabV generally displays an affinity for 2-pyridone inhibitors higher than that of the wild-type enzyme, the 4-pyridone scaffold yields compounds with similar affinity for both wild-type and T276S ypFabV. T276 is located at the N-terminus of the helical substrate-binding loop, and structural studies coupled with site-directed mutagenesis reveal that alterations in this residue modulate the size of the active site portal. Subsequently, we were able to probe the mechanism of time-dependent inhibition in this enzyme family by extending the inhibition studies to include P142W ypFabV, a mutation that results in a gain of slow-onset inhibition for the 4-pyridone PT156.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annica Pschibul
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Hirschbeck
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Lai
- William A. Shine Great Neck South High School , Great Neck, New York 11020, United States
| | | | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg , D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Cui SF, Addla D, Zhou CH. Novel 3-Aminothiazolquinolones: Design, Synthesis, Bioactive Evaluation, SARs, and Preliminary Antibacterial Mechanism. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4488-510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Cui
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Department of Public Security Technology, Railway Police College, Zhengzhou 450053, China
| | - Dinesh Addla
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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23
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Kim YG, Seo JH, Kwak JH, Shin KJ. Discovery of a potent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) inhibitor suitable for antistaphylococcal agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4481-6. [PMID: 26343826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery, synthesis, and biological activities of phenoxy-4-pyrone and phenoxy-4-pyridone derivatives as novel inhibitors of enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI). Pyridone derivatives showed better activities than pyrone derivatives against FabI and Staphylococcus aureus strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among the pyridone derivatives, compound 16l especially exhibited promising activities against the MRSA strain and good pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gyeong Kim
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kwak
- School of Life and Food Sciences, Handong Global University, Pohang 791-7, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Jung Shin
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Dawood KM, Sayed SM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Enaminones: A Facile Synthesis of Thiophene and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives Incorporating a Thiazole Moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M. Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
| | - Samia M. Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; 81528 Aswan Egypt
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25
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Raslan MA, Sayed SM, Khalil MA. Synthesis of Some Pyrazole, Thiazole, Pyridine, and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives Incorporating 2-Thiazolyl Moiety. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Raslan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; 81528 Aswan Egypt
| | - Samia M. Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; 81528 Aswan Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Khalil
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; 81528 Aswan Egypt
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26
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Mutations associated with reduced surotomycin susceptibility in Clostridium difficile and Enterococcus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4139-47. [PMID: 25941217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00526-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an urgent public health concern causing considerable clinical and economic burdens. CDI can be treated with antibiotics, but recurrence of the disease following successful treatment of the initial episode often occurs. Surotomycin is a rapidly bactericidal cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that is in clinical trials for CDI treatment and that has demonstrated superiority over vancomycin in preventing CDI relapse. Surotomycin is a structural analogue of the membrane-active antibiotic daptomycin. Previously, we utilized in vitro serial passage experiments to derive C. difficile strains with reduced surotomycin susceptibilities. The parent strains used included ATCC 700057 and clinical isolates from the restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) groups BI and K. Serial passage experiments were also performed with vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. The goal of this study is to identify mutations associated with reduced surotomycin susceptibility in C. difficile and enterococci. Illumina sequence data generated for the parent strains and serial passage isolates were compared. We identified nonsynonymous mutations in genes coding for cardiolipin synthase in C. difficile ATCC 700057, enoyl-(acyl carrier protein) reductase II (FabK) and cell division protein FtsH2 in C. difficile REA type BI, and a PadR family transcriptional regulator in C. difficile REA type K. Among the 4 enterococcal strain pairs, 20 mutations were identified, and those mutations overlap those associated with daptomycin resistance. These data give insight into the mechanism of action of surotomycin against C. difficile, possible mechanisms for resistance emergence during clinical use, and the potential impacts of surotomycin therapy on intestinal enterococci.
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27
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Sayed SM, Raslan MA, Dawood KM. Synthesis and Reactivity of Phenylthiourea Derivatives: An Efficient Synthesis of New Thiazole-Based Heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samia M. Sayed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; Aswan 81528 Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Raslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; Aswan 81528 Egypt
| | - Kamal M. Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Cairo University; Giza Egypt
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28
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M. Sayed S, A. Raslan M, A. Khalil M. Synthesis and Reactivity of Cyanomethyl Thiazolyl Ketone: A Facile Synthesis of Some New Azoles, Chromene, Pyridine, Thiophene, Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine and Pyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazole Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Takhi M, Sreenivas K, Reddy CK, Munikumar M, Praveena K, Sudheer P, Rao BN, Ramakanth G, Sivaranjani J, Mulik S, Reddy YR, Narasimha Rao K, Pallavi R, Lakshminarasimhan A, Panigrahi SK, Antony T, Abdullah I, Lee YK, Ramachandra M, Yusof R, Rahman NA, Subramanya H. Discovery of azetidine based ene-amides as potent bacterial enoyl ACP reductase (FabI) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:382-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Reduction of C = C bonds by reductases, found in a variety of microorganisms (e.g. yeasts, bacteria, and lower fungi), animals, and plants has applications in the production of metabolites that include pharmacologically active drugs and other chemicals. Therefore, the reductase enzymes that mediate this transformation have become important therapeutic targets and biotechnological tools. These reductases are broad-spectrum, in that, they can act on isolation/conjugation C = C-bond compounds, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, acid derivatives, and nitro compounds. In addition, several mutations in the reductase gene have been identified, some associated with diseases. Several of these reductases have been cloned and/or purified, and studies to further characterize them and determine their structure in order to identify potential industrial biocatalysts are still in progress. In this study, crucial reductases for bioreduction of C = C bonds have been reviewed with emphasis on their principal substrates and effective inhibitors, their distribution, genetic polymorphisms, and implications in human disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang , China and
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Li JR, Li DD, Wang RR, Sun J, Dong JJ, Du QR, Fang F, Zhang WM, Zhu HL. Design and synthesis of thiazole derivatives as potent FabH inhibitors with antibacterial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:438-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Shaikh MS, Palkar MB, Patel HM, Rane RA, Alwan WS, Shaikh MM, Shaikh IM, Hampannavar GA, Karpoormath R. Design and synthesis of novel carbazolo–thiazoles as potential anti-mycobacterial agents using a molecular hybridization approach. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11752b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel carbazolo–thiazoles was synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamadhanif S. Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Mahesh B. Palkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Harun M. Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Rajesh A. Rane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Wesam S. Alwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Mahidansha M. Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Iqbal M. Shaikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Girish A. Hampannavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Health Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban-4000, South Africa
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33
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Tan L, Zhou P, Chen C, Liu W. An efficient method for the construction of polysubstituted 4-pyridones via self-condensation of β-keto amides mediated by P2O5 and catalyzed by zinc bromide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2681-7. [PMID: 24367433 PMCID: PMC3869214 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-condensation cyclization reaction mediated by phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and catalyzed by zinc bromide (ZnBr2) is presented for the synthesis of polysubstituted 4-pyridones and 2-pyridones from β-keto amides. A variety of β-keto amides are used in this approach, and a wide range of functionalized 4-pyridones and 2-pyridones were obtained in good to excellent yields. When employing the N-aryl β-keto amides as the substrates in this protocol, 4-pyridones are resulted, however, when using N-aliphatic-substituted β-keto amides as the partners of N-aryl β-keto amides under the same conditions, 2-pyridones are afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Tan
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guangdu Road, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guangdu Road, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Cui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guangdu Road, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Weibing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guangdu Road, Maoming 525000, China
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34
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Qiu YF, Yang F, Qiu ZH, Zhong MJ, Wang LJ, Ye YY, Song B, Liang YM. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed and NIS-Promoted Cyclization of Diynones: Selective Synthesis of 4-Pyrone, 4-Pyridone, and 3-Pyrrolone Derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12018-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hang Qiu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Jin Zhong
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ying Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical
Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Abstract
New antimicrobial agents are always needed to counteract the resistant pathogens that continue to be selected by current therapeutic regimens. This review provides a survey of known antimicrobial agents that were currently in clinical development in the fall of 2012 and spring of 2013. Data were collected from published literature primarily from 2010 to 2012, meeting abstracts (2011 to 2012), government websites, and company websites when appropriate. Compared to what was reported in previous surveys, a surprising number of new agents are currently in company pipelines, particularly in phase 3 clinical development. Familiar antibacterial classes of the quinolones, tetracyclines, oxazolidinones, glycopeptides, and cephalosporins are represented by entities with enhanced antimicrobial or pharmacological properties. More importantly, compounds of novel chemical structures targeting bacterial pathways not previously exploited are under development. Some of the most promising compounds include novel β-lactamase inhibitor combinations that target many multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, a critical medical need. Although new antimicrobial agents will continue to be needed to address increasing antibiotic resistance, there are novel agents in development to tackle at least some of the more worrisome pathogens in the current nosocomial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Bush
- Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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36
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Wang Y, Ma S. Recent Advances in Inhibitors of Bacterial Fatty Acid Synthesis Type II (FASII) System Enzymes as Potential Antibacterial Agents. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1589-608. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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LaPlante SR, Bilodeau F, Aubry N, Gillard JR, O'Meara J, Coulombe R. N- versus O-alkylation: utilizing NMR methods to establish reliable primary structure determinations for drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4663-8. [PMID: 23809849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A classic synthetic issue that remains unresolved is the reaction that involves the control of N- versus O-alkylation of ambident anions. This common chemical transformation is important for medicinal chemists, who require predictable and reliable protocols for the rapid synthesis of inhibitors. The uncertainty of whether the product(s) are N- and/or O-alkylated is common and can be costly if undetermined. Herein, we report an NMR-based strategy that focuses on distinguishing inhibitors and intermediates that are N- or O-alkylated. The NMR strategy involves three independent and complementary methods. However, any combination of two of the methods can be reliable if the third were compromised due to resonance overlap or other issues. The timely nature of these methods (HSQC/HMQC, HMBC. ROESY, and (13)C shift predictions) allows for contemporaneous determination of regioselective alkylation as needed during the optimization of synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R LaPlante
- Department of Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, 2100 Cunard St., Laval, Quebec H7S 2G5, Canada.
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38
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Cheng K, Xue JY, Zhu HL. Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity studies of thiazole derivatives as potent ecKAS III inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4235-8. [PMID: 23731945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two series of thiazole derivatives containing amide skeleton were synthesized and developed as potent Escherichia coli β-ketoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) synthase III (ecKAS III) inhibitors. All the 24 new synthesized compounds were assayed for antibacterial activity against the respective Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, including E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. In which, 10 compounds with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities were further tested for their ecKAS III inhibitory activity. Last, we have successfully found that compound 4e showed both the promising broad antibacterial activity with MIC of 1.56-6.25μg/mL against the representative bacterial stains, and also processed the most potent ecKAS III inhibitory activity with IC50 of 5.3μM. In addition, docking simulation also carried out in this study to give a potent prediction binding mode between the small molecule and ecKAS III (PDB code: 1hnj) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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39
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Liu B, Fan Y, Lv X, Liu X, Yang Y, Jia Y. Generation and Reactions of Heteroaromatic Lithium Compounds by Using In-Line Mixer in a Continuous Flow Microreactor System at Mild Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Lv
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Yongtai Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
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40
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Zhang Z, Fang S, Liu Q, Zhang G. Approach to Polysubstituted 4-Pyridones from N-Aryl Acetoacetamides via a N to C 1,3-Acyl Migration Mediated by Sodium Persulfate. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7665-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental
Science, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, Henan Normal University,
Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shiliang Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental
Science, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, Henan Normal University,
Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qingfeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental
Science, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, Henan Normal University,
Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental
Science, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry
of Education, Henan Normal University,
Xinxiang 453007, China
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41
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Abstract
The emergence of bacteria that are multiply resistant to commonly used antibiotics has created the medical need for novel classes of antibacterial agents. The unique challenges to the discovery of new antibacterial drugs include the following: spectrum, selectivity, low emergence of new resistance, and high potency. With the emergence of genomic information, dozens of antibacterial targets have been pursued over the last 2 decades often using SBDD. This chapter reviews the application of structure-based drug design approaches on a selected group of antibacterial targets (DHFR, DHNA, PDF, and FabI) where significant progress has been made. We compare and contrast the different approaches and evaluate the results in terms of the biological profiles of the leads produced. Several common themes have emerged from this survey, resulting in a set of recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Finn
- Trius Therapeutics, San Diego, CA, USA.
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42
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Ozawa T, Takahata S, Kitagawa H. Search for the Dual Inhibitors of Bacterial Enoyl-acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Reductases (FabI and FabK) as Antibacterial Agents. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Baghbanzadeh M, Pilger C, Kappe CO. Palladium-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Heteroaromatic Compounds: Improved Conditions Utilizing Controlled Microwave Heating. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8138-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201516v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry (CDLMC) and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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44
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Lu X, Huang K, You Q. Enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase inhibitors: a patent review (2006 - 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1007-22. [PMID: 21651455 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.581227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) specificity reduces the double bond in enoyl thioester substrates in the final enzymatic step of the elongation cycle of the fatty acid synthase-II pathway. Its function is essential for bacterial organism survival, making it an attractive target for the development of novel antibiotics. The structural features and therapeutic potential of this enzyme have stimulated the rational design of ENR inhibitors, and important progress has been achieved to date. AREAS COVERED This review describes recent advances made in the search for ENR inhibitors, as reflected by patent applications filed from 2006 to 2010, together with an overview of the relevant literature. The first section of this paper provides a background of the biology of ENR, followed by a description of its structure and function. The main section describes the substrate specificities for ENR, and the structure-based rational design of patent inhibitors originating from different companies and academic groups. EXPERT OPINION The increase in the number of ENR inhibitors bodes well for the development of new therapeutics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The challenge is now to improve the pharmacokinetic parameters of these inhibitors and translate them into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Lu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Institute of Chemical Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 190, Kaiyuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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45
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Andersson H, Olsson R, Almqvist F. Reactions between Grignard reagents and heterocyclic N-oxides: Stereoselective synthesis of substituted pyridines, piperidines, and piperazines. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:337-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00336k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Abstract
The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, 955 S. Springfield Ave., Unit C403, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA.
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47
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Rational questing for potential novel inhibitors of FabK from Streptococcus pneumoniae by combining FMO calculation, CoMFA 3D-QSAR modeling and virtual screening. J Mol Model 2010; 17:1483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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48
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Andersson H, Das S, Gustafsson M, Olsson R, Almqvist F. Synthesis of substituted 4-pyridones and 4-aminopyridinium salts via a one-pot pyridine synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Mathews TP, Kennedy AJ, Kharel Y, Kennedy PC, Nicoara O, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Wamhoff BR, Lynch KR, Macdonald TL. Discovery, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship of amidine based sphingosine kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2766-78. [PMID: 20205392 DOI: 10.1021/jm901860h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a potent phospholipid growth and trophic factor, is synthesized in vivo by two sphingosine kinases. Thus these kinases have been proposed as important drug targets for treatment of hyperproliferative diseases and inflammation. We report here a new class of amidine-based sphingosine analogues that are competitive inhibitors of sphingosine kinases exhibiting varying degrees of enzyme selectivity. These inhibitors display K(I) values in the submicromolar range for both sphingosine kinases and, in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, decrease S1P levels and initiate growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Mathews
- University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 400319, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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50
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