1
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Gan XC, Zhang B, Dao N, Bi C, Pokle M, Kan L, Collins MR, Tyrol CC, Bolduc PN, Nicastri M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS, Shenvi R. Carbon quaternization of redox active esters and olefins by decarboxylative coupling. Science 2024; 384:113-118. [PMID: 38574151 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of quaternary carbons often requires numerous steps and complex conditions or harsh reagents that act on heavily engineered substrates. This is largely a consequence of conventional polar-bond retrosynthetic disconnections that in turn require multiple functional group interconversions, redox manipulations, and protecting group chemistry. Here, we report a simple catalyst and reductant combination that converts two types of feedstock chemicals, carboxylic acids and olefins, into tetrasubstituted carbons through quaternization of radical intermediates. An iron porphyrin catalyst activates each substrate by electron transfer or hydrogen atom transfer, and then combines the fragments using a bimolecular homolytic substitution (SH2) reaction. This cross-coupling reduces the synthetic burden to procure numerous quaternary carbon---containing products from simple chemical feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Cheng Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Dao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cheng Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maithili Pokle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liyan Kan
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Michael R Collins
- Oncology Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Jia HW, Yang HL, Xiong ZL, Deng MH, Wang T, Liu Y, Cheng M. Design, synthesis and antitumor activity evaluation of novel indole acrylamide derivatives as IMPDH inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 129:106213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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3
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Mohamed A, Salah M, Tahoun M, Hawner M, Abdelsamie AS, Frotscher M. Dual Targeting of Steroid Sulfatase and 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 by a Novel Drug-Prodrug Approach: A Potential Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of Endometriosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11726-11744. [PMID: 35993890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the dual inhibition of steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(17β HSD1) by a single drug was explored, starting from in-house 17β HSD1 inhibitors via masking their phenolic OH group with a sulfamate ester. The sulfamates were intentionally designed as drugs for the inhibition of STS and, at the same time, prodrugs for 17β-HSD1 inhibition ("drug-prodrug approach"). The most promising sulfamates 13, 16, 18-20, 22-24, 36, and 37 showed nanomolar IC50 values for STS inhibition in a cellular assay and their corresponding phenols displayed potent 17β-HSD1 inhibition in cell-free and cellular assays, high selectivity over 17β-HSD2, reasonable metabolic stability, and low estrogen receptor α affinity. A close relationship was found between the liberation of the phenolic compound by sulfamate hydrolysis and 17β-HSD1 inactivation. These results showed that the envisaged drug-prodrug concept was successfully implemented. The novel compounds constitute a promising class of therapeutics for the treatment of endometriosis and other estrogen-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salah
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Cairo 12451, Egypt
| | - Mariam Tahoun
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Manuel Hawner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Ahmed S Abdelsamie
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St., Dokki, P.O. Box 12622 Cairo 12451, Egypt.,Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E81, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Martin Frotscher
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C23, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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4
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Nisa N, Wahyuningsih SPA, Darmanto W, Purnama PR, Dewi FRP, Soegiarti T, Karsari D. Effect of the Ethanol Extract of Red Okra Pods ( Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) to Inhibit Cervical Cancer Cells Growth through Cell Cycle-Associated Oncogenes. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:1094771. [PMID: 35529172 PMCID: PMC9072054 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1094771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the potency of ethanol extract of red okra pods (EEROP) in inhibiting growth of cervical cancer cells through repression of the cell cycle-associated oncogenes. The EEROP treatment was given to HeLa cells cultured with RPMI medium and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. The MTT method was used to measure HeLa cell growth and IC50 values. The mRNA levels of the three cell cycle-associated oncogenes (MYC, TYMS, and MDM2) were evaluated by qRT-PCR to determine the effect of EEROP treatment on the cell cycle. The lowest percentage of viable cells at 24, 48, and 72 hours after EEROP treatment was in the dose of 1000 μg/mL with a growth percentage of 71.60% at 24 hours, 55.61% at 48 hours, and 46.97% at 72 hours. The IC50 values were 2845, 1153, and 776.8 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The three oncogenes at a dose of 1000 μg/mL significantly decreased the lowest mRNA levels compared to other doses with MYC oncogene that experienced the greatest decrease. The mRNA level of dose 1000 μg/mL EEROP at the MYC oncogene was 0.014-fold changes, at the TYMS oncogene was 0.097-fold changes, and at the MDM2 oncogene was 0.028-fold changes. The EEROP has been shown to decrease the expression of three cell cycle-associated oncogenes. This is also supported by the growth of HeLa cells that did not increase throughout 24, 48, and 72 hours. However, further research is needed on the main active components in red okra that function as anticancer, so that in the future, okra can not only stop cancer cell growth but also induce cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabilatun Nisa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | | | - Win Darmanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Putut Rakhmad Purnama
- Inter-Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Tipuk Soegiarti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Deya Karsari
- Stem Cell Research and Development Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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5
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Mehndiratta S, Qian B, Chuang JY, Liou JP, Shih JC. N-Methylpropargylamine-Conjugated Hydroxamic Acids as Dual Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase A and Histone Deacetylase for Glioma Treatment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2208-2224. [PMID: 35005974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioma treatment remains a challenge with a low survival rate due to the lack of effective therapeutics. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) plays a role in glioma development, and MAO A inhibitors reduce glioma growth. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has emerged as a promising therapy for various malignancies including gliomas. We have synthesized and evaluated N-methylpropargylamine-conjugated hydroxamic acids as dual inhibitors of MAO A and HDAC. Compounds display potent MAO A inhibition with IC50 from 0.03 to <0.0001 μM and inhibit HDAC isoforms and cell growth in the micromolar to nanomolar IC50 range. These selective MAO A inhibitors increase histone H3 and α-tubulin acetylation and induce cell death via nonapoptotic mechanisms. Treatment with 15 reduced tumor size, reduced MAO A activity in brain and tumor tissues, and prolonged the survival. This first report on dual inhibitors of MAO A and HDAC establishes the basis of translational research for an improved treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Mehndiratta
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Bin Qian
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States.,USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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6
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Jeon BE, Kwon CS, Lee JE, Moon K, Cha J, Park I, Koh S, Yoon M, Kim SW, Kim JN. Anticancer Activity of Continentalic Acid in B-Cell Lymphoma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226845. [PMID: 34833935 PMCID: PMC8625780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aralia continentalis has been used in Korea as a folk remedy for arthralgia, rheumatism, and inflammation. However, its anti-lymphoma effect remains uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that A. continentalis extract and its three diterpenes efficiently kill B-lymphoma cells. Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the cytotoxic activities of continentalic acid, a major diterpene from A. continentalis extract, are specific towards cancer cells while leaving normal murine cells and tissues unharmed. Mechanistically, continentalic acid represses the expression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, such as Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. It dissociates the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the stimulation of effector caspase 3/7 activities and, ultimately, cell death. Intriguingly, this agent therapeutically synergizes with roflumilast, a pan-PDE4 inhibitor that has been successfully repurposed for the treatment of aggressive B-cell malignancies in recent clinical tests. Our findings unveiled that A. continentalis extract and three of the plant’s diterpenes exhibit anti-cancer activities. We also demonstrate the synergistic inhibitory effect of continentalic acid on the survival of B-lymphoma cells when combined with roflumilast. Taken in conjunction, continentalic acid may hold significant potential for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeol-Eun Jeon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Chan-Seong Kwon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Keumok Moon
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Inmyoung Park
- Department of Asian Food and Culinary Arts, Youngsan University, Busan 48015, Korea;
| | - Sara Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75206, USA;
| | - Myunghee Yoon
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-W.K.); (J.N.K.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2260 (S.-W.K.); +82-51-510-2269 (J.N.K.)
| | - Jeong Nam Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (B.-E.J.); (C.-S.K.); (J.-E.L.); (K.M.); (J.C.)
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-W.K.); (J.N.K.); Tel.: +82-51-510-2260 (S.-W.K.); +82-51-510-2269 (J.N.K.)
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7
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Li X, Li X, Liu F, Li S, Shi D. Rational Multitargeted Drug Design Strategy from the Perspective of a Medicinal Chemist. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10581-10605. [PMID: 34313432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has become a widely focused research topic, but rational design remains as an enormous challenge. This paper reviews and discusses the design strategy of incorporating the second activity into an existing single-active ligand. If the binding sites of both targets share similar endogenous substrates, MTDLs can be designed by merging two lead compounds with similar functional groups. If the binding sites are large or adjacent to the solution, two key pharmacophores can be fused directly. If the binding regions are small and deep inside the proteins, the linked-pharmacophore strategy might be the only way. The added pharmacophores of second targets should not affect the binding mode of the original ones. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the two targets need to be adjusted to achieve an optimal ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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8
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Lee S, Ku AF, Vippila MR, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang X, Hedstrom L, Cuny GD. Mycophenolic anilides as broad specificity inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127543. [PMID: 32931912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a potential target for microorganisms. However, identifying inhibitor design determinants for IMPDH orthologs continues to evolve. Herein, a series of mycophenolic anilide inhibitors of Cryptosporidium parvum and human IMPDHs are reported. Furthermore, molecular docking of 12 (e.g. SH-19; CpIMPDH Ki,app = 0.042 ± 0.015 µM, HsIMPDH2 Ki,app = 0.13 ± 0.05 µM) supports different binding modes with the two enzymes. For CpIMPDH the inhibitor extends into a pocket in an adjacent subunit. In contrast, docking suggests the inhibitor interacts with Ser276 in the NAD binding site in HsIMPDH2, as well as an adjacent pocket within the same subunit. These results provide further guidance for generating IMPDH inhibitors for enzymes found in an array of pathogenic microorganisms, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungheon Lee
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Angela F Ku
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Mohana Rao Vippila
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Minjia Zhang
- Departments of Biology, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Xingyou Wang
- Departments of Biology, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Departments of Biology, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA; Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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9
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Bass AKA, El-Zoghbi MS, Nageeb ESM, Mohamed MFA, Badr M, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. Comprehensive review for anticancer hybridized multitargeting HDAC inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112904. [PMID: 33077264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the encouraging clinical progress of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment, innovation and development of new effective anticancer candidates still represents a challenging endeavor. With 15 million death every year in 2030 according to the estimates, cancer has increased rising of an alarm as a real crisis for public health and health systems worldwide. Therefore, scientist began to introduce innovative solutions to control the cancer global health problem. One of the promising strategies in this issue is the multitarget or smart hybrids having two or more pharmacophores targeting cancer. These rationalized hybrid molecules have gained great interests in cancer treatment as they are capable to simultaneously inhibit more than cancer pathway or target without drug-drug interactions and with less side effects. A prime important example of these hybrids, the HDAC hybrid inhibitors or referred as multitargeting HDAC inhibitors. The ability of HDAC inhibitors to synergistically improve the efficacy of other anti-cancer drugs and moreover, the ease of HDAC inhibitors cap group modification prompt many medicinal chemists to innovate and develop new generation of HDAC hybrid inhibitors. Notably, and during this short period, there are four HDAC inhibitor hybrids have entered different phases of clinical trials for treatment of different types of blood and solid tumors, namely; CUDC-101, CUDC-907, Tinostamustine, and Domatinostat. This review shed light on the most recent hybrids of HDACIs with one or more other cancer target pharmacophore. The designed multitarget hybrids include topoisomerase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, nitric oxide releasers, antiandrogens, FLT3 and JAC-2 inhibitors, PDE5-inhibitors, NAMPT-inhibitors, Protease inhibitors, BRD4-inhibitors and other targets. This review may help researchers in development and discovery of new horizons in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr K A Bass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Mona S El-Zoghbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - El-Shimaa M Nageeb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh F A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Badr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minia, Egypt.
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10
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Vaidya GN, Rana P, Venkatesh A, Chatterjee DR, Contractor D, Satpute DP, Nagpure M, Jain A, Kumar D. Paradigm shift of "classical" HDAC inhibitors to "hybrid" HDAC inhibitors in therapeutic interventions. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112844. [PMID: 33143937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
'Epigenetic' regulation of genes via post-translational modulation of proteins is the current mainstay approach for the disease therapies, particularly explored in the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) class of enzymes. Mainly sight saw in cancer chemotherapeutics, HDAC inhibitors have also found a promising role in other diseases (neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections) and successfully entered in various combination therapies (pre-clinical/clinical stages). The prevalent flexibility in the structural design of HDAC inhibitors makes them easily tuneable to merge with other pharmacophore modules for generating multi-targeted single hybrids as a novel tactic to overcome drawbacks of polypharmacy. Herein, we reviewed the putative role of prevalent HDAC hybrids inhibitors in the current and prospective stage as a translational approach to overcome the limitations of the existing conventional drug candidates (parent molecule) when used either alone (drug resistance, solubility issues, adverse side effects, selectivity profile) or in combination (pharmacokinetic interactions, patient compliance) for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Nikhil Vaidya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Rana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashwini Venkatesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Deep Rohan Chatterjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Darshan Contractor
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinesh Parshuram Satpute
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India; Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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11
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de Lera AR, Ganesan A. Two-hit wonders: The expanding universe of multitargeting epigenetic agents. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 57:135-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Immunosuppressive properties of amino acid and peptide derivatives of mycophenolic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112091. [PMID: 32007665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was coupled with amino acids and biologically active peptides including derivatives of tuftsin to modify its immunosuppressive properties. Both amino acid unit in the case of simple MPA amides and modifications within peptide moiety of MPA - tuftsin conjugates influenced the observed activity. Antiproliferative potential of the obtained conjugates was investigated in vitro and MPA amides with threonine methyl ester and conjugate of MPA with retro-tuftisin occurred to be more selective against PBMC in comparison to parent MPA. Both amino acid and peptide derivatives of MPA acted as inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenaze (IMPDH) inhibitors.
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13
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N-alkyl-hydroxybenzoyl anilide hydroxamates as dual inhibitors of HDAC and HSP90, downregulating IFN-γ induced PD-L1 expression. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Substituted hydroxamic acid is one of the most extensively studied pharmacophores because of their ability to chelate biologically important metal ions to modulate various enzymes, such as HDACs, urease, metallopeptidase, and carbonic anhydrase. Syntheses and biological studies of various classes of hydroxamic acid derivatives have been reported in numerous research articles in recent years but this is the first review article dedicated to their synthetic methods and their application for the synthesis of these novel molecules. In this review article, commercially available reagents and preparation of hydroxylamine donating reagents have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
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15
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Gregson A, Thompson K, Tsirka SE, Selwood DL. Emerging small-molecule treatments for multiple sclerosis: focus on B cells. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-245. [PMID: 30863536 PMCID: PMC6402079 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16495.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major cause of disability in young adults. Following an unknown trigger (or triggers), the immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding axons, leading to progressive nerve cell death. Antibodies and small-molecule drugs directed against B cells have demonstrated good efficacy in slowing progression of the disease. This review focusses on small-molecule drugs that can affect B-cell biology and may have utility in disease management. The risk genes for MS are examined from the drug target perspective. Existing small-molecule therapies for MS with B-cell actions together with new drugs in development are described. The potential for experimental molecules with B-cell effects is also considered. Small molecules can have diverse actions on B cells and be cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral. The current B cell-directed therapies often kill B-cell subsets, which can be effective but lead to side effects and toxicity. A deeper understanding of B-cell biology and the effect on MS disease should lead to new drugs with better selectivity, efficacy, and an improved safety profile. Small-molecule drugs, once the patent term has expired, provide a uniquely sustainable form of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gregson
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kaitlyn Thompson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - David L Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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16
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Parlak AE, Cakmak H, Sandal S, Yılmaz B, Sekerci M, Karagöz Genc Z, Tuzcu M, Karatepe M. Evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of 1,2-bis (p-amino-phenoxy) ethane derivative Schiff bases and metal complexes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22247. [PMID: 30431697 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the two Schiff base derivatives and their metal complexes were tested for MDA concentration, which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C levels in cell culture. A comparison was performed among the groups and it was observed that MDA, vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C concentrations were statistically changed. According to the results, all compounds caused a significant oxidative stress without Zn complexes. Moreover, Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) complexes of Schiff bases derived from a condensation of 1,2-bis (p-aminophenoxy) ethane with naphthaldehydes and 4-methoxy benzaldehyde were examined in terms of antitumor activity against MCF-7 human breast cancer and L1210 murine leukemia cells. Furthermore, the derivatives were tested for antioxidative and prooxidative effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The compounds which were tested revealed that there was an antitumor activity for MCF-7 and L 1210 cancer cells. Also, some of the compounds induced oxidative harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Evren Parlak
- Department of Environmental Technology, Firat University, Keban Vocational School of Higher Education, Programme of Environmental Protection and Control, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cakmak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Bayram Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Memet Sekerci
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Karagöz Genc
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Adiyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karatepe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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17
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Hesham HM, Lasheen DS, Abouzid KA. Chimeric HDAC inhibitors: Comprehensive review on the HDAC-based strategies developed to combat cancer. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:2058-2109. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba M. Hesham
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department; Ain Shams University; Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Deena S. Lasheen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department; Ain Shams University; Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Khaled A.M. Abouzid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department; Ain Shams University; Abbassia Cairo Egypt
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18
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Chen H, Bauer U, Engkvist O. Merged Multiple Ligands. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527674381.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Chen
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Udo Bauer
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Ola Engkvist
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 431 83 Mölndal Sweden
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19
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Raghavendra NM, Pingili D, Kadasi S, Mettu A, Prasad SVUM. Dual or multi-targeting inhibitors: The next generation anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1277-1300. [PMID: 29126724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dual-targeting/Multi-targeting of oncoproteins by a single drug molecule represents an efficient, logical and alternative approach to drug combinations. An increasing interest in this approach is indicated by a steady upsurge in the number of articles on targeting dual/multi proteins published in the last 5 years. Combining different inhibitors that destiny specific single target is the standard treatment for cancer. A new generation of dual or multi-targeting drugs is emerging, where a single chemical entity can act on multiple molecular targets. Dual/Multi-targeting agents are beneficial for solving limited efficiencies, poor safety and resistant profiles of an individual target. Designing dual/multi-target inhibitors with predefined biological profiles present a challenge. The latest advances in bioinformatic tools and the availability of detailed structural information of target proteins have shown a way of discovering multi-targeting molecules. This neoteric artifice that amalgamates the molecular docking of small molecules with protein-based common pharmacophore to design multi-targeting inhibitors is gaining great importance in anticancer drug discovery. Current review focus on the discoveries of dual targeting agents in cancer therapy using rational, computational, proteomic, bioinformatics and polypharmacological approach that enables the discovery and rational design of effective and safe multi-target anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nulgumnalli Manjunathaiah Raghavendra
- Center for Technological Development in Health, National Institute of Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Divya Pingili
- Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Department of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
| | - Sundeep Kadasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akhila Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - S V U M Prasad
- Department of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
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20
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Structure based design, synthesis and activity studies of small hybrid molecules as HDAC and G9a dual inhibitors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63187-63207. [PMID: 28968981 PMCID: PMC5609913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant enzymatic activities or expression profiles of epigenetic regulations are therapeutic targets for cancers. Among these, histone 3 lysine 9 methylation (H3K9Me2) and global de-acetylation on histone proteins are associated with multiple cancer phenotypes including leukemia, prostatic carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and pulmonary carcinoma. Here, we report the discovery of the first small molecule capable of acting as a dual inhibitor targeting both G9a and HDAC. Our structure based design, synthesis, and screening for the dual activity of the small molecules led to the discovery of compound 14 which displays promising inhibition of both G9a and HDAC in low micro-molar range in cell based assays.
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21
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Prejs M, Cholewinski G, Siebert A, Trzonkowski P, Dzierzbicka K. New conjugates of mycophenolic acid and their antiproliferative activity. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:1057-1062. [PMID: 27229268 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1184653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The new conjugates of mycophenolic acid (MPA) were obtained in the reaction of N(6)-(ω-aminoalkyl)adenosines with MPA in the presence of EDCI as a coupling reagent. New compounds 4a-h were evaluated on leukemia cell line (Jurkat) and PBMC from healthy donors. Length of the linker influenced observed activity. The compound 4b possessing 1,3-diamine spacer exhibited the most promising results and can be considered to further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Prejs
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Cholewinski
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siebert
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- b Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology , Medical University of Gdansk , 80-211 Gdansk , Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , 80-233 Gdansk , Poland
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22
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de Lera AR, Ganesan A. Epigenetic polypharmacology: from combination therapy to multitargeted drugs. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:105. [PMID: 27752293 PMCID: PMC5062873 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern drug discovery process has largely focused its attention in the so-called magic bullets, single chemical entities that exhibit high selectivity and potency for a particular target. This approach was based on the assumption that the deregulation of a protein was causally linked to a disease state, and the pharmacological intervention through inhibition of the deregulated target was able to restore normal cell function. However, the use of cocktails or multicomponent drugs to address several targets simultaneously is also popular to treat multifactorial diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders. We review the state of the art with such combinations that have an epigenetic target as one of their mechanisms of action. Epigenetic drug discovery is a rapidly advancing field, and drugs targeting epigenetic enzymes are in the clinic for the treatment of hematological cancers. Approved and experimental epigenetic drugs are undergoing clinical trials in combination with other therapeutic agents via fused or linked pharmacophores in order to benefit from synergistic effects of polypharmacology. In addition, ligands are being discovered which, as single chemical entities, are able to modulate multiple epigenetic targets simultaneously (multitarget epigenetic drugs). These multiple ligands should in principle have a lower risk of drug-drug interactions and drug resistance compared to cocktails or multicomponent drugs. This new generation may rival the so-called magic bullets in the treatment of diseases that arise as a consequence of the deregulation of multiple signaling pathways provided the challenge of optimization of the activities shown by the pharmacophores with the different targets is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO and IIS Galicia Sur, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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23
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Zhang YW, Guo YS, Bao XQ, Sun H, Zhang D. Bicyclol promotes toll-like 2 receptor recruiting inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase II to exert its anti-inflammatory effect. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:475-485. [PMID: 26744808 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1131678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate potential targets and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of bicyclol, which has been extensively used in clinic for decades in China. Tar-Fis-Dock, virtual molecular docking system, showed that inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase II (IMPDH II) has the highest probability of binding to bicyclol. To investigate the possible role of IMPDH II in mechanisms of bicyclol, recombinant enzyme models, mice splenic lymphocytes, and human lymphocytes were used. Bicyclol (1-5 μM) significantly inhibited the proliferation of mice splenic lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A (conA). However, bicyclol did not show inhibitory effects on proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC) induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). IMPDH II enzyme kinetic model showed that bicyclol only had a slight regulatory effect on IMPDH II enzyme activity. These results revealed that bicyclol may be not a conventional inhibitor of IMPDH II. Further studies showed that bicyclol could promote recruitment of IMPDH II by active toll-like 2 receptor (TLR2) complex. Such effects lead to the reduction of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) expression, increase in I-κB expression, and decrease in cytokine release, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). It may be a new mechanism of bicyclol for its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Wen Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yan-Shen Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Xiu-Qi Bao
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Hua Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Dan Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
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24
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Ganesan A. Multitarget Drugs: an Epigenetic Epiphany. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1227-41. [PMID: 26891251 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to changes in a biological phenotype that are not due to an underlying change in genotype. In eukaryotes, epigenetics involves a set of chemical modifications of the DNA and the histone proteins in nucleosomes. These dynamic changes are carried out by enzymes and modulate protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions to determine whether specific genes are expressed or silenced. Both the epigenetic enzymes and recognition domains are currently important drug discovery targets, particularly for the treatment of cancer. This review summarizes the progress of epigenetic targets that have reached a clinical stage: DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, lysine methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, and bromodomains; this is followed by a comprehensive survey of multitarget drugs that have included an epigenetic target as one of their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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25
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Mendoza-Sanchez R, Cotnoir-White D, Kulpa J, Jutras I, Pottel J, Moitessier N, Mader S, Gleason JL. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antiestrogen and histone deacetylase inhibitor molecular hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7597-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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26
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Cholewinski G, Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes D, Trzonkowski P, Dzierzbicka K. Synthesis and biological activity of ester derivatives of mycophenolic acid and acridines/acridones as potential immunosuppressive agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:974-82. [PMID: 26308114 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1077821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved derivatives of mycophenolic acid (MPA) are necessary to reduce the frequency of adverse effects, this drug exerts in treated patients. In this study, MPA was coupled with N-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)-9-acridone-4-carboxamides or N-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)acridine-4-carboxamides to give respective ester conjugates upon Yamaguchi protocol. This esterification required protection of phenol group in MPA. Designed conjugates revealed higher potency in vitro than parent MPA. Acridine derivatives were more active than acridone analogs and length of the alkyl linker between MPA and heterocyclic units influenced the observed cytotoxicity. Derivatives 2b, 2d, 3a, 3b displayed the most promising immunosuppressive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Cholewinski
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk , Poland and
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- b Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology , Medical University of Gdansk , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- a Department of Organic Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk , Poland and
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27
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Synthesis of PAMAM Dendrimers Loaded with Mycophenolic Acid to Be Studied as New Potential Immunosuppressants. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/263072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The terminalN-Boc protected diamino PAMAM7was condensed (EDC-DMAP) with two units of mycophenolic acid (MPA) giving theN-Boc protected dendron8in a good yield (76%). The ammonium trifluoroacetate9was prepared from8by acid treatment (TFA-THF-H2O) and was split into two equal parts. The first half was treated with di-2-pyridyl thionocarbonate (DPT) in the presence of Et3N to give the corresponding isothiocyanate10. This was reacted with the second half of9providing the symmetrical dendrimer11(68% yield), exposing four MPA units around the thioureido-PAMAM core.
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Ai T, Xu Y, Qiu L, Geraghty RJ, Chen L. Hydroxamic Acids Block Replication of Hepatitis C Virus. J Med Chem 2014; 58:785-800. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501330g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ai
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yanli Xu
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Li Qiu
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Center for Drug Design, Academic
Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Cholewiński G, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Prejs M, Głowacka A, Dzierzbicka K. Synthesis of the inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:550-63. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.951349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Zhang L, Han Y, Jiang Q, Wang C, Chen X, Li X, Xu F, Jiang Y, Wang Q, Xu W. Trend of histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy: isoform selectivity or multitargeted strategy. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:63-84. [PMID: 24782318 DOI: 10.1002/med.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been successfully applied in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, including Parkinson's disease, infection, cardiac diseases, inflammation, and especially cancer. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) have been proved to be effective antitumor agents by various stages of investigation. At present, there are two opposite focuses of HDACI design in the cancer therapy, highly selective inhibitor strategy and dual- or multitargeted inhibitors. The former method, which is supposed to elucidate the function of individual HDAC and provide candidate inhibitors with fewer side effects, has been widely accepted by the inhibitor developer. The latter approach, though less practiced, has promising potential for the antitumor therapy based on HDACIs. Effective HDACIs, some of which are in clinic anticancer research, have been developed by both methods. In order to gain insight into HDACI design, the strategies and achievements of the two diverse methods are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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31
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Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG. Histone deacetylases inhibitors: conjugation to other anti-tumour pharmacophores provides novel tools for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:291-4. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.857401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Zhong ZJ, Zhang DJ, Peng ZG, Li YH, Shan GZ, Zuo LM, Wu LT, Li SY, Gao RM, Li ZR. Synthesis and antiviral activity of a novel class of (5-oxazolyl)phenyl amines. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes D, Cholewinski G, Kot-Wasik A, Trzonkowski P, Dzierzbicka K. Synthesis and biological activity of mycophenolic acid-amino acid derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:863-71. [PMID: 24121309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In search of new immunosuppressants we synthesized 11 amino acids derivatives of MPA as methyl esters 10a-k using EDCI/DMAP and their corresponding amino acid derivatives in free acid form 11a-k by hydrolysis of ester group with LiOH/MeOH. New analogs were evaluated as growth inhibitors of lymphoid cell line (Jurkat) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors. According to obtained results recovering of free carboxylic group increased their activity. Additionally, the cytotoxic properties depends on the substituent and configuration at chiral center in amino acid unit. The compounds 10j, 11e and 11h exhibited higher potency than MPA 1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Iwaszkiewicz-Grzes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Woo LWL, Wood PM, Bubert C, Thomas MP, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of derivatives of the dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitor 4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:779-99. [PMID: 23495205 PMCID: PMC3743159 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
4-{[(4-Cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino]methyl}phenyl sulfamate and its ortho-halogenated (F, Cl, Br) derivatives are first-generation dual aromatase and sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs). Structure-activity relationship studies were performed on these compounds, and various modifications were made to their structures involving relocation of the halogen atom, introduction of more halogen atoms, replacement of the halogen with another group, replacement of the methylene linker with a difluoromethylene linker, replacement of the para-cyanophenyl ring with other ring structures, and replacement of the triazolyl group with an imidazolyl group. The most potent in vitro DASI discovered is an imidazole derivative with IC50 values against aromatase and steroid sulfatase in a JEG-3 cell preparation of 0.2 and 2.5 nM, respectively. The parent phenol of this compound inhibits aromatase with an IC50 value of 0.028 nM in the same assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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35
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Chen JB, Chern TR, Wei TT, Chen CC, Lin JH, Fang JM. Design and Synthesis of Dual-Action Inhibitors Targeting Histone Deacetylases and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase for Cancer Treatment. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3645-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Bin Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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36
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Malachowska-Ugarte M, Cholewinski G, Dzierzbicka K, Trzonkowski P. Synthesis and biological activity of novel mycophenolic acid conjugates containing nitro-acridine/acridone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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Chen X, Wong P, Radany EH, Stark JM, Laulier C, Wong JYC. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid as a radiosensitizer through modulation of RAD51 protein and inhibition of homology-directed repair in multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1052-64. [PMID: 22729783 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) have shown promise as candidate radiosensitizers for many types of cancers. However, the mechanisms of action are not well understood, and whether they could sensitize multiple myeloma (MM) to radiation therapy is unclear. In this study, we show that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) at low concentrations has minimal cytotoxic effects, yet can significantly increase radiosensitivity of MM cells. SAHA seems to block RAD51 protein response to ionizing radiation, consistent with an inhibitory effect on the formation of RAD51 focus in irradiated MM cells. These effects of SAHA on RAD51 focus are independent of cell-cycle distribution changes. Furthermore, we show that SAHA selectively inhibits the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway. The results of this study suggest that SAHA, a recently approved HDI in clinical trials for malignancies, at lower concentrations may act as a radiosensitizer via disruption of the RAD51-dependent HDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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38
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Franci G, Miceli M, Altucci L. Targeting epigenetic networks with polypharmacology: a new avenue to tackle cancer. Epigenomics 2012; 2:731-42. [PMID: 22122079 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The term 'epigenetic' fuses old and new concepts that refer to the modulation of gene expression in cellular heritability, fate, development and programming-reprogramming other than the DNA sequence itself. Epigenetic control of transcription is regulated by enzymes that mediate covalent modifications at gene-regulatory regions and histone proteins around which chromosomal DNA is wound. Many of the enzymes that mediate chromatin epigenetic reactions are deregulated in diseases such as cancer. Thus, small-molecule inhibitors that target chromatin-modifying enzymes represent a novel option for treatment, and DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors have been approved for cancer treatment. Moreover, other classes of epi-enzymes (MS-275, SAHA) have been demonstrated to have strong disease association, and are currently being targeted for modulation. An epigenetic poly-pharmacological approach targeting multiple chromatin-modifying enzymes may represent a 'smart' option to treat cancer versus the current view on the selective and single pharmacological targeting of epigenetic enzymes.
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39
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Cai X, Qian C. Discovery of HDAC-Inhibiting Multi-Target Inhibitors. DESIGNING MULTI-TARGET DRUGS 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849734912-00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several HDAC-inhibiting multiple-target inhibitors have been reported. In this chapter, the current progress in investigating HDAC-inhibiting multi-target inhibitors is briefly reviewed, with a focus on the first and only clinical candidate CUDC-101 as the case study example. CUDC-101 is a novel small molecule potently inhibiting activities of the EGFR and HER2 kinases and HDAC enzymes with IC50 values of 2.4, 15.7, and 4.4nM, respectively. CUDC-101's rational design and synthesis, superior in vitro potency, broad anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities in cultured tumor cells including RTK inhibitor-resistant cell lines, effective network disruption in survival signaling pathways, high efficacy in in vivo xenograft animal models, favorable safety profile, and preliminary evidence of anti-tumor activity in phase I trials are presented in this chapter. This case study provides proof-of-principle that a single molecule with multiple targeted specificities can improve the effectiveness of current anticancer therapeutics preclinically.
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40
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Guerrant W, Patil V, Canzoneri JC, Oyelere AK. Dual targeting of histone deacetylase and topoisomerase II with novel bifunctional inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1465-77. [PMID: 22260166 DOI: 10.1021/jm200799p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to ameliorate the flaws of current chemotherapeutic agents, while maintaining potent anticancer activity, are of particular interest. Agents which can modulate multiple targets may have superior utility and fewer side effects than current single-target drugs. To explore the prospect in cancer therapy of a bivalent agent that combines two complementary chemo-active groups within a single molecular architecture, we have synthesized dual-acting histone deacetylase and topoisomerase II inhibitors. These dual-acting agents are derived from suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and anthracycline daunorubicin, prototypical histone deacetylase (HDAC) and topoisomerase II (Topo II) inhibitors, respectively. We report herein that these agents present the signatures of inhibition of HDAC and Topo II in both cell-free and whole-cell assays. Moreover, these agents potently inhibit the proliferation of representative cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Guerrant
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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41
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Woo LWL, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Development of steroid sulfatase inhibitors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:175-85. [PMID: 21238537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of biologically inactive steroid sulfates to unconjugated steroids by steroid sulfatase (STS) is strongly implicated in rendering estrogenic stimulation to hormone-dependent cancers such as those of the breast. Considerable progress has been made in the past two decades with regard to the discovery, design and development of STS inhibitors. We outline historical aspects of their development, cumulating in the discovery of the first clinical trial candidate STX64 (BN83495, Irosustat) and other sulfamate-based inhibitors. The development of reversible STS inhibitors and the design of dual inhibitors of both aromatase and STS is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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42
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Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase as a target for antiviral, anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive therapeutics. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:81-92. [PMID: 21426047 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the de novo biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. In recent years it has become the target of multiple drugs in an attempt to cure a variety of diseases. Possible therapeutic drugs range from antiviral and anticancer to immunosuppressive targets. Research has shown that if IMPDH is effectively inhibited, cancerous growth can be slowed and virus replication can be stopped. Microbial and parasitic IMPDH differ significantly from the human isoforms and targeting those isoforms could lead to effective treatments for many diseases. Inhibiting IMPDH is an extremely promising therapy for a variety of disease states. Isoform- and species-selective inhibition is desirable and scientists are making significant progress in these areas.
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43
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Woo LWL, Bubert C, Purohit A, Potter BVL. Hybrid dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors with exquisite picomolar inhibitory activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:243-7. [PMID: 24900302 PMCID: PMC4018047 DOI: 10.1021/ml100273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Single agents against multiple drug targets are highly topical. Hormone-dependent breast cancer (HDBC) may be more effectively treated by dual inhibition of aromatase and steroid sulfatase (STS), and several dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs) have been recently reported. The best compounds from two leading classes of DASI, 3 and 9, are low nanomolar inhibitors. In search of a novel class of DASI, core motifs of two leading classes were combined to give a series of hybrid structures, with several compounds showing markedly improved dual inhibitory activities in the picomolar range in JEG-3 cells. Thus, DASIs 14 (IC50: aromatase, 15 pM; STS, 830 pM) and 15 (IC50: aromatase, 18 pM; STS, 130 pM) are the first examples of an exceptional new class of highly potent dual inhibitor that should encourage further development toward multitargeted therapeutic intervention in HDBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Bubert
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Atul Purohit
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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44
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Zhang L, Fang H, Xu W. Strategies in developing promising histone deacetylase inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:585-602. [PMID: 19634125 DOI: 10.1002/med.20169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of enzymes that have been of interest in drug discovery for more than 30 years. Inhibitors of HDACs are potential therapeutics for various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, viral infection, and especially cancer. Most HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) are designed for cancer therapy. In 2006, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for once-daily oral treatment of advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. In the meantime, there have been aggressive efforts to bring HDACi to the market for every major tumor type, either as a single therapy or in combination, and a number of compounds are currently undergoing clinical trials. Multiple strategies have been applied to the rational design of drugs targeting HDACs by taking advantage of the new developments in proteomics, chemogenomics, cheminformatics, and computational chemistry/biology. Herein, we review the current methods successfully used in developing novel HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, ShanDong University, No. 44, West Culture Road, Ji'nan, ShanDong, P.R. China
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45
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Chen L, Petrelli R, Gao G, Wilson DJ, McLean GT, Jayaram HN, Sham YY, Pankiewicz KW. Dual inhibitors of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and histone deacetylase based on a cinnamic hydroxamic acid core structure. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5950-64. [PMID: 20650640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that act on multiple biological targets have been proposed to combat the drug resistance commonly observed for cancer chemotherapy. By combining the structural features of known inhibitors of inosine monophosphate dehydrogense (IMPDH) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), dual inhibitors of IMPDH and HDAC based on the scaffold of cinnamic hydroxamic acid (CHA) have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated in biological assays. Key features, including the linker length, linker functionality, substitution position, and interacting groups, have been explored. Their individual contribution to the inhibitory activities against human IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 as well as HDAC has been assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Chen
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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46
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Woo LWL, Jackson T, Putey A, Cozier G, Leonard P, Acharya KR, Chander SK, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Highly Potent First Examples of Dual Aromatase−Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitors based on a Biphenyl Template. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2155-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Lawrence Woo
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Toby Jackson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Aurélien Putey
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Gyles Cozier
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Philip Leonard
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - K. Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Surinder K. Chander
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, U.K
| | - Atul Purohit
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, U.K
| | - Michael J. Reed
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Sterix Ltd, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, London W2 1NY, U.K
| | - Barry V. L. Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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47
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Convenient syntheses of the in vivo carbohydrate metabolites of mycophenolic acid: reactivity of the acyl glucuronide. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, MS009, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.
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49
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Jung JC, Moon HI, Oh S. Synthesis, structural characterization and biological evaluation of N-protected cyclopropylethylcarbamates as potential histone deacetylase inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:592-5. [PMID: 19090926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthesis involving a key coupling reaction and biological activity of N-protected cyclopropylethylcarbamates (18-21) are described. The key fragments are amine.HCl salt (13) and acids (16 and 17) which were smoothly coupled by using 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate in high yield. We have found that the in vitro growth inhibitory potency of new compound 19 exhibited good histone deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Jung
- Department of Neuroscience and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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50
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Chen L, Wilson DJ, Labello NP, Jayaram HN, Pankiewicz KW. Mycophenolic acid analogs with a modified metabolic profile. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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