1
|
Hanif M, Zahoor AF, Saif MJ, Nazeer U, Ali KG, Parveen B, Mansha A, Chaudhry AR, Irfan A. Exploring the synthetic potential of epoxide ring opening reactions toward the synthesis of alkaloids and terpenoids: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13100-13128. [PMID: 38655462 PMCID: PMC11036177 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01834f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epoxides are oxygen containing heterocycles which are significantly employed as crucial intermediates in various organic transformations. They are considered highly reactive three-membered heterocycles due to ring strain and they undergo epoxide ring opening reactions with diverse range of nucleophiles. Epoxide ring-opening reactions have gained prominence as flexible and effective means to obtain various functionalized molecules. These reactions have garnered substantial attention in organic synthesis, driven by the need to comprehend the synthesis of biologically and structurally important organic compounds. They have also found applications in the synthesis of complex natural products. In this review article, we have summarized the implementation of epoxide ring opening reactions in the synthesis of alkaloids and terpenoids based natural products reported within the last decade (2014-2023).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawwad Saif
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Usman Nazeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Boulevard Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Kulsoom Ghulam Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha P.O. Box 551 Bisha 61922 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang W, Chen SJ, Guo LY, Zhang Z, Zhang JB, Wang XM, Meng XB, Zhang MY, Zhang KK, Chen LL, Li YW, Wen Y, Wang L, Hu JH, Bai YY, Zhang XJ. Nitric oxide synthase and its function in animal reproduction: an update. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1288669. [PMID: 38028794 PMCID: PMC10662090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1288669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical labile gas, is involved in the regulation of various biological functions and physiological processes during animal reproduction. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that the biological role and chemical fate of NO is dependent on dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme, three distinct nitric oxide synthase (NOS) according to their structure, location and function. The impact of NOS isoforms on reproductive functions need to be timely elucidated. Here, we focus on and the basic background and latest studies on the development, structure, importance inhibitor, location pattern, complex functions. Moreover, we summarize the exactly mechanisms which involved some cell signal pathways in the regulation of NOS with cellular and molecular level in the animal reproduction. Therefore, this growing research area provides the new insight into the important role of NOS male and female reproduction system. It also provides the treatment evidence on targeting NOS of reproductive regulation and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Su juan Chen
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Li ya Guo
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jia bin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao meng Wang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiang bo Meng
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Min ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ke ke Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Lin lin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi wei Li
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yuliang Wen
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jian he Hu
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yue yu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiao jian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu S, Liu C, Luo G, Jin Z, Zheng P, Chi YR. NHC‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Reactions of Enals and Aminobenzaldehydes for Access to Chiral Dihydroquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Wu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Changyi Liu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Guoyong Luo
- School of PharmacyGuizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Pengcheng Zheng
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringKey Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural BioengineeringMinistry of EducationGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
- Division of Chemistry & Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical & Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu S, Liu C, Luo G, Jin Z, Zheng P, Chi YR. NHC-Catalyzed Chemoselective Reactions of Enals and Aminobenzaldehydes for Access to Chiral Dihydroquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18410-18413. [PMID: 31604001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed reaction between α-bromoenals and 2-aminoaldehydes has been developed. Key steps include chemoselective reaction of the NHC catalyst with one of the aldehyde substrates (the bromoenal) to eventually generate an α,β-unsaturated acylazolium intermediate. Addition of the nitrogen atom of aminoaldehyde to the unsaturated azolium ester intermediate followed by intramolecular aldol reaction, β-lactone formation, and decarboxylation leads to chiral dihydroquinolines with high optical purity. The dihydroquinoline products, which are quickly prepared by using this method, can be readily transformed into a diverse set of functional molecules such as pyridines and chiral piperidines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Wu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changyi Liu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guoyong Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Pengcheng Zheng
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rashid P, Singh D, Sanjayan GJ. An efficient and convenient route for the synthesis of thiophene-2-carboxamidines as potential inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Muthukrishnan I, Sridharan V, Menéndez JC. Progress in the Chemistry of Tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5057-5191. [PMID: 30963764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroquinoline is one of the most important simple nitrogen heterocycles, being widespread in nature and present in a broad variety of pharmacologically active compounds. This Review summarizes the progress achieved in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines, with emphasis on their synthesis, during the period from mid-2010 to early 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isravel Muthukrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur 613401 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur 613401 , Tamil Nadu , India.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences , Central University of Jammu , Rahya-Suchani (Bagla) , District-Samba, Jammu 181143 , Jammu and Kashmir , India
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgańica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao QL, Xiang HY, Yang CH, Xiao JA, Xia PJ, Chen XQ, Yang H. Straightforward Synthesis of Novel Difluorinated 2-Hydroxyl-Substituted Dihydroquinolones Through Selectfluor-triggered Annulation of 2-Aminoarylenaminones. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, P. R.; China
| | - Peng-Ju Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genipin Derivatives Protect RGC-5 from Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Nitrosative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010117. [PMID: 26797604 PMCID: PMC4730358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CHR20 and CHR21 are a pair of stable diastereoisomers derived from genipin. These stereoisomers are activators of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In the rat retinal ganglion (RGC-5) cell model these compounds are non-toxic. Treatment of RGC-5 with 750 μM of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) produces nitrosative stress. Both genipin derivatives, however, protect these cells against SNP-induced apoptic cell death, although CHR21 is significantly more potent than CHR20 in this regard. With Western blotting we showed that the observed neuroprotection is primarily due to the activation of protein kinase B (Akt)/eNOS and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways. Therefore, LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor) or PD98059 (a MAPK-activating enzyme inhibitor) abrogated the protective effects of CHR20 and CHR21. Altogether, our results show that in our experimental setup neuroprotection by the diasteromeric pair is mediated through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Further studies are needed to establish the potential of these compounds to prevent ntric oxide (NO)-induced toxicity commonly seen in many neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kang S, Li H, Tang W, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. 2-Aminopyridines with a Truncated Side Chain To Improve Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitory Potency and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5548-60. [PMID: 26120733 PMCID: PMC4514563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed a recently obtained crystal structure of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and then designed and synthesized several 2-aminopyridine derivatives containing a truncated side chain to avoid the hydrophobic pocket that differentiates human and rat nNOS in an attempt to explore alternative binding poses along the substrate access channel of human nNOS. Introduction of an N-methylethane-1,2-diamine side chain and conformational constraints such as benzonitrile and pyridine as the middle aromatic linker were sufficient to increase human and rat nNOS binding affinity and inducible and endothelial NOS selectivity. We found that 14b is a potent inhibitor; the binding modes with human and rat nNOS are unexpected, inducing side chain rotamer changes in Gln478 (rat) at the top of the active site. Compound 19c exhibits Ki values of 24 and 55 nM for rat and human nNOS, respectively, with 153-fold iNOS and 1040-fold eNOS selectivity. 19c has 18% oral bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soosung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
- New Drug Development Center, DGMIF, 80 Cheombok-ro, Dae-gu, Korea
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tashima T. The structural use of carbostyril in physiologically active substances. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3415-9. [PMID: 26112444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbostyril (2-quinolinone, 2-quinolone) is an important structural component frequently used in natural products and in physiologically active substances including drugs. It is a 2-ring condensed heterocyclic compound containing several positions that can be replaced by arbitrary substituent groups and is used as a chemical building block, scaffold, fragment, and pharmacophore in drug design or discovery. Since the number of compounds that can be designed using carbostyril is exceedingly large, the steric structures of carbostyril derivatives can be adjusted to the unique, spatially oriented shape of, for example, the active sites of pharmaceutical target molecules. Moreover, the internal amide of the carbostyril unit exhibits distinctive features because of the fixed cis form of the lactam amide group. Because carbostyril has been used as a component in drugs and other bioactive compounds over time, carbostyril derivatives may improve absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). Therefore, carbostyril derivatives have enormous potential. In this review, the potential and advantages of the use of carbostyril and its related molecular skeletons, such as 3,4-dihydrocarbostyril, are discussed by focusing on the physiologically active substances in which they are incorporated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Tashima
- Nippon Pharmaceutical Chemicals Co., Ltd, 2-8-18 Chodo, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-0056, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Y, Yu T, Lian YJ, Ma R, Yang S, Cho JY. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: a review of patents from 2011 to the present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:49-68. [PMID: 25380586 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.979154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are a family of enzymes that play an essential role in synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) by oxidizing l-arginine. As previously reported, NO is a significant mediator in cellular signaling pathways. It serves as a crucial regulator in insulin secretion, vascular tone, peristalsis, angiogenesis, neural development and inflammation. Due to its important role, the inhibition of these vital enzymes provides, as tools, the opportunity to gain an insight into potential therapeutic applications targeting NOSs. AREAS COVERED This paper reviews the patent literature between 2011 and mid-2014 that specified inhibitors of NOS family members as the significant targets. Google and Baidu search engines were used to find relevant patents and clinical information using NOSs or NOS inhibitor as search terms. EXPERT OPINION Considerable recent progress has been made in the development of NOS inhibitors with pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and such development is likely to continue. The patented compounds attenuated mostly embodying evidence from in vitro and in vivo trials that demonstrate good potential for future clinical human trials and industrial applications. Furthermore, new techniques such as X-ray ligand crystallographic study and structure-activity relationship were popularly utilized, which give new insights for developing novel, safe, efficient and selective NOS inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Qingdao University , Qingdao 266021 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mukherjee P, Cinelli MA, Kang S, Silverman RB. Development of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for neurodegeneration and neuropathic pain. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6814-38. [PMID: 24549364 PMCID: PMC4138306 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60467e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the human body, playing a crucial role in cell and neuronal communication, regulation of blood pressure, and in immune activation. However, overproduction of NO by the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is one of the fundamental causes underlying neurodegenerative disorders and neuropathic pain. Therefore, developing small molecules for selective inhibition of nNOS over related isoforms (eNOS and iNOS) is therapeutically desirable. The aims of this review focus on the regulation and dysregulation of NO signaling, the role of NO in neurodegeneration and pain, the structure and mechanism of nNOS, and the use of this information to design selective inhibitors of this enzyme. Structure-based drug design, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of these inhibitors, and extensive target validation through animal studies are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jing Q, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Combination of chiral linkers with thiophenecarboximidamide heads to improve the selectivity of inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4504-4510. [PMID: 25149509 PMCID: PMC4204799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To develop potent and selective nNOS inhibitors, a new series of double-headed molecules with chiral linkers that derive from natural amino acid derivatives have been designed and synthesized. The new structures integrate a thiophenecarboximidamide head with two types of chiral linkers, presenting easy synthesis and good inhibitory properties. Inhibitor (S)-9b exhibits a potency of 14.7 nM against nNOS and is 1134 and 322-fold more selective for nNOS over eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures show that the additional binding between the aminomethyl moiety of 9b and propionate A on the heme and tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) in nNOS, but not eNOS, contributes to its high selectivity. This work demonstrates the advantage of integrating known structures into structure optimization, and it should be possible to more readily develop compounds that incorporate bioavailability with these advanced features. Moreover, this integrative strategy is a general approach in new drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linda J Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760, USA
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78384-7760, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, 1st School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA; Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The discovery of potentially selective human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) Inhibitors: a combination of pharmacophore modelling, CoMFA, virtual screening and molecular docking studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8553-69. [PMID: 24830557 PMCID: PMC4057748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays an important role in neurotransmission and smooth muscle relaxation. Selective inhibition of nNOS over its other isozymes is highly desirable for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases to avoid undesirable effects. In this study, we present a workflow for the identification and prioritization of compounds as potentially selective human nNOS inhibitors. Three-dimensional pharmacophore models were constructed based on a set of known nNOS inhibitors. The pharmacophore models were evaluated by Pareto surface and CoMFA (Comparative Molecular Field Analysis) analyses. The best pharmacophore model, which included 7 pharmacophore features, was used as a search query in the SPECS database (SPECS®, Delft, The Netherlands). The hit compounds were further filtered by scoring and docking. Ten hits were identified as potential selective nNOS inhibitors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Huang H, Silverman RB. Recent advances toward improving the bioavailability of neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2014; 13:803-12. [PMID: 23578024 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313070003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been highly correlated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Given its role in human diseases, nNOS is an important target for therapy that deserves further attention. During the last decade, a large number of organic scaffolds have been investigated to develop selective nNOS inhibitors, resulting in two principal classes of compounds, 2-aminopyridines and thiophene-2- carboximidamides. The former compounds were investigated in detail by our group, exhibiting great potency and excellent selectivity; however, they suffer from poor bioavailability, which hampers their therapeutic potential. Here we present a review of various strategies adopted by our group to improve the bioavailability of 2-aminopyridine derivatives and describe recent advances in thiophene-2-carboximidamide based nNOS-selective inhibitors, which exhibit promising pharmacological profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang H, Li H, Yang S, Chreifi G, Martásek P, Roman L, Meyskens FL, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Potent and selective double-headed thiophene-2-carboximidamide inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase for the treatment of melanoma. J Med Chem 2014; 57:686-700. [PMID: 24447275 PMCID: PMC3983353 DOI: 10.1021/jm401252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are regarded as valuable and powerful agents with therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative pathologies and human melanoma. Here, we describe a novel hybrid strategy that combines the pharmacokinetically promising thiophene-2-carboximidamide fragment and structural features of our previously reported potent and selective aminopyridine inhibitors. Two inhibitors, 13 and 14, show low nanomolar inhibitory potency (Ki = 5 nM for nNOS) and good isoform selectivities (nNOS over eNOS [440- and 540-fold, respectively] and over iNOS [260- and 340-fold, respectively]). The crystal structures of these nNOS-inhibitor complexes reveal a new hot spot that explains the selectivity of 14 and why converting the secondary to tertiary amine leads to enhanced selectivity. More importantly, these compounds are the first highly potent and selective nNOS inhibitory agents that exhibit excellent in vitro efficacy in melanoma cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life
Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Sun Yang
- Chao
Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Georges Chreifi
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, First School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda
J. Roman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health
Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Frank L. Meyskens
- Chao
Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life
Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jing Q, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. An Accessible Chiral Linker to Enhance Potency and Selectivity of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:56-60. [PMID: 24660051 DOI: 10.1021/ml400381s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The three important mammalian isozymes of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and inducible NOS (iNOS). Inhibitors of nNOS show promise as treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Eight easily-synthesized compounds containing either one (20a,b) or two (9a-d; 15a,b) 2-amino-4-methylpyridine groups with a chiral pyrrolidine linker were designed as selective nNOS inhibitors. Inhibitor 9c is the best of these compounds, having a potency of 9.7 nM and dual selectivity of 693 and 295 against eNOS and iNOS, respectively. Crystal structures of nNOS complexed with either 9a or 9c show a double-headed binding mode, where each 2-aminopyridine head group interacts with either a nNOS active site Glu residue or a heme propionate. In addition, the pyrrolidine nitrogen of 9c contributes additional hydrogen bonds to the heme propionate, resulting in a unique binding orientation. In contrast, the lack of hydrogen bonds from the pyrrolidine of 9a to the heme propionate allows the inhibitor to adopt two different binding orientations. Both 9a and 9c bind to eNOS in a single-headed mode, which is the structural basis for the isozyme selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug
Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department
of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78384-7760, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and
Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug
Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou SL, Guo LN, Wang S, Duan XH. Copper-catalyzed tandem oxidative cyclization of cinnamamides with benzyl hydrocarbons through cross-dehydrogenative coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3589-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00637b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Carrión MD, Chayah M, Entrena A, López A, Gallo MA, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Camacho ME. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole derivatives as potential nNOS/iNOS selective inhibitors. Part 2: Influence of diverse substituents in both the phenyl moiety and the acyl group. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4132-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Chen IL, Chen JJ, Lin YC, Peng CT, Juang SH, Wang TC. Synthesis and antiproliferative activities of N-(naphthalen-2-yl)acetamide and N-(substituted phenyl)acetamide bearing quinolin-2(1H)-one and 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 59:227-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Annedi SC, Maddaford SP, Ramnauth J, Renton P, Rybak T, Silverman S, Rakhit S, Mladenova G, Dove P, Andrews JS, Zhang D, Porreca F. Discovery of a potent, orally bioavailable and highly selective human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, N-(1-(piperidin-4-yl)indolin-5-yl)thiophene-2-carboximidamide as a pre-clinical development candidate for the treatment of migraine. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:94-107. [PMID: 22840695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a series of 1,6-disubstituted indoline-based thiophene amidine compounds (5) as selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors to mitigate the cardiovascular liabilities associated with hERG K(+) channel inhibition (IC(50) = 4.7 μM) with previously reported tetrahydroquinoline-based selective nNOS inhibitors (4). The extended structure-activity relationship studies within the indoline core led to the identification of 43 as a selection candidate for further evaluations. The in vivo activity in two different pain (spinal nerve ligation and migraine pain) models, the excellent physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, oral bioavailability (F(po) = 91%), and the in vitro safety profile disclosed in this report make 43 an ideal candidate for further evaluation in clinical applications related to migraine pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Annedi
- NeurAxon Inc., 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite #1001, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5K 1B3.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Messlinger K, Lennerz JK, Eberhardt M, Fischer MJ. CGRP and NO in the Trigeminal System: Mechanisms and Role in Headache Generation. Headache 2012; 52:1411-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Ramnauth J, Renton P, Dove P, Annedi SC, Speed J, Silverman S, Mladenova G, Maddaford SP, Zinghini S, Rakhit S, Andrews J, Lee DKH, Zhang D, Porreca F. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-based selective human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors: lead optimization studies resulting in the identification of N-(1-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)thiophene-2-carboximidamide as a preclinical development candidate. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2882-93. [PMID: 22335555 DOI: 10.1021/jm3000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that selective nNOS inhibitors could be therapeutic in many neurological disorders. Previously, we reported a series of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-based potent and selective nNOS inhibitors, highlighted by 1 ( J. Med. Chem. 2011 , 54 , 5562 - 5575 ). Despite showing activity in two rodent pain models, 1 suffered from low oral bioavailability (18%) and moderate hERG channel inhibition (IC(50) = 4.7 μM). To optimize the properties of 1, we synthesized a small focused library containing various alkylamino groups on the 1-position of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold. The compounds were triaged based on their activity in the NOS and hERG manual patch clamp assays and their calculated physicochemical parameters. From these studies, we identified 47 as a potent and selective nNOS inhibitor with improved oral bioavailability (60%) and no hERG channel inhibition (IC(50) > 30 μM). Furthermore, 47 was efficacious in the Chung model of neuropathic pain and has an excellent safety profile, making it a promising preclinical development candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jailall Ramnauth
- NeurAxon Inc., 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite 1001, Mississauga, Ontario, L5K 1B3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Annedi SC, Ramnauth J, Cossette M, Maddaford SP, Dove P, Rakhit S, Andrews JS, Porreca F. Novel, druglike 1,7-disubstituted 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine-based selective inhibitors of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2510-3. [PMID: 22370270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of 1,7-disubstituted 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated as human nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies based on various basic amine side chains attached at the 1-position of the 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]azepine ring led to the identification of several potent and highly selective inhibitors (17, 18, 25, (±)-39, and (±)-40) of human neuronal NOS. The potential therapeutic application of one of these new selective nNOS inhibitors (17) was demonstrated in an in vivo spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain, and various in vitro safety pharmacology studies such as the hERG K(+) channel inhibition assay and high throughput broad screen (minimal activity at 79 receptors/transporters/ion channels).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Annedi
- NeurAxon Inc., 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite # 1001, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5K 1B3.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Annedi SC, Maddaford SP, Ramnauth J, Renton P, Speed J, Rakhit S, Andrews JS, Porreca F. 3,5-Disubstituted indole derivatives as selective human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1980-4. [PMID: 22318159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3,5-disubstituted indole derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Various guanidine isosteric groups were explored at the 5-position of the indole ring, while keeping the basic amine side chain such as N-methylpiperidine ring, fixed at the 3-position of the indole ring. Compounds having 2-thiophene amidine and 2-furanyl amidine groups (7, 8, 10 and 12) showed increased activity for human neuronal NOS and good selectivity over endothelial and inducible NOS isoforms. Compound 8 was shown to reverse (10mg/kg, ip) thermal hyperalgesia in the L(5)/L(6) spinal nerve ligation (neuropathic pain) model and was devoid of any significant drug-drug interaction potential due to cytochrome P450 inhibition or cardiovascular liabilities associated with the inhibition of endothelial NOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Annedi
- NeurAxon Inc., 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite #1001, Mississauga, ON, Canada L5K 1B3.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Annedi SC, Ramnauth J, Maddaford SP, Renton P, Rakhit S, Mladenova G, Dove P, Silverman S, Andrews JS, Felice MD, Porreca F. Discovery of cis-N-(1-(4-(methylamino)cyclohexyl)indolin-6-yl)thiophene-2-carboximidamide: a 1,6-disubstituted indoline derivative as a highly selective inhibitor of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) without any cardiovascular liabilities. J Med Chem 2012; 55:943-55. [PMID: 22175766 DOI: 10.1021/jm201564u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,6-disubstituted indoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human nitric oxide synthase (NOS) designed to mitigate the cardiovascular liabilities associated with previously reported tetrahydroquinoline-based selective neuronal NOS inhibitors due to higher lipophilicity ( J. Med. Chem. 2011 , 54 , 5562 - 5575 ). This new series produced similar potency and selectivity among the NOS isoforms and was devoid of any cardiovascular liabilities associated with QT prolongation due to hERG activity or endothelial NOS mediated vasoconstriction effect. The SAR studies led to the identification of cis-45, which was shown to reverse thermal hyperalgesia in vivo in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain with excellent safety profile (off-target activities at 80 CNS related receptors/ion channels/transporters). The results presented in this report make cis-45 as an ideal tool for evaluating the potential role of selective nNOS inhibitors in CNS related disorders where excess NO produced by nNOS is thought to play a crucial role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Annedi
- NeurAxon Inc. , 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite 1001, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Annedi SC, Maddaford SP, Mladenova G, Ramnauth J, Rakhit S, Andrews JS, Lee DKH, Zhang D, Porreca F, Bunton D, Christie L. Discovery of N-(3-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indol-6-yl) thiophene-2-carboximidamide as a selective inhibitor of human neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) for the treatment of pain. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7408-16. [PMID: 21923116 DOI: 10.1021/jm201063u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3,6-Disubstituted indole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as inhibitors of human nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Bulky amine containing substitution on the 3-position of the indole ring such as an azabicyclic system showed better selectivity over 5- and 6-membered cyclic amine substitutions. Compound (-)-19 showed the best selectivity for neuronal NOS over endothelial NOS (90-fold) and inducible NOS (309-fold) among the current series. Compounds 16 and (-)-19 were shown to be either inactive or very weak inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 enzymes, indicating a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Compound 16 was shown to reverse thermal hyperalgesia in vivo in the Chung model of neuropathic pain. Compound 16 was also devoid of any significant vasoconstrictive effect in human coronary arteries, associated with the inhibition of human eNOS. These results suggest that 16 may be a useful tool for evaluating the potential role of selective nNOS inhibitors in the treatment of pain such as migraine and CTTH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash C Annedi
- NeurAxon Inc., 2395 Speakman Drive, Suite 1001, Mississauga, Ontario, L5K 1B3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|