1
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Xu Y, Wagner GK. A cell-permeable probe for the labelling of a bacterial glycosyltransferase and virulence factor. RSC Chem Biol 2024; 5:55-62. [PMID: 38179196 PMCID: PMC10763556 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical probes for bacterial glycosyltransferases are of interest for applications such as tracking of expression levels, and strain profiling and identification. Existing probes for glycosyltransferases are typically based on sugar-nucleotides, whose charged nature limits their applicability in intact cells. We report the development of an uncharged covalent probe for the bacterial galactosyltransferase LgtC, and its application for the fluorescent labelling of this enzyme in recombinant form, cell lysates, and intact cells. The probe was designed by equipping a previously reported covalent LgtC inhibitor based on a pyrazol-3-one scaffold with a 7-hydroxycoumarin fluorophore. We show that this pyrazol-3-ones scaffold is surprisingly stable in aqueous media, which may have wider implications for the use of pyrazol-3-ones as chemical probes. We also show that the 7-hydroxycoumarin fluorophore leads to an unexpected improvement in activity, which could be exploited for the development of second generation analogues. These results will provide a basis for the development of LgtC-specific probes for the detection of LgtC-expressing bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
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2
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Liu AD, Wang ZL, Liu L, Cheng L. A Visible-Light-Promoted C-H Arylation and Heteroarylation of Uracil Derivatives with Diazoniums in Aqueous Conditions. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e432. [PMID: 35671138 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The photoredox synthesis of C-5 (hetero)arylated uracil and uridine substrates with the corresponding diazonium salts is described. The coupling proceeds efficiently without protection of the hydroxyls at the ribose or pre-functionalization of the C5 position at the nucleobase. No transition-metal catalyst is used in this transformation, thereby avoiding metal contamination in the final products. The use of water as the medium also eliminates the impurities caused by the use of organic solvents. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 5-aryl and 5-heteroaryl uracil derivatives Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 5-aryl uridine and deoxyuridine uridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Li Wang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Glycoengineering of Therapeutic Antibodies with Small Molecule Inhibitors. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040044. [PMID: 34842612 PMCID: PMC8628514 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the cornerstones of modern medicine, across an increasing range of therapeutic areas. All therapeutic mAbs are glycoproteins, i.e., their polypeptide chain is decorated with glycans, oligosaccharides of extraordinary structural diversity. The presence, absence, and composition of these glycans can have a profound effect on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of individual mAbs. Approaches for the glycoengineering of therapeutic mAbs—the manipulation and optimisation of mAb glycan structures—are therefore of great interest from a technological, therapeutic, and regulatory perspective. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the effects of glycosylation on the biological and pharmacological functions of the five classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM and IgD) that form the backbone of all current clinical and experimental mAbs, including an overview of common mAb expression systems. We review selected examples for the use of small molecule inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis for mAb glycoengineering, we discuss the potential advantages and challenges of this approach, and we outline potential future applications. The main aim of the review is to showcase the expanding chemical toolbox that is becoming available for mAb glycoengineering to the biology and biotechnology community.
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4
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Kok K, Zwiers KC, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M. Fabry Disease: Molecular Basis, Pathophysiology, Diagnostics and Potential Therapeutic Directions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:271. [PMID: 33673160 PMCID: PMC7918333 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) characterized by the deficiency of α-galactosidase A (α-GalA) and the consequent accumulation of toxic metabolites such as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lysoGb3). Early diagnosis and appropriate timely treatment of FD patients are crucial to prevent tissue damage and organ failure which no treatment can reverse. LSDs might profit from four main therapeutic strategies, but hitherto there is no cure. Among the therapeutic possibilities are intravenous administered enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), oral pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT) or enzyme stabilizers, substrate reduction therapy (SRT) and the more recent gene/RNA therapy. Unfortunately, FD patients can only benefit from ERT and, since 2016, PCT, both always combined with supportive adjunctive and preventive therapies to clinically manage FD-related chronic renal, cardiac and neurological complications. Gene therapy for FD is currently studied and further strategies such as substrate reduction therapy (SRT) and novel PCTs are under investigation. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of FD, the pathophysiology and diagnostic procedures, together with the current treatments and potential therapeutic avenues that FD patients could benefit from in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley C Zwiers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Joosten A, Heis F, Gavel M, Chassagne V, Le Foll A, Mébarki K, Gallienne E, Martin OR, Lecour T. Hydrozirconation/bromination, followed by a Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction, as a convenient approach towards polyfunctional glycosylphosphonates. Carbohydr Res 2020; 499:108228. [PMID: 33429168 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this note, an hydrozirconation/bromination/Michaelis-Arbuzov sequence was developped to introduce a trimethylene phosphonate unit on ketopyranosides. Performed on polyfunctional substrates bearing orthogonal protecting groups, this new approach provided a straightforward entry towards a large diversity of glycophosphomimetics having a quaternary anomeric position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Joosten
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Floriane Heis
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marine Gavel
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Véronique Chassagne
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Alexandra Le Foll
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Kévin Mébarki
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Estelle Gallienne
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP, 6759, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier R Martin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Rue de Chartres, BP, 6759, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Thomas Lecour
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France.
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6
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Tvaroška I, Selvaraj C, Koča J. Selectins-The Two Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Faces of Adhesion Molecules-A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122835. [PMID: 32575485 PMCID: PMC7355470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selectins belong to a group of adhesion molecules that fulfill an essential role in immune and inflammatory responses and tissue healing. Selectins are glycoproteins that decode the information carried by glycan structures, and non-covalent interactions of selectins with these glycan structures mediate biological processes. The sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide sLex is an essential glycan recognized by selectins. Several glycosyltransferases are responsible for the biosynthesis of the sLex tetrasaccharide. Selectins are involved in a sequence of interactions of circulated leukocytes with endothelial cells in the blood called the adhesion cascade. Recently, it has become evident that cancer cells utilize a similar adhesion cascade to promote metastases. However, like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’s two faces, selectins also contribute to tissue destruction during some infections and inflammatory diseases. The most prominent function of selectins is associated with the initial stage of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, in which selectin binding enables tethering and rolling. The first adhesive event occurs through specific non-covalent interactions between selectins and their ligands, with glycans functioning as an interface between leukocytes or cancer cells and the endothelium. Targeting these interactions remains a principal strategy aimed at developing new therapies for the treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we will survey the significant contributions to and the current status of the understanding of the structure of selectins and the role of selectins in various biological processes. The potential of selectins and their ligands as therapeutic targets in chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and cancer will also be discussed. We will emphasize the structural characteristic of selectins and the catalytic mechanisms of glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of glycan recognition determinants. Furthermore, recent achievements in the synthesis of selectin inhibitors will be reviewed with a focus on the various strategies used for the development of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, including substrate analog inhibitors and transition state analog inhibitors, which are based on knowledge of the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koča
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.K.); Tel.: +421-948-535-601 (I.T.); +420-731-682-606 (J.K.)
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7
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Patel B, Zunk DM, Grant DG, Rudrawar S. Solid‐Phase Microwave‐Assisted Ligand‐Free Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of 5‐Iodouridine. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhautikkumar Patel
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Dr Matthew Zunk
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Dr Gary Grant
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
| | - Santosh Rudrawar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network Griffith University Gold Coast QLD 4222 Australia
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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8
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Xu Y, Cuccui J, Denman C, Maharjan T, Wren BW, Wagner GK. Structure-activity relationships in a new class of non-substrate-like covalent inhibitors of the bacterial glycosyltransferase LgtC. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2973-2983. [PMID: 29602676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) structures in the outer core of Gram-negative mucosal pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae contain characteristic glycoepitopes that contribute significantly to bacterial virulence. An important example is the digalactoside epitope generated by the retaining α-1,4-galactosyltransferase LgtC. These digalactosides camouflage the pathogen from the host immune system and increase its serum resistance. Small molecular inhibitors of LgtC are therefore sought after as chemical tools to study bacterial virulence, and as potential candidates for anti-virulence drug discovery. We have recently discovered a new class of non-substrate-like inhibitors of LgtC. The new inhibitors act via a covalent mode of action, targeting a non-catalytic cysteine residue in the LgtC active site. Here, we describe, for the first time, structure-activity relationships for this new class of glycosyltransferase inhibitors. We have carried out a detailed analysis of the inhibition kinetics to establish the relative contribution of the non-covalent binding and the covalent inactivation steps for overall inhibitory activity. Selected inhibitors were also evaluated against a serum-resistant strain of Haemophilus influenzae, but did not enhance the killing effect of human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Jon Cuccui
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Carmen Denman
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Tripty Maharjan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK.
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9
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Bevan JGM, Lourenço EC, Chaves-Ferreira M, Rodrigues JA, Rita Ventura M. Immobilization of UDP-Galactose on an Amphiphilic Resin. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. M. Bevan
- Biology of Parasitism Laboratory; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Apartado 127 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Eva C. Lourenço
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Apartado 127 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
| | - Miguel Chaves-Ferreira
- Biology of Parasitism Laboratory; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - João A. Rodrigues
- Biology of Parasitism Laboratory; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz 1649-028 Lisboa Portugal
| | - M. Rita Ventura
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Apartado 127 2780-901 Oeiras Portugal
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10
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Xu Y, Uddin N, Wagner GK. Covalent Probes for Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes: From Glycosidases to Glycosyltransferases. Methods Enzymol 2018; 598:237-265. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Ema M, Xu Y, Gehrke S, Wagner GK. Identification of non-substrate-like glycosyltransferase inhibitors from library screening: pitfalls & hits. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 9:131-137. [PMID: 30108907 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00550d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial glycosyltransferases are potential targets for the development of novel antibiotics and anti-virulence agents. Most existing glycosyltransferase inhibitors are substrate analogues with limited potential for drug development. The identification of alternative inhibitor chemotypes is therefore of great interest for medicinal chemistry, drug discovery and chemical glycobiology. We describe the application of a biochemical glycosyltransferase assay to screen a small compound library containing three distinct chemical scaffolds (nucleosides, steroids and 5-methyl pyrazol-3-ones) against the retaining α-1,4-galactosyltransferase LgtC from Neisseria meningitidis. While no genuine LgtC inhibitory activity was observed in the nucleoside and steroid series, the best hit compounds in the 5-methyl pyrazol-3-one series showed low micromolar activity. We adapted our assay protocol to develop initial structure-activity relationships in this series, and to establish the target selectivity of the most potent inhibitor over two other glycosyltransferases. Our results provide insights into the activity of this class of non-substrate-like glycosyltransferase inhibitors, and highlight important general pitfalls for inhibitor screening against this enzyme family. Key elements of our experimental design, including a validated single-concentration protocol for inhibitor screening, and our process for elimination of false positives, are, in principle, directly transferable to many other sugar-nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ema
- King's College London , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , Britannia House , 7 Trinity Street , London , SE1 1DB , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 1926
| | - Yong Xu
- King's College London , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , Britannia House , 7 Trinity Street , London , SE1 1DB , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 1926
| | - Sebastian Gehrke
- King's College London , Institute of Pharmaceutical Science , Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine , UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- King's College London , Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences , Britannia House , 7 Trinity Street , London , SE1 1DB , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)20 7848 1926
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12
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Ahmadipour S, Miller GJ. Recent advances in the chemical synthesis of sugar-nucleotides. Carbohydr Res 2017; 451:95-109. [PMID: 28923409 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadipour
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratory, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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13
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Base-modified GDP-mannose derivatives and their substrate activity towards a yeast mannosyltransferase. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:91-96. [PMID: 29080432 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have previously developed a new class of inhibitors and chemical probes for glycosyltransferases through base-modification of the sugar-nucleotide donor. The key feature of these donor analogues is the presence of an additional substituent at the nucleobase. To date, the application of this general concept has been limited to UDP-sugars and UDP-sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases. Herein, we report for the first time the application of our approach to a GDP-mannose-dependent mannosyltransferase. We have prepared four GDP-mannose derivatives with an additional substituent at either position 6 or 8 of the nucleobase. These donor analogues were recognised as donor substrates by the mannosyltransferase Kre2p from yeast, albeit with significantly lower turnover rates than the natural donor GDP-mannose. The presence of the additional substituent also redirected enzyme activity from glycosyl transfer to donor hydrolysis. Taken together, our results suggest that modification of the donor nucleobase is, in principle, a viable strategy for probe and inhibitor development against GDP-mannose-dependent GTs.
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14
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Xu Y, Smith R, Vivoli M, Ema M, Goos N, Gehrke S, Harmer NJ, Wagner GK. Covalent inhibitors of LgtC: A blueprint for the discovery of non-substrate-like inhibitors for bacterial glycosyltransferases. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3182-3194. [PMID: 28462843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-substrate-like inhibitors of glycosyltransferases are sought after as chemical tools and potential lead compounds for medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and drug discovery. Here, we describe the discovery of a novel small molecular inhibitor chemotype for LgtC, a retaining α-1,4-galactosyltransferase involved in bacterial lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis. The new inhibitors, which are structurally unrelated to both the donor and acceptor of LgtC, have low micromolar inhibitory activity, comparable to the best substrate-based inhibitors. We provide experimental evidence that these inhibitors react covalently with LgtC. Results from detailed enzymological experiments with wild-type and mutant LgtC suggest the non-catalytic active site residue Cys246 as a likely target residue for these inhibitors. Analysis of available sequence and structural data reveals that non-catalytic cysteines are a common motif in the active site of many bacterial glycosyltransferases. Our results can therefore serve as a blueprint for the rational design of non-substrate-like, covalent inhibitors against a broad range of other bacterial glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Ruth Smith
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Mirella Vivoli
- University of Exeter, Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Masaki Ema
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Niina Goos
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sebastian Gehrke
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, Earlham Road, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nicholas J Harmer
- University of Exeter, Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- King's College London, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK.
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15
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Yang H, Cheng Q. Chemoselective ligation reaction of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) with hydrazide functional probes to determine galactosyltransferase activity by MALDI mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:2654-2662. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A perfluorocarbon-modified gold surface is used to immobilize PF-β-NAG and allows quantification of β-GT enzymatic activity with MALDI-TOF/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojik Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
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16
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Kanabar V, Tedaldi L, Jiang J, Nie X, Panina I, Descroix K, Man F, Pitchford SC, Page CP, Wagner GK. Base-modified UDP-sugars reduce cell surface levels of P-selectin glycoprotein 1 (PSGL-1) on IL-1β-stimulated human monocytes. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1059-1071. [PMID: 27233805 PMCID: PMC5072147 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162) is a cell-surface glycoprotein that is expressed, either constitutively or inducibly, on all myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. PSGL-1 is implicated in cell-cell interactions between platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells, and a key mediator of inflammatory cell recruitment and transmigration into tissues. Here, we have investigated the effects of the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibitor 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) UDP-Gal (5-FT UDP-Gal, compound 1: ) and two close derivatives on the cell surface levels of PSGL-1 on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). PSGL-1 levels were studied both under basal conditions, and upon stimulation of hPBMCs with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Between 1 and 24 hours after IL-1β stimulation, we observed initial PSGL-1 shedding, followed by an increase in PSGL-1 levels on the cell surface, with a maximal window between IL-1β-induced and basal levels after 72 h. All three inhibitors reduce PSGL-1 levels on IL-1β-stimulated cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but show no such effect in resting cells. Compound 1: also affects the cell surface levels of adhesion molecule CD11b in IL-1β-stimulated hPBMCs, but not of glycoproteins CD14 and CCR2. This activity profile may be linked to the inhibition of global Sialyl Lewis presentation on hPBMCs by compound 1: , which we have also observed. Although this mechanistic explanation remains hypothetical at present, our results show, for the first time, that small molecules can discriminate between IL-1β-induced and basal levels of cell surface PSGL-1. These findings open new avenues for intervention with PSGL-1 presentation on the cell surface of primed hPBMCs and may have implications for anti-inflammatory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Kanabar
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Jingqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Xiaodan Nie
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Irina Panina
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Karine Descroix
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Francis Man
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Simon C Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, UK
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17
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Merino P, Delso I, Tejero T, Ghirardello M, Juste-Navarro V. Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugar Analogues that Target Glycosyltransferases. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Merino
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- NMR Service, Center of Chemistry and Materials of Aragon (CEQMA); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Verónica Juste-Navarro
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
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18
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Jiang J, Kanabar V, Padilla B, Man F, Pitchford SC, Page CP, Wagner GK. Uncharged nucleoside inhibitors of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase with activity in cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3955-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
5-Substituted uridine derivatives are uncharged galactosyltransferase inhibitors that reduce PSGL-1 expression in human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- King's College London
- Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences
- London
- UK
| | - Varsha Kanabar
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine
- London
- UK
| | - Beatriz Padilla
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine
- London
- UK
| | - Francis Man
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine
- London
- UK
| | - Simon C. Pitchford
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine
- London
- UK
| | - Clive P. Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- King's College London
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine
- London
- UK
| | - Gerd K. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry
- King's College London
- Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences
- London
- UK
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19
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Wagner GK, Pesnot T, Palcic MM, Jørgensen R. Novel UDP-GalNAc Derivative Structures Provide Insight into the Donor Specificity of Human Blood Group Glycosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:31162-72. [PMID: 26527682 PMCID: PMC4692239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two closely related glycosyltransferases are responsible for the final step of the biosynthesis of ABO(H) human blood group A and B antigens. The two enzymes differ by only four amino acid residues, which determine whether the enzymes transfer GalNAc from UDP-GalNAc or Gal from UDP-Gal to the H-antigen acceptor. The enzymes belong to the class of GT-A folded enzymes, grouped as GT6 in the CAZy database, and are characterized by a single domain with a metal dependent retaining reaction mechanism. However, the exact role of the four amino acid residues in the specificity of the enzymes is still unresolved. In this study, we report the first structural information of a dual specificity cis-AB blood group glycosyltransferase in complex with a synthetic UDP-GalNAc derivative. Interestingly, the GalNAc moiety adopts an unusual yet catalytically productive conformation in the binding pocket, which is different from the "tucked under" conformation previously observed for the UDP-Gal donor. In addition, we show that this UDP-GalNAc derivative in complex with the H-antigen acceptor provokes the same unusual binding pocket closure as seen for the corresponding UDP-Gal derivative. Despite this, the two derivatives show vastly different kinetic properties. Our results provide a important structural insight into the donor substrate specificity and utilization in blood group biosynthesis, which can very likely be exploited for the development of new glycosyltransferase inhibitors and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd K Wagner
- From the Department of Chemistry, King's College London, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Pesnot
- the University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, Norwich NR47TJ, England, and
| | - Monica M Palcic
- the Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Rene Jørgensen
- the Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
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20
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Brühlmann D, Jordan M, Hemberger J, Sauer M, Stettler M, Broly H. Tailoring recombinant protein quality by rational media design. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:615-29. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Brühlmann
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Martin Jordan
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hemberger
- Inst. for Biochemical Engineering and Analytics; University of Applied Sciences Giessen; Wiesenstrasse 14, DE-35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Dept. of Biotechnology and Biophysics; Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum; Am Hubland DE-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Merck Serono SA, Corsier-sur-Vevey, Biotech Process Sciences, Zone Industrielle B; CH-1809 Fenil-sur-Corsier Switzerland
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21
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Enzymatic synthesis of nucleobase-modified UDP-sugars: scope and limitations. Carbohydr Res 2014; 404:17-25. [PMID: 25662737 PMCID: PMC4340641 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase in conjunction with UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was found to catalyse the conversion of a range of 5-substituted UTP derivatives into the corresponding UDP-galactose derivatives in poor yield. Notably the 5-iodo derivative was not converted to UDP-sugar. In contrast, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in conjunction with inorganic pyrophosphatase was particularly effective at converting 5-substituted UTP derivatives, including the iodo compound, into a range of gluco-configured 5-substituted UDP-sugar derivatives in good yields. Attempts to effect 4"-epimerization of these 5-substituted UDP-glucose with UDP-glucose 4"-epimerase from yeast were unsuccessful, while use of the corresponding enzyme from Erwinia amylovora resulted in efficient epimerization of only 5-iodo-UDP-Glc, but not the corresponding 5-aryl derivatives, to give 5-iodo-UDP-Gal. Given the established potential for Pd-mediated cross-coupling of 5-iodo-UDP-sugars, this provides convenient access to the galacto-configured 5-substituted-UDP-sugars from gluco-configured substrates and 5-iodo-UTP.
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22
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Paszkowska J, Kral K, Bieg T, Żaba K, Węgrzyk K, Jaśkowiak N, Molinaro A, Silipo A, Wandzik I. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5'-glycyl derivatives of uridine as inhibitors of 1,4-β-galactosyltransferase. Bioorg Chem 2014; 58:18-25. [PMID: 25462623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New 5'-glycyl derivatives of uridine containing fragments of varying lipophilicity were synthesized as analogues of natural peptidyl antibiotics. One of the studied compounds, 5'-O-(N-succinylglycyl)-2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine (A4), showed moderate inhibition against 1,4-β-galactosyltransferase. However, additional studies showed that the observed inhibitory effect was due to binding to bovine serum albumin, which was used in assays as a stabilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Paszkowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kral
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Bieg
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karolina Żaba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Węgrzyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Natalia Jaśkowiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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23
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Cuccui J, Wren B. Hijacking bacterial glycosylation for the production of glycoconjugates, from vaccines to humanised glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:338-50. [PMID: 25244672 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycosylation or the modification of a cellular component with a carbohydrate moiety has been demonstrated in all three domains of life as a basic post-translational process important in a range of biological processes. This review will focus on the latest studies attempting to exploit bacterial N-linked protein glycosylation for glycobiotechnological applications including glycoconjugate vaccine and humanised glycoprotein production. The challenges that remain for these approaches to reach full biotechnological maturity will be discussed. KEY FINDINGS Oligosaccharyltransferase-dependent N-linked glycosylation can be exploited to make glycoconjugate vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Few technical limitations remain, but it is likely that the technologies developed will soon be considered a cost-effective and flexible alternative to current chemical-based methods of vaccine production. Some highlights from current glycoconjugate vaccines developed using this in-vivo production system include a vaccine against Shigella dysenteriae O1 that has passed phase 1 clinical trials, a vaccine against the tier 1 pathogen Francisella tularensis that has shown efficacy in mice and a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus serotypes 5 and 8. Generation of humanised glycoproteins within bacteria was considered impossible due to the distinct nature of glycan modification in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. We describe the method used to overcome this conundrum to allow engineering of a eukaryotic pentasaccharide core sugar modification within Escherichia coli. This core was assembled by combining the function of the initiating transferase WecA, several Alg genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the oligosaccharyltransferase function of the Campylobacter jejuni PglB. Further exploitation of a cytoplasmic N-linked glycosylation system found in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae where the central enzyme is known as N-linking glycosyltransferase has overcome some of the limitations demonstrated by the oligosaccharyltransferase-dependent system. SUMMARY Characterisation of the first bacterial N-linked glycosylation system in the human enteropathogen Campylobacter jejuni has led to substantial biotechnological applications. Alternative methods for glycoconjugate vaccine production have been developed using this N-linked system. Vaccines against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms have been developed, and efficacy testing has thus far demonstrated that the vaccines are safe and that robust immune responses are being detected. These are likely to complement and reduce the cost of current technologies thus opening new avenues for glycoconjugate vaccines. These new markets could potentially include glycoconjugate vaccines tailored specifically for animal vaccination, which has until today thought to be non-viable due to the cost of current in-vitro chemical conjugation methods. Utilisation of N-linked glycosylation to generate humanised glycoproteins is also close to becoming reality. This 'bottom up' assembly mechanism removes the heterogeneity seen in current humanised products. The majority of developments reported in this review exploit a single N-linked glycosylation system from Campylobacter jejuni; however, alternative N-linked glycosylation systems have been discovered which should help to overcome current technical limitations and perhaps more systems remain to be discovered. The likelihood is that further glycosylation systems exist and are waiting to be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Cuccui
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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24
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Pesnot T, Tedaldi LM, Jambrina PG, Rosta E, Wagner GK. Exploring the role of the 5-substituent for the intrinsic fluorescence of 5-aryl and 5-heteroaryl uracil nucleotides: a systematic study. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:6357-71. [PMID: 23945704 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of UMP (uridine monophosphate) with a fluorogenic substituent in position 5 represent a small but unique class of fluorophores, which has found important applications in chemical biology and biomolecular chemistry. In this study, we have synthesised a series of derivatives of the uracil nucleotides UMP, UDP and UTP with different aromatic and heteroaromatic substituents in position 5, in order to systematically investigate the influence of the 5-substituent on fluorescence emission. We have determined relevant photophysical parameters for all derivatives in this series, including quantum yields for the best fluorophores. The strongest fluorescence emission was observed with a 5-formylthien-2-yl substituent in position 5 of the uracil base, while the corresponding 3-formylthien-2-yl-substituted regioisomer was significantly less fluorescent. The 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) uracil fluorophore was studied further in solvents of different polarity and proticity. In conjunction with results from a conformational analysis based on NMR data and computational experiments, these findings provide insights into the steric and electronic factors that govern fluorescence emission in this class of fluorophores. In particular, they highlight the interplay between fluorescence emission and conformation in this series. Finally, we carried out ligand-binding experiments with the 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) uracil fluorophore and a UDP-sugar-dependent glycosyltransferase, demonstrating its utility for biological applications. The results from our photophysical and biological studies suggest, for the first time, a structural explanation for the fluorescence quenching effect that is observed upon binding of these fluorophores to a target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pesnot
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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25
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Tedaldi L, Evitt A, Göös N, Jiang J, Wagner GK. A practical glycosyltransferase assay for the identification of new inhibitor chemotypes. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00077c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple, colorimetric assay protocol for the identification and evaluation of galactosyltransferase inhibitors is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tedaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Andrew Evitt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Niina Göös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Jingqian Jiang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Gerd K. Wagner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Natural & Mathematical Sciences
- King's College London
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26
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Zheng Y. Strategies of Echinococcus species responses to immune attacks: implications for therapeutic tool development. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:495-501. [PMID: 23973651 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus species have been studied as a model to investigate parasite-host interactions. Echinococcus spp. can actively communicate dynamically with a host to facilitate infection, growth and proliferation partially via secretion of molecules, especially in terms of harmonization of host immune attacks. This review systematically outlines our current knowledge of how the Echinococcus species have evolved to adapt to their host's microenvironment. This understanding of parasite-host interplay has implications in profound appreciation of parasite plasticity and is informative in designing novel and effective tools including vaccines and drugs for the treatment of echinococcosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China; Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAAS, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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27
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Vannam R, Peczuh MW. Synthesis of C-Septanosides from Pyranoses via Vinyl Addition and Electrophilic Cyclization. Org Lett 2013; 15:4122-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401769k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Vannam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U-3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Mark W. Peczuh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, U-3060, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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28
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Jørgensen R, Pesnot T, Lee HJ, Palcic MM, Wagner GK. Base-modified donor analogues reveal novel dynamic features of a glycosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26201-26208. [PMID: 23836908 PMCID: PMC3764824 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.465963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that are involved, as Nature's "glycosylation reagents," in many fundamental biological processes including cell adhesion and blood group biosynthesis. Although of similar importance to that of other large enzyme families such as protein kinases and proteases, the undisputed potential of GTs for chemical biology and drug discovery has remained largely unrealized to date. This is due, at least in part, to a relative lack of GT inhibitors and tool compounds for structural, mechanistic, and cellular studies. In this study, we have used a novel class of GT donor analogues to obtain new structural and enzymological information for a representative blood group GT. These analogues interfere with the folding of an internal loop and the C terminus, which are essential for catalysis. Our experiments have led to the discovery of an entirely new active site folding mode for this enzyme family, which can be targeted in inhibitor development, similar to the DFG motif in protein kinases. Taken together, our results provide new insights into substrate binding, dynamics, and utilization in this important enzyme family, which can very likely be harnessed for the rational development of new GT inhibitors and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Jørgensen
- From the Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark,; the Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark,.
| | - Thomas Pesnot
- the University of East Anglia, School of Pharmacy, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ho Jun Lee
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G2G2, Canada, and
| | - Monica M Palcic
- the Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Gerd K Wagner
- the King's College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Chemistry, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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29
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Evitt A, Tedaldi LM, Wagner GK. One-step synthesis of novel glycosyltransferase inhibitors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 48:11856-8. [PMID: 23125983 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-step synthesis of two 5-CF(3) UDP-sugars is reported. These non-natural sugar-nucleotides are micromolar inhibitors of two different galactosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Evitt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Dabrowski-Tumanski P, Kowalska J, Jemielity J. Efficient and Rapid Synthesis of Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars from Nucleoside Phosphorimidazolides. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Gao Y, Vlahakis JZ, Szarek WA, Brockhausen I. Selective inhibition of glycosyltransferases by bivalent imidazolium salts. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1305-11. [PMID: 23375091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galactosyltransferases (GalTs) extend the glycan chains of mammalian glycoproteins by adding Gal to terminal GlcNAc residues, and thus build the scaffolds for biologically important glycan structures. We have shown that positively charged bivalent imidazolium salts in which the two imidazolium groups are linked by an aliphatic chain of 20 or 22 carbons form potent inhibitors of purified human β3-GalT5, using GlcNAcβ-benzyl as acceptor substrate. The inhibitors are not substrate analogs and also inhibited a selected number of other glycosyltransferases. These bis-imidazolium compounds represent a new class of glycosyltransferase inhibitors with potential as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Tedaldi LM, Pierce M, Wagner GK. Optimised chemical synthesis of 5-substituted UDP-sugars and their evaluation as glycosyltransferase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2012; 364:22-7. [PMID: 23147042 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the applicability of different chemical methods for pyrophosphate bond formation to the synthesis of 5-substituted UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine derivatives. The use of phosphoromorpholidate chemistry, in conjunction with N-methyl imidazolium chloride as the promoter, was identified as the most reliable synthetic protocol for the preparation of these non-natural sugar-nucleotides. Under these conditions, the primary synthetic targets 5-iodo UDP-galactose and 5-iodo UDP-N-acetylglucosamine were consistently obtained in isolated yields of 40-43%. Both 5-iodo UDP-sugars were used successfully as substrates in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with 5-formylthien-2-ylboronic acid under aqueous conditions. Importantly, 5-iodo UDP-GlcNAc and 5-(5-formylthien-2-yl) UDP-GlcNAc showed moderate inhibitory activity against the GlcNAc transferase GnT-V, providing the first examples for the inhibition of a GlcNAc transferase by a base-modified donor analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Tedaldi
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Department of Chemistry, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Breton C, Fournel-Gigleux S, Palcic MM. Recent structures, evolution and mechanisms of glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:540-9. [PMID: 22819665 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cellular glycome assembly requires the coordinated action of a large number of glycosyltransferases that catalyse the transfer of a sugar residue from a donor to specific acceptor molecules. This enzyme family is very ancient, encompassing all three domains of life. There has been considerable recent progress in structural glycobiology with the determination of crystal structures of several important glycosyltransferase members, showing novel folds and variations around a common α/β scaffold. Structural, kinetic and inhibitor data have led to the emergence of various scenarios with respect to their evolutionary history and reaction mechanisms thus highlighting the different solutions that nature has selected to catalyse glycosyl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Breton
- CERMAV-CNRS, University of Grenoble 1, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France.
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