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Yu S, McWilliams JC, Dirat O, Dobo KL, Kalgutkar AS, Kenyon MO, Martin MT, Watt ED, Schuler M. A Kinetic Model for Assessing Potential Nitrosamine Carcinogenicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1382-1393. [PMID: 39075630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the potential carcinogenic potency of nitrosamines is necessary to setting acceptable intake limits. Nitrosamines and the components that can form them are commonly present in food, water, cosmetics, and tobacco. The recent observation of nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals highlighted the need for effective methods to determine acceptable intake limits. Herein, we describe two computational models that utilize properties based upon quantum mechanical calculations in conjunction with mechanistic insights and established data to determine the carcinogenic potency of a variety of common nitrosamines. These models can be applied to experimentally untested nitrosamines to aid in the establishment of acceptable intake limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - J Christopher McWilliams
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Olivier Dirat
- CMC Advisory Office, Pfizer Global Regulatory Sciences, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Krista L Dobo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development-Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michelle O Kenyon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development-Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew T Martin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development-Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eric D Watt
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development-Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maik Schuler
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Research & Development-Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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2
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Havrylyuk D, Heidary DK, Glazer EC. The Impact of Inorganic Systems and Photoactive Metal Compounds on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Metabolism: From Induction to Inhibition. Biomolecules 2024; 14:441. [PMID: 38672458 PMCID: PMC11048704 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While cytochrome P450 (CYP; P450) enzymes are commonly associated with the metabolism of organic xenobiotics and drugs or the biosynthesis of organic signaling molecules, they are also impacted by a variety of inorganic species. Metallic nanoparticles, clusters, ions, and complexes can alter CYP expression, modify enzyme interactions with reductase partners, and serve as direct inhibitors. This commonly overlooked topic is reviewed here, with an emphasis on understanding the structural and physiochemical basis for these interactions. Intriguingly, while both organometallic and coordination compounds can act as potent CYP inhibitors, there is little evidence for the metabolism of inorganic compounds by CYPs, suggesting a potential alternative approach to evading issues associated with rapid modification and elimination of medically useful compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David K. Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27067, USA;
| | - Edith C. Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27067, USA;
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3
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Loiseau PM, Balaraman K, Barratt G, Pomel S, Durand R, Frézard F, Figadère B. The Potential of 2-Substituted Quinolines as Antileishmanial Drug Candidates. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072313. [PMID: 35408712 PMCID: PMC9000572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for new, cost-effective drugs to treat leishmaniasis. A strategy based on traditional medicine practiced in Bolivia led to the discovery of the 2-substituted quinoline series as a source of molecules with antileishmanial activity and low toxicity. This review documents the development of the series from the first isolated natural compounds through several hundred synthetized molecules to an optimized compound exhibiting an in vitro IC50 value of 0.2 µM against Leishmania donovani, and a selectivity index value of 187, together with in vivo activity on the L. donovani/hamster model. Attempts to establish structure–activity relationships are described, as well as studies that have attempted to determine the mechanism of action. For the latter, it appears that molecules of this series act on multiple targets, possibly including the immune system, which could explain the observed lack of drug resistance after in vitro drug pressure. We also show how nanotechnology strategies could valorize these drugs through adapted formulations and how a mechanistic targeting approach could generate new compounds with increased activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe M. Loiseau
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy, CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kaluvu Balaraman
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Gillian Barratt
- Institute Galien Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France;
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy, CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Rémy Durand
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy, CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (R.D.)
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics-ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Bruno Figadère
- Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, BioCIS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France;
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4
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Korzekwa K. Enzyme Kinetics of Oxidative Metabolism-Cytochromes P450. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2342:237-256. [PMID: 34272697 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are the most important enzymes in the oxidative metabolism of hydrophobic drugs and other foreign compounds (xenobiotics). The versatility of these enzymes results in some unusual kinetic properties, stemming from the simultaneous interaction of multiple substrates with the CYP active site. Often, the CYPs display kinetics that deviate from standard hyperbolic saturation or inhibition kinetics. Non-Michaelis-Menten or "atypical" saturation kinetics include sigmoidal, biphasic, and substrate inhibition kinetics (see Chapter 2 ). Interactions between substrates include competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, mixed inhibition, partial inhibition, activation, and activation followed by inhibition (see Chapters 4 and 6 ). Models and equations that can result in these kinetic profiles will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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R. C, Pise A, Shah SK, D. R, Baluni A, Tiwari KN. Aqueous NH3-mediated syntheses of 2-styrylquinoline-4-carboxamides by domino ring opening cyclization strategy. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1822409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandran R.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashwini Pise
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul D.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anirudh Baluni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Keshri Nath Tiwari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Transit Campus, Lucknow, India
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6
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Chen X, Sun W, Huang S, Zhang H, Lin G, Li H, Qiao J, Li L, Yang S. Discovery of Potent Small-Molecule SIRT6 Activators: Structure-Activity Relationship and Anti-Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10474-10495. [PMID: 32787077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIRT6 activation is thought to be a promising target for the treatment of many diseases, particularly cancer. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of new small-molecule SIRT6 activators. Structure-activity relationship analyses led to the identification of the most potent compound, 2-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-N-(diphenylmethyl) quinoline-4-carboxamide (12q), which showed an EC1.5 value of 0.58 ± 0.12 μM and an EC50 value of 5.35 ± 0.69 μM against SIRT6-dependent peptide deacetylation in FLUOR DE LYS assay. It exhibited weak or no activity against other HDAC family members as well as 415 kinases, indicating good selectivity for SIRT6. 12q significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells in vitro. It also markedly suppressed the tumor growth in a PDAC tumor xenograft model. This compound showed attractive pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, 12q could be a good lead compound for the treatment of PDAC, and it is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Weining Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shenzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Guifeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Linli Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
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7
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Alizadeh A, Roosta A, Halvagar M. Four-Component Regio- and Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolizidines Incorporating Spiro-Oxindole/Indanedione via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Azomethine Ylides. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdolali Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box; 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Atefeh Roosta
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box; 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Halvagar
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI), Pajohesh Blvd, 17th Km of Tehran-Karaj Highway; 1496813151 Tehran Iran
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8
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Wang BQ, Zhang CH, Tian XX, Lin J, Yan SJ. Cascade Reaction of Isatins with 1,1-Enediamines: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Quinoline-4-carboxamides. Org Lett 2018; 20:660-663. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Qu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
for Natural Resources (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Cong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
for Natural Resources (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Tian
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
for Natural Resources (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
for Natural Resources (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry
for Natural Resources (Yunnan University), Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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9
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Yoshimoto FK, Auchus RJ. Rapid kinetic methods to dissect steroidogenic cytochrome P450 reaction mechanisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:13-23. [PMID: 26472553 PMCID: PMC4841756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
All cytochrome P450 enzyme reactions involve a catalytic cycle with several discreet physical or chemical steps. This cycle ends with the formation of the reactive heme iron-oxygen complex, which oxygenates substrate. While the steps might be very similar for each P450 enzyme, the rates of each step varies tremendously for each enzyme and sometimes even for different reactions catalyzed by the same enzyme. For example, the rate-limiting step for most bacterial P450 enzymes, with turnover numbers over 1000s(-1), is the second electron transfer. In contrast, steroidogenic P450s from eukaryotes catalyze much slower reactions, with turnover numbers of ∼5-250min(-1); therefore, assumptions about kinetic properties for the mammalian P450 enzymes based on the bacterial enzymes are tenuous. In order to dissect the rates for individual steps, special techniques that isolate individual steps and/or single turnovers are required. This article will review the theoretical principles and practical considerations for several of these techniques, with illustrative published examples. The reader should gain an appreciation for the appropriate methods used to interrogate particular steps in the P450 reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis K Yoshimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA.
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10
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Barnaba C, Humphreys SC, Barden AO, Jones JP, Brozik JA. Substrate Dependent Native Luminescence from Cytochromes P450 3A4, 2C9, and P450cam. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:3038-3047. [PMID: 26939024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrin containing proteins, such as cytochrome P450, play a key role in biological systems. The spectroscopic properties of metalloporphyrins have been a subject of intense interest and intense debate for over 50 years. Iron-porphyrins are usually believed to be nonfluorescent. Herein we report that, contrary to this belief, cytochrome P450 heme groups luminesce with enough intensity to be of use in the characterization of these enzymes. To confirm that the emission is from the heme, we destroyed the heme by titration with cumene hydroperoxide and measured the changes in emission upon titration with compounds known to bind to the distal face of the heme in two human cytochrome P450 enzymes, known as CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. The titration curves gave spectral dissociation constants that were not significantly different from those reported using the Soret UV/vis absorbance changes. We have tentatively assigned the broad luminescence at ∼500 nm to a (1)ππ* → gs fluorescence and the structured luminescence above 600 nm to a (3)ππ* → gs phosphorescence. These assignments are not associated with the Q-band, and are in violation of Kasha's rule. To illustrate the utility of the emission, we measured spectral dissociation constants for testosterone binding to P450 3A4 in bilayers formed on glass coverslips, a measurement that would be very difficult to make using absorption spectroscopy. Complementary experiments were carried out with water-soluble P450cam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Barnaba
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Adam O Barden
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
| | - James A Brozik
- Washington State University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 644630, Pullman, WA, USA, 99164-4630
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11
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Dwivedi N, Panja SK, Monika M, Saha S, Sunkari SS. Anion directed structural diversity in zinc complexes with conformationally flexible quinazoline ligand: structural, spectral and theoretical studies. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:12053-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02139e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis, and structure of four new complexes of conformationally flexible 6-chloro-4-phenyl-2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinazoline ligand (L) with Zn(ii). Significance of ring twisting on supramolecular assembly and photophysical properties have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry
- Mahila Maha Vidyalaya
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Sumit Kumar Panja
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Monika Monika
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Satyen Saha
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Sailaja S. Sunkari
- Department of Chemistry
- Mahila Maha Vidyalaya
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
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12
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Chen W, Bao H, Wang D, Wang X, Li Y, Hu Y. Chemoselective hydrogenation of nitrobenzyl ethers to aminobenzyl ethers catalyzed by palladium–nickel bimetallic nanoparticles. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Use of chemical auxiliaries to control p450 enzymes for predictable oxidations at unactivated C-h bonds of substrates. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 851:209-28. [PMID: 26002737 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16009-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) have the ability to oxidize unactivated C-H bonds of substrates with remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity. Comparable selectivity for chemical oxidizing agents is typically difficult to achieve. Hence, there is an interest in exploiting P450s as potential biocatalysts. Despite their impressive attributes, the current use of P450s as biocatalysts is limited. While bacterial P450 enzymes typically show higher activity, they tend to be highly selective for one or a few substrates. On the other hand, mammalian P450s, especially the drug-metabolizing enzymes, display astonishing substrate promiscuity. However, product prediction continues to be challenging. This review discusses the use of small molecules for controlling P450 substrate specificity and product selectivity. The focus will be on two approaches in the area: (1) the use of decoy molecules, and (2) the application of substrate engineering to control oxidation by the enzyme.
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14
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Laguna EM, Olsen PM, Sterling MD, Eichler JF, Rheingold AL, Larsen CH. Structure and Properties of Neutral and Cationic Gold(III) Complexes from Substituted 2-(2′-Pyridyl)quinoline Ligands. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12231-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic501965m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M. Laguna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pauline M. Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael D. Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jack F. Eichler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Catharine H. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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15
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Polic V, Auclair K. Controlling substrate specificity and product regio- and stereo-selectivities of P450 enzymes without mutagenesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5547-54. [PMID: 25035263 PMCID: PMC5177023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
P450 enzymes (P450s) are well known for their ability to oxidize unactivated CH bonds with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Hence, there is emerging interest in exploiting P450s as potential biocatalysts. Although bacterial P450s typically show higher activity than their mammalian counterparts, they tend to be more substrate selective. Most drug-metabolizing P450s on the other hand, display remarkable substrate promiscuity, yet product prediction remains challenging. Protein engineering is one established strategy to overcome these issues. A less explored, yet promising alternative involves substrate engineering. This review discusses the use of small molecules for controlling the substrate specificity and product selectivity of P450s. The focus is on two approaches, one taking advantage of non-covalent decoy molecules, and the other involving covalent substrate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Polic
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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16
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Carosati E. Modelling cytochromes P450 binding modes to predict P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e167-75. [PMID: 24050246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (P450) superfamily is a diverse group of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, whose orientations within the catalytic site can lead to different binding modes, namely productive, nonproductive, and inhibitory. This article collects the most recent approaches that individually study P450- ligand interactions, including a novel in silico technology, developed in the framework of the Human Cytochrome P450 Consortium initiative, that provides reliable in silico predictions of P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity.
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17
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Wang Y, Wang M, Qi H, Pan P, Hou T, Li J, He G, Zhang H. Pathway-Dependent Inhibition of Paclitaxel Hydroxylation by Kinase Inhibitors and Assessment of Drug–Drug Interaction Potentials. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:782-95. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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18
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Barr JT, Choughule K, Jones JP. Enzyme kinetics, inhibition, and regioselectivity of aldehyde oxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1113:167-186. [PMID: 24523113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aldehyde oxidase (AO) enzyme family plays an increasing role in drug development. However, a number of compounds that are AO substrates have failed in the clinic because the clearance or toxicity is underestimated by preclinical species. Human AO is much more active than rodent AO, and dogs do not have functional AO. While AOs normally make non-reactive metabolites such as lactams, the metabolic products often have much lower solubility that can lead to renal failure. While an endogenous substrate for the oxidation reaction is not known, electron acceptors for the reductive part of the reaction include oxygen and nitrites. Reduction of oxygen leads to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide radical anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of nitrite leads to the formation of nitric oxide with potential pharmacological implications. To date, no clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have been observed for AOs. However, the inhibition kinetics are complex, and multiple probe substrates should be used when assessing the potential for DDIs. Finally, AO appears to be amenable to computational predictions of both regioselectivity and rates of reaction, which holds promise for virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Barr
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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19
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Abstract
The cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are the most important enzymes in the oxidative metabolism of hydrophobic drugs and other foreign compounds (xenobiotics). The versatility of these enzymes results in some unusual kinetic properties, stemming from the simultaneous interaction of multiple substrates with the CYP active site. Often, the CYPs display kinetics that deviate from standard hyperbolic saturation or inhibition kinetics. Non-Michaelis-Menten or "atypical" saturation kinetics include sigmoidal, biphasic, and substrate inhibition kinetics (see Chapter 3 ). Interactions between substrates include competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, mixed inhibition, partial inhibition, activation, and activation followed by inhibition (see Chapter 4 ). Models and equations that can result in these kinetic profiles will be presented and discussed.
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Jones JP, Korzekwa KR. Predicting intrinsic clearance for drugs and drug candidates metabolized by aldehyde oxidase. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1262-8. [PMID: 23363487 DOI: 10.1021/mp300568r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism by aldehyde oxidase (AO) has been responsible for a number of drug failures in clinical trials. The main reason is the clearance values for drugs metabolized by AO are underestimated by allometric scaling from preclinical species. Furthermore, in vitro human data also underestimates clearance. We have developed the first in silico models to predict both in vitro and in vivo human intrinsic clearance for 8 drugs with just two chemical descriptors. These models explain a large amount of the variance in the data using two computational estimates of the electronic and steric features of the reaction. The in vivo computational models for human metabolism are better than in vitro preclinical animal testing at predicting human intrinsic clearance. Thus, it appears that AO is amenable to computational prediction of rates, which may be used to guide drug discovery, and predict pharmacokinetics for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA.
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Ménard A, Fabra C, Huang Y, Auclair K. Type II Ligands as Chemical Auxiliaries To Favor Enzymatic Transformations by P450 2E1. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2527-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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