1
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Bai YR, Yang X, Chen KT, Cuan XD, Zhang YD, Zhou L, Yang L, Liu HM, Yuan S. A comprehensive review of new small molecule drugs approved by the FDA in 2022: Advance and prospect. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 277:116759. [PMID: 39137454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a total of 16 marketing applications for small molecule drugs, which not only provided dominant scaffolds but also introduced novel mechanisms of action and clinical indications. The successful cases provide valuable information for optimizing efficacy and enhancing pharmacokinetic properties through strategies like macrocyclization, bioequivalent group utilization, prodrug synthesis, and conformation restriction. Therefore, gaining an in-depth understanding of the design principles and strategies underlying these drugs will greatly facilitate the development of new therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the research and development process of these newly approved small molecule drugs including drug design, structural modification, and improvement of pharmacokinetic properties to inspire future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Bai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Ke-Tong Chen
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Cuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Yao-Dong Zhang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou China, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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2
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Ma C, Lindsley CW, Chang J, Yu B. Rational Molecular Editing: A New Paradigm in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11459-11466. [PMID: 38905482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Franklin, Tennessee 37027, United States
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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3
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Acharya B, Saha D, Armstrong D, Jabali B, Hanafi M, Herrera-Rueda A, Lakkaniga NR, Frett B. Kinase inhibitor macrocycles: a perspective on limiting conformational flexibility when targeting the kinome with small molecules. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:399-415. [PMID: 38389874 PMCID: PMC10880908 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00457k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Methods utilized for drug discovery and development within the kinome have rapidly evolved since the approval of imatinib, the first small molecule kinase inhibitor. Macrocycles have received increasing interest as a technique to improve kinase inhibitor drug properties evident by the FDA approvals of lorlatinib, pacritinib, and repotrectinib. Compared to their acyclic counterparts, macrocycles can possess improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. This review highlights clinical success stories when implementing macrocycles in kinase-based drug discovery and showcases that macrocyclization is a clinically validated drug discovery strategy when targeting the kinome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baku Acharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Debasmita Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
- Conrad Prebys Centre for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute San Diego CA USA
| | - Daniel Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Baha'a Jabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Maha Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11526 Egypt
| | - Alan Herrera-Rueda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
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4
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Zhao Z, Bourne PE. Rigid Scaffolds Are Promising for Designing Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1182-1191. [PMID: 37588756 PMCID: PMC10425998 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic kinase inhibitors (MKIs) are gaining attention due to their favorable selectivity and potential to overcome drug resistance, yet they remain challenging to design because of their novel structures. To facilitate the design and discovery of MKIs, we investigate MKI rational design starting from initial acyclic compounds by performing microsecond-scale atomistic simulations for multiple MKIs, constructing an MKI database, and analyzing MKIs using hierarchical cluster analysis. Our studies demonstrate that the binding modes of MKIs are like those of their corresponding acyclic counterparts against the same kinase targets. Importantly, within the respective binding sites, the MKI scaffolds retain the same conformations as their corresponding acyclic counterparts, demonstrating the rigidity of scaffolds before and after molecular cyclization. The MKI database includes 641 nanomole-level MKIs from 56 human kinases elucidating the features of rigid scaffolds and the core structures of MKIs. Collectively these results and resources can facilitate MKI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- School of Data Science and Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Philip E. Bourne
- School of Data Science and Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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5
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Shen P, Wang Y, Jia X, Xu P, Qin L, Feng X, Li Z, Qiu Z. Dual-target Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors: Comprehensive review on the JAK-based strategies for treating solid or hematological malignancies and immune-related diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114551. [PMID: 35749986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are the non-receptor tyrosine kinases covering JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2 which regulate signal transductions of hematopoietic cytokines and growth factors to play essential roles in cell growth, survival, and development. Dysregulated JAK activity leading to a constitutively activated signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) is strongly associated with immune-related diseases and cancers. Targeting JAK to interfere the signaling of JAK/STAT pathway has achieved quite success in the treatment of these diseases. However, inadequate clinical response and serious adverse events come along by the treatment of monotherapy of JAK inhibitors. With better and deeper understanding of JAK/STAT pathway in the pathogenesis of diseases, researchers start to show huge interest in combining inhibition of JAK and other oncogenic targets to realize a broader regulation on pathological processes to block disease development and progression, which has hastened extensive research of dual JAK inhibitors over the past decades. Until now, studies of dual JAK inhibitors have added BTK, SYK, FLT3, HDAC, Src, and Aurora kinases to the overall inhibitory profile and demonstrated significant advantage and superiority over single-target inhibitors. In this review, we elucidated the possible mechanism of synergic effects caused by dual JAK inhibitors and briefly describe the development of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yezhi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiangxiang Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Lian Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, PR China.
| | - Zhixia Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 21009, PR China.
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6
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Pan YL, Zeng SX, Hao RR, Liang MH, Shen ZR, Huang WH. The progress of small-molecules and degraders against BCR-ABL for the treatment of CML. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114442. [PMID: 35551036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant disease of the hematopoietic system with crucial pathogenic protein named BCR-ABL, which endangers the life of patients severely. As a milestone of targeted drug, Imatinib has achieved great success in the treatment of CML. Nevertheless, inevitable drug resistance of Imatinib has occurred frequently in clinical due to the several mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase. Subsequently, the second-generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) against BCR-ABL was developed to address the mutants of Imatinib resistance, except T315I. To date, the third-generation of TKIs targeting T315I has been developed for improving the selectivity and safety. Notably, the first allosteric inhibitor has been in market which could overcome the mutations in ATP binding site effectively. Meanwhile, some advanced technology, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTAC) based on different E3 ligand, are highly expected to overcome the drug resistance by selectively degrading the targeted proteins. In this review, we summarized the current research progress of inhibitors and degraders targeting BCR-ABL for the treatment of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shen-Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong-Rong Hao
- Hangzhou Chinese Academy of Sciences-Hangzhou Medical College Advanced Medical Technology Institute, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mei-Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Zhao MY, Zhang W, Rao GW. Targeting Janus Kinase (JAK) for Fighting Diseases: The Research of JAK Inhibitor Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5010-5040. [PMID: 35255783 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220307124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Janus Kinase (JAK), a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, has emerged as an excellent target through research and development since its discovery in the 1990s. As novel small-molecule targeted drugs, JAK inhibitor drugs have been successfully used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), myofibrosis (MF) and ulcerative colitis (UC). With the gradual development of JAK targets in the market, JAK inhibitors have also received very considerable feedback in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD), Crohn's disease (CD) and graft-versus host disease (GVHD). This article reviews the research progress of JAK inhibitor drugs: introducing the existing JAK inhibitors on the market and some JAK inhibitors in clinical trials currently. In addition, the synthesis of various types of JAK inhibitors were summarized, and the effects of different drug structures on drug inhibition and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, and Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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8
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Amrhein JA, Knapp S, Hanke T. Synthetic Opportunities and Challenges for Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7991-8009. [PMID: 34076436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles are typically cyclic variants of inhibitors derived from uncyclized canonical molecules or from natural products. For medicinal chemistry, drug-like macrocycles have received increasing interest over the past few years, since it has been demonstrated that macrocyclization can favorably alter the biological and physiochemical properties as well as selectivity in comparison to the acyclic analogue. Recent drug approvals such as Lorlatinib, glecaprevir, or voxilaprevir underline the clinical relevance of drug-like macrocycles. However, the synthesis of drug-like macrocycles can be challenging, since the ring-closing reaction is generally challenging with yields depending on the size and geometry of the bridging linker. Nevertheless, macrocycles are one opportunity to expand the synthetic toolbox for medicinal chemistry to provide bioactive molecules. Therefore, we reviewed the past literature of drug-like macrocycles highlighting reactions that have been successfully used for the macrocyclization. We classified the cyclization reactions by their type, ring-size, yield, and macrocyclization efficiency index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alisa Amrhein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structure Genomics Consortium Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structure Genomics Consortium Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Hanke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structure Genomics Consortium Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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9
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Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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10
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Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) mutations occur in approximately 30% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases, suggesting FLT3 as an attractive target for AML treatment. Early FLT3 inhibitors enhance antileukemia efficacy by inhibiting multiple targets, and thus had stronger off-target activity, increasing their toxicity. Recently, a number of potent and selective FLT3 inhibitors have been developed, many of which are effective against multiple mutations. This review outlines the evolution of AML-targeting FLT3 inhibitors by focusing on their chemotypes, selectivity and activity over FLT3 wild-type and FLT3 mutations as well as new techniques related to FLT3. Compounds that currently enter the late clinical stage or have entered the market are also briefly reported.
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11
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Abutayeh RF, Taha MO. Discovery of novel Flt3 inhibitory chemotypes through extensive ligand-based and new structure-based pharmacophore modelling methods. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 88:128-151. [PMID: 30703688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Singer JW, Fleischman A, Al-Fayoumi S, Mascarenhas JO, Yu Q, Agarwal A. Inhibition of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) as a therapeutic strategy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33416-33439. [PMID: 30279971 PMCID: PMC6161786 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK3 [IRAK-M], and IRAK4) are serine-threonine kinases involved in toll-like receptor and interleukin-1 signaling pathways, through which they regulate innate immunity and inflammation. Evidence exists that IRAKs play key roles in the pathophysiologies of cancers, and metabolic and inflammatory diseases, and that IRAK inhibition has potential therapeutic benefits. Molecules capable of selectively interfering with IRAK function and expression have been reported, paving the way for the clinical evaluation of IRAK inhibition. Herein, we focus on IRAK1, review its structure and physiological roles, and summarize emerging data for IRAK1 inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Fleischman
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - John O Mascarenhas
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Yu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, SG, Singapore
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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13
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Che X, Zhang J, Quan H, Yang L, Gao YQ. CDNs-STING Interaction Mechanism Investigations and Instructions on Design of CDN-Derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1862-1868. [PMID: 29361230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) present thousand-fold differences of dissociation constants to STING, a pivotal protein in cytosolic dsDNA immunity. To understand how subtle chemical changes in CDNs lead to these substantial variances, a precise ranking of binding affinity is needed. However, the large size and flexibility of CDNs elevate the entropic effect and pose a challenge for this precise prediction. Therefore, in this paper, we developed a new protocol, a combination of selective-integrated tempering sampling of ligands and molecular docking, to take into account the entropic effects originating from extensive ligand configurational space and solvation on binding affinity evaluations. The calculated ranking orders of CDNs and CDN-derivatives to wild type STING and R232H mutant are in agreement with experimental measurements. Further molecular dynamics analysis revealed that the interaction between phosphonate groups and 232R differentiates the binding affinities. The 2'-5' linked phosphonate groups have a larger tendency to form hydrogen bonds with 232R than those with 3'-5' linkages. Moreover, the new protocol identified structural features that enhanced CDNs-STING binding, such as anti-glycosidic bonds and large pro-R distances, which explains the high binding affinity of dithio-RpRp-2'3'-CDA to STING and is expected to provide valuable guidance in the lead-drug optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Che
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Quan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lijiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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14
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El-Gamal MI, Al-Ameen SK, Al-Koumi DM, Hamad MG, Jalal NA, Oh CH. Recent Advances of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) Kinase and Its Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5450-5466. [PMID: 29293000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colony stimulation factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is also known as FMS kinase, plays an important role in initiating inflammatory, cancer, and bone disorders when it is overstimulated by its ligand, CSF-1. Innate immunity, as well as macrophage differentiation and survival, are regulated by the stimulation of the CSF-1R. Another ligand, interlukin-34 (IL-34), was recently reported to activate the CSF-1R receptor in a different manner. The relationship between CSF-1R and microglia has been reviewed. Both CSF-1 antibodies and small molecule CSF-1R kinase inhibitors have now been tested in animal models and in humans. In this Perspective, we discuss the role of CSF-1 and IL-34 in producing cancer, bone disorders, and inflammation. We also review the newly discovered and improved small molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that have shown potent activity toward CSF-1R, reported from 2012 until 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Mansoura 35516 , Egypt
| | - Shahad K Al-Ameen
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Dania M Al-Koumi
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawadda G Hamad
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Nouran A Jalal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang , Seoul 130-650 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science , University of Science and Technology , 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 305-333 , Republic of Korea
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15
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Schwartz DM, Kanno Y, Villarino A, Ward M, Gadina M, O'Shea JJ. JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 29282366 PMCID: PMC6168198 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.201.
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16
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JAK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for immune and inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:843-862. [PMID: 29104284 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of cytokines as key drivers of immune-mediated diseases has spurred efforts to target their associated signalling pathways. Janus kinases (JAKs) are essential signalling mediators downstream of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, and small-molecule inhibitors of JAKs (jakinibs) have gained traction as safe and efficacious options for the treatment of inflammation-driven pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Building on the clinical success of first-generation jakinibs, second-generation compounds that claim to be more selective are currently undergoing development and proceeding to clinical trials. However, important questions remain about the advantages and limitations of improved JAK selectivity, optimal routes and dosing regimens and how best to identify patients who will benefit from jakinibs. This Review discusses the biology of jakinibs from a translational perspective, focusing on recent insights from clinical trials, the development of novel agents and the use of jakinibs in a spectrum of immune and inflammatory diseases.
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McIver AL, Zhang W, Liu Q, Jiang X, Stashko MA, Nichols J, Miley MJ, Norris-Drouin J, Machius M, DeRyckere D, Wood E, Graham DK, Earp HS, Kireev D, Frye SV, Wang X. Discovery of Macrocyclic Pyrimidines as MerTK-Specific Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:207-213. [PMID: 28032464 PMCID: PMC5336325 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Macrocycles have attracted significant attention in drug discovery recently. In fact, a few de novo designed macrocyclic kinase inhibitors are currently in clinical trials with good potency and selectivity for their intended target. In this study, we successfully engaged a structure-based drug design approach to discover macrocyclic pyrimidines as potent Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK)-specific inhibitors. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 384-well format was employed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of macrocycles in a cell-based assay assessing tyrosine phosphorylation of MerTK. Through structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, analogue 11 [UNC2541; (S)-7-amino-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-8-oxo-2,9,16-triaza-1(2,4)-pyrimidinacyclohexadecaphane-1-carboxamide] was identified as a potent and MerTK-specific inhibitor that exhibits sub-micromolar inhibitory activity in the cell-based ELISA. In addition, an X-ray structure of MerTK protein in complex with 11 was resolved to show that these macrocycles bind in the MerTK ATP pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. McIver
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Weihe Zhang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Michael A. Stashko
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | | | - Michael J Miley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jacqueline Norris-Drouin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Mischa Machius
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Douglas K. Graham
- Meryx, Inc., USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - H Shelton Earp
- Meryx, Inc., USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dmitri Kireev
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
- Meryx, Inc., USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy
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Bajusz D, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Ensemble docking-based virtual screening yields novel spirocyclic JAK1 inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:275-283. [PMID: 27771575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule inhibition of Janus kinases (JAKs) has been demonstrated as a viable strategy for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions and continues to emerge in cancer-related indications. In this study, a large supplier database was screened to identify novel chemistry starting points for JAK1. The docking-based screening was followed up by testing ten hit compounds experimentally, out of which five have displayed single-digit micromolar and submicromolar IC50 values on JAK1. Thus, the study was concluded with the discovery of five novel JAK inhibitors from a tiny screening deck with a remarkable hitrate of 50%. The results have highlighted spirocyclic pyrrolopyrimidines with submicromolar JAK1 IC50 values and a preference for JAK1 over JAK2 as potential starting points in developing a novel class of JAK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary.
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Al-Ali HK, Vannucchi AM. Managing patients with myelofibrosis and low platelet counts. Ann Hematol 2016; 96:537-548. [PMID: 27209535 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, ineffective hematopoiesis, splenomegaly, constitutional symptoms, and shortened survival. Patients often experience multiple disease-associated, as well as treatment-emergent, cytopenias, including thrombocytopenia. However, patients with MF with thrombocytopenia have few therapeutic options, and there is little information on the management of these patients. Several Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of MF, with one (ruxolitinib) having been approved. However, given their mechanism of action, JAK inhibitors are associated with high rates of thrombocytopenia. Patients can be successfully managed with dose modifications, but little is known about the safety and efficacy of these agents in patients with thrombocytopenia. Recent studies of JAK inhibitors in patients with MF who have low platelet counts have had mixed results. This review discusses the prevalence, prognostic implications, and management of thrombocytopenia in MF and the different therapeutic options available for this patient population, with an emphasis on current clinical experience with targeted therapies, as well as recent findings from several clinical studies currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- CRIMM, Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, AOU Careggi, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Sardar S, Andersson Å. Old and new therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis: in vivo models and drug development. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:2-13. [PMID: 26769136 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2015.1125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel drugs for treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases is to a large extent dependent on the availability of good experimental in vivo models in order to perform preclinical tests of new drugs and for the identification of novel drug targets. Here, we review a number of existing rodent models for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the context of how these models have been utilized for developing established therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis and, furthermore, the present use of animal models for studies of novel drug candidates. We have studied the literature in the field for the use of in vivo models during development of anti-rheumatic drugs; from Methotrexate to various antibody treatments, to novel drugs that are, or have recently been, in clinical trials. For novel drugs, we have explored websites for clinical trials. Although a single Rheumatoid Arthritis in vivo model cannot mirror the complexity of disease development, there exist a number of good animal models for Rheumatoid Arthritis, each defining some parts in disease development, which are useful for studies of drug response. We find that many of the established drugs were not tested in in vivo models before being used in the clinic, but rather animal models have been subsequently used to find mechanisms for efficacy. Finally, we report a number of novel drugs, tested in preclinical in vivo models, presently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Sardar
- a Department Of Drug Design and Pharmacology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Åsa Andersson
- a Department Of Drug Design and Pharmacology , Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Allen SE, Dokholyan NV, Bowers AA. Dynamic Docking of Conformationally Constrained Macrocycles: Methods and Applications. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:10-24. [PMID: 26575401 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products consist of large and flexible macrocycles that engage their targets via multiple contact points. This combination of contained flexibility and large contact area often allows natural products to bind at target surfaces rather than deep pockets, making them attractive scaffolds for inhibiting protein-protein interactions and other challenging therapeutic targets. The increasing ability to manipulate such compounds either biosynthetically or via semisynthetic modification means that these compounds can now be considered as starting points for medchem campaigns rather than solely as ends. Modern medchem benefits substantially from rational improvements made on the basis of molecular docking. As such, docking methods have been enhanced in recent years to deal with the complicated binding modalities and flexible scaffolds of macrocyclic natural products and natural product-like structures. Here, we comprehensively review methods for treating and docking these large macrocyclic scaffolds and discuss some of the resulting advances in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Allen
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Albert A. Bowers
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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22
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Bajusz D, Ferenczy GG, Keserű GM. Discovery of Subtype Selective Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors by Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 56:234-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research
Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research
Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research
Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Budapest 1117, Hungary
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Chen W, Bao H, Wang D, Wang X, Li Y, Hu Y. Chemoselective hydrogenation of nitrobenzyl ethers to aminobenzyl ethers catalyzed by palladium–nickel bimetallic nanoparticles. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ling S, Liu Y, Fu J, Colletta A, Gilon C, Holoshitz J. Shared epitope-antagonistic ligands: a new therapeutic strategy in mice with erosive arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2061-70. [PMID: 25892196 DOI: 10.1002/art.39158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms underlying bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. We recently identified the shared epitope (SE), an HLA-DRB1-coded 5-amino acid sequence motif carried by the majority of RA patients as a signal transduction ligand that interacts with cell surface calreticulin and accelerates osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone damage in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Given the role of the SE/calreticulin pathway in arthritis-associated bone damage, we sought to determine the therapeutic targetability of calreticulin. METHODS A library of backbone-cyclized peptidomimetic compounds, all carrying an identical core DKCLA sequence, was synthesized. The ability of these compounds to inhibit SE-activated signaling and OC differentiation was tested in vitro. The effect on disease severity and OC-mediated bone damage was studied by weekly intraperitoneal administration of the compounds to DBA/1 mice with CIA. RESULTS Two members of the peptidomimetics library were found to have SE-antagonistic effects and antiosteoclast differentiation effects at picomolar concentrations in vitro. The lead mimetic compound, designated HS(4-4)c Trp, potently ameliorated arthritis and bone damage in vivo when administered in picogram doses to mice with CIA. Another mimetic analog, designated HS(3-4)c Trp, was found to lack activity, both in vitro and in vivo. The differential activity of the 2 analogs depended on minor differences in their respective ring sizes and correlated with distinctive geometry when computationally docked to the SE binding site on calreticulin. CONCLUSION These findings identify calreticulin as a novel therapeutic target in erosive arthritis and provide sound rationale and early structure/activity relationships for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ling
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Ying Liu
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Chaim Gilon
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Poulsen A, William AD, Dymock BW. Designed Macrocyclic Kinase Inhibitors. MACROCYCLES IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623113-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cancer continues to present as an increasing and serious global unmet medical need in today's aging population.1 Macrocyclic kinase inhibitors have reached advanced clinical testing and are making an impact in oncologic conditions including myelofibrosis, lymphomas and leukemias. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is also beginning to be impacted with the first macrocycle having entered Phase I clinical evaluation in healthy volunteers. Increasing reports of innovative macrocycles in preclinical research are appearing in the literature. Desirable, selective, multi-kinase inhibitory profiles against specific kinases known to be abrogated in cancer, RA, and other diseases have been achieved in a first generation series of clinical stage compact small molecule macrocyclic kinase inhibitors. Herein we discuss their design, synthesis, structure activity relationships and assessment of the latest clinical data in a range of oncologic conditions. Macrocyclic kinase inhibitors have the potential to offer new hope to patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A*STAR 11 Biopolis Way, #03-10/11 The Helios 138667 Singapore
| | - Anthony D. William
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*STAR 11 Biopolis Way, The Helios #03-08 138667 Singapore
| | - Brian W. Dymock
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore 18 Science Drive 4 117543 Singapore
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Abstract
Consisting of four members, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2, the JAK kinases have emerged as important targets for proliferative and immune-inflammatory disorders. Recent progress in the discovery of selective inhibitors has been significant, with selective compounds now reported for each isoform. This article summarizes the current state-of-the-art with a discussion of the most recently described selective compounds. X-ray co-crystal structures reveal the molecular reasons for the observed biochemical selectivity. A concluding analysis of JAK inhibitors in the clinic highlights increased clinical trial activity and diversity of indications. Selective JAK inhibitors, as single agents or in combination regimens, have a very promising future in the treatment of oncology, immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The JAK kinases are a family of four tyrosine receptor kinases that play a pivotal role in cytokine receptor signalling pathways via their interaction with signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins. Selective inhibitors of JAK kinases are viewed as of considerable potential as disease-modifying anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. AREAS COVERED This article provides a review of the clinical development and available clinical results for those JAK inhibitors currently under investigation. Phase II data for four JAK inhibitors (baricitinib, decernotinib, filgotinib and INCB-039110) are contrasted with that reported for the recently approved JAK inhibitor tofacitinib. The preclinical data on these, in addition to peficitinib, ABT-494, INCB-047986 and AC-410 are also discussed, as are some of the inhibitors in preclinical development. EXPERT OPINION JAK inhibitors are effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis as evidenced by several inhibitors enabling the majority of treated patients to achieve ACR20 responses, with baricitinib and INCB-039110 both effective when administered once daily. JAK inhibitors differ in isoform specificity profiles, with good efficacy achievable by selective inhibition of either JAK1 (filgotinib or INCB-039110) or JAK3 (decernotinib). It remains to be seen what selectivity provides the optimal side-effect profile and to what extent inhibition of JAK2 should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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Clark JD, Flanagan ME, Telliez JB. Discovery and development of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for inflammatory diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5023-38. [PMID: 24417533 DOI: 10.1021/jm401490p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinases (JAKs) are a family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that play an essential role in the signaling of numerous cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. As a consequence, the JAKs have received significant attention in recent years from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries as therapeutic targets. Here, we provide a review of the JAK pathways, the structure, function, and activation of the JAK enzymes followed by a detailed look at the JAK inhibitors currently in the clinic or approved for these indications. Finally, a perspective is provided on what the past decade of research with JAK inhibitors for inflammatory indications has taught along with thoughts on what the future may hold in terms of addressing the opportunities and challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Clark
- Pfizer Immunosciences , 200 CambridgePark, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
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Menet CJ, Rompaey LV, Geney R. Advances in the discovery of selective JAK inhibitors. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013; 52:153-223. [PMID: 23384668 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62652-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the biology of the JAKs. The JAK family comprises the four nonreceptor tyrosine kinases JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2, all key players in the signal transduction from cytokine receptors to transcription factor activation. We also review the progresses made towards the optimization of JAK inhibitors and the importance of their selectivity profile. Indeed, the full array of many medicinal chemistry enabling tools (HTS, X-ray crystallography, scaffold morphing, etc.) has been deployed to successfully design molecules that discriminate among JAK family and other kinases. While the first JAK inhibitor was launched in 2011, this review also summarizes the status of several other small-molecule JAK inhibitors currently in development to treat arthritis, psoriasis, organ rejection, and multiple cancer types.
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Dymock BW, See CS. Inhibitors of JAK2 and JAK3: an update on the patent literature 2010 – 2012. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:449-501. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.765862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tibes R, Bogenberger JM, Geyer HL, Mesa RA. JAK2 inhibitors in the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1755-74. [PMID: 22991927 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.721352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dysregulation of JAK-STAT signaling is a pathogenetic hallmark of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) arising from several distinct molecular aberrations, including mutations in JAK2, the thrombopoietin receptor (MPL), mutations in negative regulators of JAK-STAT signaling, such as lymphocyte-specific adapter protein (SH2B3), and epigenetic dysregulation as seen with Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) proteins. In addition, growth factor/cytokine stimulatory events activate JAK-STAT signaling independent of mutations. AREAS COVERED The various mutations and molecular events activating JAK-STAT signaling in MPNs are reviewed. Detailed inhibitory kinase profiles of the currently developed JAK inhibitors are presented. Clinical trial results for currently developed JAK targeting agents are comprehensively summarized. The limitations of JAK-STAT targeting in MPNs, as well as potential rational combination therapies with JAK2 inhibitors, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Aberrant JAK-STAT signaling is an underlying theme in the pathogenesis of MPNs. While JAK2 inhibitors are active in JAK2V617F and wild-type JAK2 MPNs, JAK2V617F mutation-specific or JAK2-selective inhibitors may possess unique clinical attributes. Complimentary targeting of parallel pathways operating in MPNs may offer novel therapeutic approaches in combination with JAK inhibition. Understanding the intricacies of JAK-STAT pathway activation, including growth factor/cytokine-driven signaling, will open new avenues for therapeutic intervention at known and novel molecular vulnerabilities of MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Tibes
- Mayo Clinic, Hematology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Madan B, Goh KC, Hart S, William AD, Jayaraman R, Ethirajulu K, Dymock BW, Wood JM. SB1578, a novel inhibitor of JAK2, FLT3, and c-Fms for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4123-34. [PMID: 22962687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SB1578 is a novel, orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor with specificity for JAK2 within the JAK family and also potent activity against FLT3 and c-Fms. These three tyrosine kinases play a pivotal role in activation of pathways that underlie the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. SB1578 blocks the activation of these kinases and their downstream signaling in pertinent cells, leading to inhibition of pathological cellular responses. The biochemical and cellular activities of SB1578 translate into its high efficacy in two rodent models of arthritis. SB1578 not only prevents the onset of arthritis but is also potent in treating established disease in collagen-induced arthritis mice with beneficial effects on histopathological parameters of bone resorption and cartilage damage. SB1578 abrogates the inflammatory response and prevents the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into affected joints. It also leads to inhibition of Ag-presenting dendritic cells and inhibits the autoimmune component of the disease. In summary, SB1578 has a unique kinase spectrum, and its pharmacological profile provides a strong rationale for the ongoing clinical development in autoimmune diseases.
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