1
|
Cuthbertson CR, Arabzada Z, Bankhead A, Kyani A, Neamati N. A Review of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of One-Carbon Enzymes: SHMT2 and MTHFD2 in the Spotlight. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:624-646. [PMID: 33860190 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key hallmark of cancer and shifts cellular metabolism to meet the demands of biomass production necessary for abnormal cell reproduction. One-carbon metabolism (1CM) contributes to many biosynthetic pathways that fuel growth and is comprised of a complex network of enzymes. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil were pioneering drugs in this field and are still widely used today as anticancer agents as well as for other diseases such as arthritis. Besides dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase, two other enzymes of the folate cycle arm of 1CM have not been targeted clinically: serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD). An increasing body of literature suggests that the mitochondrial isoforms of these enzymes (SHMT2 and MTHFD2) are clinically relevant in the context of cancer. In this review, we focused on the 1CM pathway as a target for cancer therapy and, in particular, SHMT2 and MTHFD2. The function, regulation, and clinical relevance of SHMT2 and MTHFD2 are all discussed. We expand on previous clinical studies and evaluate the prognostic significance of these critical enzymes by performing a pan-cancer analysis of patient data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas and a transcriptional coexpression network enrichment analysis. We also provide an overview of preclinical and clinical inhibitors targeting the folate pathway, the methionine cycle, and folate-dependent purine biosynthesis enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Cuthbertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zahra Arabzada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armita Kyani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stipanuk MH. Metabolism of Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids: How the Body Copes with Excess Methionine, Cysteine, and Sulfide. J Nutr 2020; 150:2494S-2505S. [PMID: 33000151 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of excess methionine (Met) to homocysteine (Hcy) by transmethylation is facilitated by the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) I/III and glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) in liver, and a lack of either enzyme results in hypermethioninemia despite normal concentrations of MATII and methyltransferases other than GNMT. The further metabolism of Hcy by the transsulfuration pathway is facilitated by activation of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as well as the relatively high KM of CBS for Hcy. Transmethylation plus transsulfuration effects catabolism of the Met molecule along with transfer of the sulfur atom of Met to serine to synthesize cysteine (Cys). Oxidation and excretion of Met sulfur depend upon Cys catabolism and sulfur oxidation pathways. Excess Cys is oxidized by cysteine dioxygenase 1 (CDO1) and further metabolized to taurine or sulfate. Some Cys is normally metabolized by desulfhydration pathways, and the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced is further oxidized to sulfate. If Cys or Hcy concentrations are elevated, Cys or Hcy desulfhydration can result in excess H2S and thiosulfate production. Excess Cys or Met may also promote their limited metabolism by transamination pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha H Stipanuk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mládková J, Hladílková J, Diamond CE, Tryon K, Yamada K, Garrow TA, Jungwirth P, Koutmos M, Jiráček J. Specific potassium ion interactions facilitate homocysteine binding to betaine-homocysteine S
-methyltransferase. Proteins 2014; 82:2552-64. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Mládková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hladílková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Carrie E. Diamond
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Katherine Tryon
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Kazuhiro Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland 20814
| | - Timothy A. Garrow
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; University of Illinois; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda Maryland 20814
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pícha J, Vaněk V, Buděšínský M, Mládková J, Garrow TA, Jiráček J. The development of a new class of inhibitors for betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:256-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|