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Meyer EA, Croxford AL, Gnerre C, Kulig P, Murphy MJ, Jacob EM, Schäfer G, Richard-Bildstein S, Aissaoui H, Bouis P, Ertel EA, de Kanter R, Keller MP, Lüthi U, Caroff E. Discovery of the Clinical Candidate IDOR-1117-2520: A Potent and Selective Antagonist of CCR6 for Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8077-8098. [PMID: 38727100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Migration of immune cells to sites of inflammation is a critical step in the body's response to infections but also during autoimmune flares. Chemokine receptors, members of the GPCR receptors, are instrumental in directing specific cell types to their target organs. Herein, we describe a highly potent small molecule antagonist of the chemokine receptor CCR6, which came out of fine-tuned structural elaborations from a proprietary HTS hit. Three main issues in the parent chemical series-cytotoxicity, phototoxicity, and hERG, were successfully solved. Biological characterization demonstrated that compound 45 (IDOR-1117-2520) is a selective and insurmountable antagonist of CCR6. In vivo proof-of-mechanism studies in a mouse lung inflammation model using a representative compound from the chemical class of 45 confirmed that the targeted CCR6+ cells were efficiently inhibited from migrating into the bronchoalveoli. Finally, ADMET and physicochemical properties were well balanced and the preclinical package warranted progress in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Meyer
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Andrew L Croxford
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Kulig
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Mark J Murphy
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Elise M Jacob
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schäfer
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Hamed Aissaoui
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Bouis
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Ertel
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marcel P Keller
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Urs Lüthi
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Eva Caroff
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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2
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Park E, Barclay WE, Barrera A, Liao TC, Salzler HR, Reddy TE, Shinohara ML, Ciofani M. Integrin α3 promotes T H17 cell polarization and extravasation during autoimmune neuroinflammation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg7597. [PMID: 37831759 PMCID: PMC10821720 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg7597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by CNS-infiltrating leukocytes, including TH17 cells that are critical mediators of disease pathogenesis. Although targeting leukocyte trafficking is effective in treating autoimmunity, there are currently no therapeutic interventions that specifically block encephalitogenic TH17 cell migration. Here, we report integrin α3 as a TH17 cell-selective determinant of pathogenicity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CNS-infiltrating TH17 cells express high integrin α3, and its deletion in CD4+ T cells or Il17a fate-mapped cells attenuated disease severity. Mechanistically, integrin α3 enhanced the immunological synapse formation to promote the polarization and proliferation of TH17 cells. Moreover, the transmigration of TH17 cells into the CNS was dependent on integrin α3, and integrin α3 deficiency enhanced the retention of CD4+ T cells in the perivascular space of the blood-brain barrier. Integrin α3-dependent interactions continuously maintain TH17 cell identity and effector function. The requirement of integrin α3 in TH17 cell pathogenicity suggests integrin α3 as a therapeutic target for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunchong Park
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William E. Barclay
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alejandro Barrera
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Chieh Liao
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harmony R. Salzler
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy E. Reddy
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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3
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Heng AHS, Han CW, Abbott C, McColl SR, Comerford I. Chemokine-Driven Migration of Pro-Inflammatory CD4 + T Cells in CNS Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817473. [PMID: 35250997 PMCID: PMC8889115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory CD4+ T helper (Th) cells drive the pathogenesis of many autoimmune conditions. Recent advances have modified views of the phenotype of pro-inflammatory Th cells in autoimmunity, extending the breadth of known Th cell subsets that operate as drivers of these responses. Heterogeneity and plasticity within Th1 and Th17 cells, and the discovery of subsets of Th cells dedicated to production of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as GM-CSF have led to these advances. Here, we review recent progress in this area and focus specifically upon evidence for chemokine receptors that drive recruitment of these various pro-inflammatory Th cell subsets to sites of autoimmune inflammation in the CNS. We discuss expression of specific chemokine receptors by subsets of pro-inflammatory Th cells and highlight which receptors may be tractable targets of therapeutic interventions to limit pathogenic Th cell recruitment in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H S Heng
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caleb W Han
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Caitlin Abbott
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shaun R McColl
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- The Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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4
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Bose S, Saha P, Chatterjee B, Srivastava AK. Chemokines driven ovarian cancer progression, metastasis and chemoresistance: potential pharmacological targets for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:568-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Discovery and evaluation of non-basic small molecule modulators of the atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128320. [PMID: 34400299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7) is an attractive therapeutic target for a variety of cardiac and immunological diseases. As a strategy to mitigate known risks associated with the development of higher molecular weight, basic compounds, a series of pyrrolidinyl-azolopyrazines were identified as promising small-molecule CXCR7 modulators. Using a highly enabled parallel medicinal chemistry strategy, structure-activity relationship studies geared towards a reduction in lipophilicity and incorporation of saturated heterocycles led to the identification of representative tool compound 20. Notably, compound 20 maintained good potency against CXCR7 with a suitable balance of physicochemical properties to support in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.
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6
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Yang MG, Xiao Z, Zhao R, Tebben AJ, Wang B, Cherney RJ, Batt DG, Brown GD, Cvijic ME, Duncia JV, Gallela MA, Gardner DS, Khandelwal P, Malley MF, Pang J, Rose AV, Santella JB, Sarjeant AA, Xu S, Mathur A, Mandlekar S, Vuppugalla R, Zhao Q, Carter PH. Discovery of BMS-753426: A Potent Orally Bioavailable Antagonist of CC Chemokine Receptor 2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:969-975. [PMID: 34141082 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the metabolic stability profile of BMS-741672 (1a), we undertook a structure-activity relationship study in our trisubstituted cyclohexylamine series. This ultimately led to the identification of 2d (BMS-753426) as a potent and orally bioavailable antagonist of CCR2. Compared to previous clinical candidate 1a, the tert-butyl amine 2d showed significant improvements in pharmacokinetic properties, with lower clearance and higher oral bioavailability. Furthermore, compound 2d exhibited improved affinity for CCR5 and good activity in models of both monocyte migration and multiple sclerosis in the hCCR2 knock-in mouse. The synthesis of 2d was facilitated by the development of a simplified approach to key intermediate (4R)-9b that deployed a stereoselective reductive amination which may prove to be of general interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Yang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Zili Xiao
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tebben
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Robert J. Cherney
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Douglas G. Batt
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gregory D. Brown
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - John V. Duncia
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Michael A. Gallela
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Daniel S. Gardner
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Mary F. Malley
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Jian Pang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Anne V. Rose
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Joseph B. Santella
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Songmei Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Ragini Vuppugalla
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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7
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Liu J, Han J, Izawa K, Sato T, White S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Cyclic tailor-made amino acids in the design of modern pharmaceuticals. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112736. [PMID: 32966895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tailor-made AAs are indispensable components of modern medicinal chemistry and are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs. In fact, about 30% of small-molecule pharmaceuticals contain residues of tailor-made AAs or structurally related diamines and amino-alcohols. Cyclic tailor-made AAs present a particular value to rational structural design by virtue of their local conformational constraints and are widely used in lead optimization programs. The present review article highlights 34 compounds, all of which are derived from cyclic AAs, representing recently-approved, small-molecule pharmaceuticals as well as promising drug candidates currently in various phases of clinical study. For each compound, the discussion includes the discovery, therapeutic profile and optimized synthesis, with a focus on the preparation of cyclic tailor-made AA as the principal structural feature. The present review article is intended to serve as a reference source for organic, medicinal and process chemists along with other professionals working in the fields of drug design and pharmaceutical discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc, 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box, 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543 4000, United States
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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8
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Graham DJ, Izawa K, Sato T, Fustero S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2020; 26:11349-11390. [PMID: 32359086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor-made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man-made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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9
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Kiyasu Y, Kawada K, Hirai H, Ogawa R, Hanada K, Masui H, Nishikawa G, Yamamoto T, Mizuno R, Itatani Y, Kai M, Taketo MM, Sakai Y. Disruption of CCR1-mediated myeloid cell accumulation suppresses colorectal cancer progression in mice. Cancer Lett 2020; 487:53-62. [PMID: 32473241 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-stromal interaction is implicated in tumor progression. Although CCR1 expression in myeloid cells could be associated with pro-tumor activity, it remains elusive whether disruption of CCR1-mediated myeloid cell accumulation can suppress tumor progression. Here, we investigated the role of CCR1 depletion in myeloid cells in two syngeneic colorectal cancer mouse models: MC38, a transplanted tumor model and CMT93, a liver metastasis model. Both cells induced tumor accumulation of CCR1+ myeloid cells that express MMP2, MMP9, iNOS, and VEGF. Lack of the Ccr1 gene in host mice dramatically reduced MC38 tumor growth as well as CMT93 liver metastasis. To delineate the contribution of CCR1+ myeloid cells, we performed bone marrow (BM) transfer experiments in which sub-lethally irradiated wild-type mice were reconstituted with BM from either wild-type or Ccr1-/- mice. Mice reconstituted with Ccr1-/- BM exhibited marked suppression of MC38 tumor growth and CMT93 liver metastasis, compared with control mice. Consistent with these results, administration of a neutralizing anti-CCR1 monoclonal antibody, KM5908, significantly suppressed MC38 tumor growth and CMT93 liver metastases. Our findings highlight the importance of the application of CCR1 blockade as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kiyasu
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Hideyo Hirai
- Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Ogawa
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keita Hanada
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Masui
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gen Nishikawa
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamasa Yamamoto
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Rei Mizuno
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Itatani
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kai
- Oncology Research Laboratories, Oncology R&D Unit, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan
| | - Makoto Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Departments of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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10
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Cui LY, Chu SF, Chen NH. The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in multiple sclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106314. [PMID: 32197226 PMCID: PMC7156228 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Summarize the study of the role of chemokines and their receptors in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and MS animal models. Discuss their potential significance in inflammatory injury and repair of MS. Summarize the progress in the research of MS antagonists in recent years with chemokine receptors as targets.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by leukocyte infiltration and subsequent axonal damage, demyelinating inflammation, and formation of sclerosing plaques in brain tissue. The results of various studies in patients indicate that autoimmunity and inflammation make an important impact on the pathogenesis of MS. Chemokines are key mediators of inflammation development and cell migration, mediating various immune cell responses, including chemotaxis and immune activation, and are important in immunity and inflammation, therefore we focus on chemokines and their receptors in multiple sclerosis. In this article, we summarize the study of the role of prominent chemokines and their receptors in MS patients and MS animal modelsand discuss their potential significance in inflammatory injury and repair of MS. We have also summarized the progress in the treatment of multiple sclerosis antagonists in recent years with chemokine receptors as targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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11
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Anderson CA, Patel P, Viney JM, Phillips RM, Solari R, Pease JE. A degradatory fate for CCR4 suggests a primary role in Th2 inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:455-466. [PMID: 32052476 PMCID: PMC7155072 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0120-089rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CCR4 is the sole receptor for the chemokines CCL22 and CCL17. Clinical studies of asthmatic airways have shown levels of both ligands and CCR4+ Th2 cells to be elevated, suggestive of a role in disease. Consequently, CCR4 has aroused much interest as a potential therapeutic target and an understanding of how its cell surface expression is regulated is highly desirable. To this end, receptor expression, receptor endocytosis, and chemotaxis were assessed using transfectants expressing CCR4, CCR4+ human T cell lines, and human Th2 cells polarized in vitro. CCL17 and CCL22 drove rapid endocytosis of CCR4 in a dose-dependent manner. Replenishment at the cell surface was slow and sensitive to cycloheximide, suggestive of de novo synthesis of CCR4. Constitutive CCR4 endocytosis was also observed, with the internalized CCR4 found to be significantly degraded over a 6-h incubation. Truncation of the CCR4 C-terminus by 40 amino acids had no effect on cell surface expression, but resulted in significant impairment of ligand-induced endocytosis. Consequently, migration to both CCL17 and CCL22 was significantly enhanced. In contrast, truncation of CCR4 did not impair constitutive endocytosis or degradation, suggesting the use of alternative receptor motifs in these processes. We conclude that CCR4 cell surface levels are tightly regulated, with a degradative fate for endocytosed receptor. We postulate that this strict control is desirable, given that Th2 cells recruited by CCR4 can induce the further expression of CCR4 ligands in a positive feedback loop, thereby enhancing allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Anderson
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Pallavi Patel
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Viney
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rhian M Phillips
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Solari
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Airway Disease Infection Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - James E Pease
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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12
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Tahirovic YA, Pelly S, Jecs E, Miller EJ, Sharma SK, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. Small molecule and peptide-based CXCR4 modulators as therapeutic agents. A patent review for the period from 2010 to 2018. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:87-101. [PMID: 31854208 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1707186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been under intense study due to the central role it plays in immune system regulation and the pathology of many human diseases. The FDA approval of the first CXCR4 antagonist drug Plerixafor (i.e. AMD3100, Mozobil®) ushered in an increase in patent activity covering CXCR4 based therapeutic agents over the past decade.Areas covered: This article describes patent documents published during the period of 2010 through 2018 for both small molecules and peptide-based CXCR4 modulators as therapeutic agents. There is an expansion of intellectual property (IP) around existing and new small molecules of clinical interest, including new chemotypes featuring aromatic and aliphatic heterocycles. There is also significant IP covering peptide-based therapeutics, although about half as many in number as those covering small molecules.Expert opinion: In the last decade there has been significant interest in modulators of the CXCR4 receptor, as gauged by the number of patent filings and clinical investigations targeting this receptor for human disease intervention. Seven of the many CXCR4 modulators described herein, that are currently in human clinical trials, are likely to spur the creation of other FDA approved therapeutics in the near future, most likely as immune and oncology drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgars Jecs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Fantuzzi L, Tagliamonte M, Gauzzi MC, Lopalco L. Dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting: opportunities for the cure of complex disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4869-4886. [PMID: 31377844 PMCID: PMC6892368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine system mediates acute inflammation by driving leukocyte migration to damaged or infected tissues. However, elevated expression of chemokines and their receptors can contribute to chronic inflammation and malignancy. Thus, great effort has been taken to target these molecules. The first hint of the druggability of the chemokine system was derived from the role of chemokine receptors in HIV infection. CCR5 and CXCR4 function as essential co-receptors for HIV entry, with the former accounting for most new HIV infections worldwide. Not by chance, an anti-CCR5 compound, maraviroc, was the first FDA-approved chemokine receptor-targeting drug. CCR5, by directing leukocytes to sites of inflammation and regulating their activation, also represents an important player in the inflammatory response. This function is shared with CCR2 and its selective ligand CCL2, which constitute the primary chemokine axis driving the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to inflammatory sites. Both receptors are indeed involved in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, and dual CCR5/CCR2 targeting is emerging as a more efficacious strategy than targeting either receptor alone in the treatment of complex human disorders. In this review, we focus on the distinctive and complementary contributions of CCR5 and CCR2/CCL2 in HIV infection, multiple sclerosis, liver fibrosis and associated hepatocellular carcinoma. The emerging therapeutic approaches based on the inhibition of these chemokine axes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori- IRCCS-"Fond G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Immunobiology of HIV Unit, Division Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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15
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Mog B, Asase C, Chaplin A, Gao H, Rajagopalan S, Maiseyeu A. Nano-Antagonist Alleviates Inflammation and Allows for MRI of Atherosclerosis. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:342-355. [PMID: 31723548 PMCID: PMC6838142 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.37391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific targeting of inflammation remains a challenge in many pathologies, because of the necessary balance between host tolerance and efficacious inflammation resolution. Here, we discovered a short, 4-mer peptide which possesses antagonist properties towards CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), but only when displayed on the surface of lipid nanoparticles. According to BLAST analysis, this peptide motif is a common repeating fragment in a number of proteins of the CC chemokine family, which are key players in the inflammatory response. In this study, self-assembled, peptide-conjugated nanoparticles (CCTV) exhibited typical properties of CCR2 antagonism, including affinity to the CCR2 receptor, inhibition of chemotactic migration of primary monocytes, and prevention from CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)-induced actin polymerization. Furthermore, CCTV ameliorated NFkB activation and downregulated the secondary, but not the primary, inflammatory response in cultured macrophages. When conjugated with gadolinium or europium cryptates, CCTV enabled targeted imaging (via magnetic resonance imaging and time-resolved fluorescence) of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition in which the CCL2/CCR2 axis is highly dysfunctional. CCTV targeted CCR2hiLy6Chi inflammatory monocytes in blood and the atherosclerotic plaque, resulting in cell-specific transcriptional downregulation of key inflammatory genes. Finally, CCTV generated pronounced inflammasome inactivation, likely mediated through reactive oxygen species scavenging and downregulation of NLRP3. In summary, our work demonstrates for the first time that a short peptide fragment presented on a nanoparticle surface exhibit potent receptor-targeted antagonist effects, which are not seen with the peptide alone. Unlike commonly used cargo-carrying, vector-directed drug delivery vehicles, CCTV nanoparticles may act as therapeutics/theranostics themselves, particularly in inflammatory conditions with CCL2/CCR2 pathogenesis, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mog
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Courteney Asase
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alice Chaplin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Huiyun Gao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, 420 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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16
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Bobkov V, Arimont M, Zarca A, De Groof TWM, van der Woning B, de Haard H, Smit MJ. Antibodies Targeting Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and ACKR3. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:753-764. [PMID: 31481460 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the chemokine system is implicated in a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Modulation of chemokine receptor function is a very promising approach for therapeutic intervention. Despite interest from academic groups and pharmaceutical companies, there are currently few approved medicines targeting chemokine receptors. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-based molecules have been successfully applied in the clinical therapy of cancer and represent a potential new class of therapeutics targeting chemokine receptors belonging to the class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Besides conventional mAbs, single-domain antibodies and antibody scaffolds are also gaining attention as promising therapeutics. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of mAbs, single-domain antibodies, and other antibody fragments targeting CXCR4 and ACKR3, formerly referred to as CXCR7. We discuss their unique properties and advantages over small-molecule compounds, and also refer to the molecules in preclinical and clinical development. We focus on single-domain antibodies and scaffolds and their utilization in GPCR research. Additionally, structural analysis of antibody binding to CXCR4 is discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Modulating the function of GPCRs, and particularly chemokine receptors, draws high interest. A comprehensive review is provided for monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, and variants directed at CXCR4 and ACKR3. Their advantageous functional properties, versatile applications as research tools, and use in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bobkov
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Aurélien Zarca
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Bas van der Woning
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Hans de Haard
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
| | - Martine J Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.B., M.A., A.Z., T.W.M.D.G., M.J.S.); and argenx BVBA, Zwijnaarde, Belgium (V.B., B.W., H.H.)
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17
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De Laere M, Berneman ZN, Cools N. To the Brain and Back: Migratory Paths of Dendritic Cells in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 77:178-192. [PMID: 29342287 PMCID: PMC5901086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of dendritic cells (DC) to the central nervous system (CNS) is a critical event in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). While up until now, research has mainly focused on the transmigration of DC through the blood-brain barrier, experimental evidence points out that also the choroid plexus and meningeal vessels represent important gateways to the CNS, especially in early disease stages. On the other hand, DC can exit the CNS to maintain immunological tolerance to patterns expressed in the CNS, a process that is perturbed in MS. Targeting trafficking of immune cells, including DC, to the CNS has demonstrated to be a successful strategy to treat MS. However, this approach is known to compromise protective immune surveillance of the brain. Unravelling the migratory paths of regulatory and pathogenic DC within the CNS may ultimately lead to the design of new therapeutic strategies able to selectively interfere with the recruitment of pathogenic DC to the CNS, while leaving host protective mechanisms intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime De Laere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp
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18
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Goldblatt J, Lawrenson RA, Muir L, Dattani S, Hoffland A, Tsuchiya T, Kanegasaki S, Sriskandan S, Pease JE. A Requirement for Neutrophil Glycosaminoglycans in Chemokine:Receptor Interactions Is Revealed by the Streptococcal Protease SpyCEP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3246-3255. [PMID: 31010851 PMCID: PMC6526389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SpyCEP-cleaved CXCL8 is unable to bind and activate CXCL8 receptors. Neutrophil glycosaminoglycans are required for migration along a CXCL8 gradient.
To evade the immune system, the lethal human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes produces SpyCEP, an enzyme that cleaves the C-terminal α-helix of CXCL8, resulting in markedly impaired recruitment of neutrophils to sites of invasive infection. The basis for chemokine inactivation by SpyCEP is, however, poorly understood, as the core domain of CXCL8 known to interact with CXCL8 receptors is unaffected by enzymatic cleavage. We examined the in vitro migration of human neutrophils and observed that their ability to efficiently navigate a CXCL8 gradient was compromised following CXCL8 cleavage by SpyCEP. SpyCEP-mediated cleavage of CXCL8 also impaired CXCL8-induced migration of transfectants expressing the human chemokine receptors CXCR1 or CXCR2. Despite possessing an intact N terminus and preserved disulfide bonds, SpyCEP-cleaved CXCL8 had impaired binding to both CXCR1 and CXCR2, pointing to a requirement for the C-terminal α-helix. SpyCEP-cleaved CXCL8 had similarly impaired binding to the glycosaminoglycan heparin. Enzymatic removal of neutrophil glycosaminoglycans was observed to ablate neutrophil navigation of a CXCL8 gradient, whereas navigation of an fMLF gradient remained largely intact. We conclude, therefore, that SpyCEP cleavage of CXCL8 results in chemokine inactivation because of a requirement for glycosaminoglycan binding in productive chemokine:receptor interactions. This may inform strategies to inhibit the activity of SpyCEP, but may also influence future approaches to inhibit unwanted chemokine-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Goldblatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke Muir
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saloni Dattani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Hoffland
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Asthma U.K. Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tomoko Tsuchiya
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shiro Kanegasaki
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom;
| | - James E Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; .,Asthma U.K. Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; and
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19
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Apel AK, Cheng RK, Tautermann CS, Brauchle M, Huang CY, Pautsch A, Hennig M, Nar H, Schnapp G. Crystal Structure of CC Chemokine Receptor 2A in Complex with an Orthosteric Antagonist Provides Insights for the Design of Selective Antagonists. Structure 2019; 27:427-438.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Katzman BM, Cox BD, Prosser AR, Alcaraz AA, Murat B, Héroux M, Tebben A, Zhang Y, Schroeder GM, Snyder JP, Wilson LJ, Liotta DC. Tetrahydroisoquinoline CXCR4 Antagonists Adopt a Hybrid Binding Mode within the Peptide Subpocket of the CXCR4 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:67-73. [PMID: 30655949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rationale for the structural and mechanistic basis of a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) based series of CXCR4 antagonists is presented. Using the previously reported crystal structures which reveal two distinct binding sites of CXCR4 defined as the small molecule (IT1t or minor) binding pocket and peptide (CVX15 or major) binding pocket, we hypothesized our THIQ small molecule series could bind like either molecule in these respective receptor configurations (IT1t versus CVX15 based poses). To this end, a thorough investigation was performed through a combination of receptor mutation studies, medicinal chemistry, biological testing, conformational analysis, and flexible docking. Our findings showed that the CVX15 peptide-based CXCR4 receptor complexes (red pose) were consistently favored over the small molecule IT1t based CXCR4 receptor configurations (blue pose) to correctly explain the computational and mutational studies as well as key structural components of activity for these small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Katzman
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bryan D. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ana A. Alcaraz
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Brigitte Murat
- Medicinal Chemistry platform, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madeleine Héroux
- Medicinal Chemistry platform, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrew Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, US Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, US Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gretchen M. Schroeder
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, US Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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21
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Lin HY, Ho Y, Liu HL. Structure-Based Pharmacophore Modeling to Discover Novel CCR5 Inhibitors for HIV-1/Cancers Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2019.121002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Zhan Y, Wang N, Vasanthakumar A, Zhang Y, Chopin M, Nutt SL, Kallies A, Lew AM. CCR2 enhances CD25 expression by FoxP3 + regulatory T cells and regulates their abundance independently of chemotaxis and CCR2 + myeloid cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 17:123-132. [PMID: 30538272 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide array of chemokine receptors, including CCR2, are known to control Treg migration. Here, we report that CCR2 regulates Tregs beyond chemotaxis. We found that CCR2 deficiency reduced CD25 expression by FoxP3+ Treg cells. Such a change was also consistently present in irradiation chimeras reconstituted with mixed bone marrow from wild-type (WT) and CCR2-/- strains. Thus, CCR2 deficiency resulted in profound loss of CD25hi FoxP3+ Tregs in secondary lymphoid organs as well as in peripheral tissues. CCR2-/- Treg cells were also functionally inferior to WT cells. Interestingly, these changes to Treg cells did not depend on CCR2+ monocytes/moDCs (the cells where CCR2 receptors are most abundant). Rather, we demonstrated that CCR2 was required for TLR-stimulated, but not TCR- or IL-2-stimulated, CD25 upregulation on Treg cells. Thus, we propose that CCR2 signaling can increase the fitness of FoxP3+ Treg cells and provide negative feedback to counter the proinflammatory effects of CCR2 on myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhan
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nancy Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yuxia Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou Medical University, 510623, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Michael Chopin
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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23
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Argyle D, Kitamura T. Targeting Macrophage-Recruiting Chemokines as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Prevent the Progression of Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2629. [PMID: 30483271 PMCID: PMC6243037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are initiated by genetic mutations in non-hematopoietic cells and progress into invasive malignant tumors. This tumor progression often culminates in metastatic disease that is largely refractory to current therapeutic modalities and thus dramatically reduces survival of tumor patients. As solid tumors account for more than 80% of cancer-related deaths, it is necessary to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat the diseases. An attractive strategy is to target macrophages in both primary tumors [known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)] and metastatic tumors [called metastasis-associated macrophages (MAMs)]. TAMs and MAMs are abundant in most solid tumors and can promote tumor metastasis. Several studies in various models of solid tumors suggest that the accumulation of TAMs, MAMs, and their progenitor cells is regulated by chemokine ligands released by tumor and stromal cells. Consequently, these macrophage-recruiting chemokines could be potential therapeutic targets to prevent malignant tumor development through disruption of the accumulation of pro-metastatic macrophages. This review will discuss the role of chemokine ligands and their receptors in TAM and MAM accumulation in primary and secondary tumor sites, and finally discuss the therapeutic potential of inhibitors against these macrophage-recruiting chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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24
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Ortiz Zacarías NV, van Veldhoven JPD, Portner L, van Spronsen E, Ullo S, Veenhuizen M, van der Velden WJC, Zweemer AJM, Kreekel RM, Oenema K, Lenselink EB, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Pyrrolone Derivatives as Intracellular Allosteric Modulators for Chemokine Receptors: Selective and Dual-Targeting Inhibitors of CC Chemokine Receptors 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9146-9161. [PMID: 30256641 PMCID: PMC6328288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
recent crystal structures of CC chemokine receptors 2 and 9
(CCR2 and CCR9) have provided structural evidence for an allosteric,
intracellular binding site. The high conservation of residues involved
in this site suggests its presence in most chemokine receptors, including
the close homologue CCR1. By using [3H]CCR2-RA-[R], a high-affinity, CCR2 intracellular ligand, we report
an intracellular binding site in CCR1, where this radioligand also
binds with high affinity. In addition, we report the synthesis and
biological characterization of a series of pyrrolone derivatives for
CCR1 and CCR2, which allowed us to identify several high-affinity
intracellular ligands, including selective and potential multitarget
antagonists. Evaluation of selected compounds in a functional [35S]GTPγS assay revealed that they act as inverse agonists
in CCR1, providing a new manner of pharmacological modulation. Thus,
this intracellular binding site enables the design of selective and
multitarget inhibitors as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus P D van Veldhoven
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura Portner
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Spronsen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Salviana Ullo
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Margo Veenhuizen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Annelien J M Zweemer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Roy M Kreekel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Kenny Oenema
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eelke B Lenselink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety , Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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25
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Qin LH, Wang ZL, Xie X, Long YQ. Discovery and synthesis of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[4,3-c]azepin-5-one-based novel chemotype CCR2 antagonists via scaffold hopping strategy. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3559-3572. [PMID: 29805075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CC receptor subtype 2 (CCR2) has attracted intensive interest for drug development in diverse therapeutic areas, including chronic inflammatory diseases, diabetes, neuropathic pain, atherogenesis and cancer. By employing a cut-and-sew scaffold hopping strategy, we identified an active scaffold of 3,4-dihydro-2,6-naphthyridin-1(2H)-one as the central pharmacophore to derive novel CCR2 antagonists. Systematic structure-activity relationship study with respect to the ring size and the substitution on the naphthyridinone ring gave birth to 1-arylamino-6-alkylheterocycle-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[4,3-c]azepin-5-ones as a brand new chemotype of CCR2 antagonists with nanomolar inhibitory activity. The best antagonism activity in this series was exemplified by compound 13a, which combined the optimal substitutions of 3,4-dichlorophenylamino at C-1 and 3-(4-(N-methylmethylsulfonamido)piperidin-1-yl)propyl at N-6 position, leading to an IC50 value of 61 nM and 10-fold selectivity for CCR2 over CCR5. Efficient and general synthesis was established to construct the innovative core structure and derive the compound collections. This is the first report on our designed 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[4,3-c]azepin-5-one as novel CCR2 antagonist scaffold and its synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Huai Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Pharmaceutic Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Long Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; College of Pharmaceutic Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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26
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Menhaji-Klotz E, Hesp KD, Londregan AT, Kalgutkar AS, Piotrowski DW, Boehm M, Song K, Ryder T, Beaumont K, Jones RM, Atkinson K, Brown JA, Litchfield J, Xiao J, Canterbury DP, Burford K, Thuma BA, Limberakis C, Jiao W, Bagley SW, Agarwal S, Crowell D, Pazdziorko S, Ward J, Price DA, Clerin V. Discovery of a Novel Small-Molecule Modulator of C–X–C Chemokine Receptor Type 7 as a Treatment for Cardiac Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3685-3696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Menhaji-Klotz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kevin D. Hesp
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allyn T. Londregan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David W. Piotrowski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Markus Boehm
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kun Song
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tim Ryder
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin Beaumont
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rhys M. Jones
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Janice A. Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jun Xiao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel P. Canterbury
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kristen Burford
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Thuma
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chris Limberakis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Wenhua Jiao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Scott W. Bagley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Saket Agarwal
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danielle Crowell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen Pazdziorko
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica Ward
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A. Price
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Valerie Clerin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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27
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Young RJ, Leeson PD. Mapping the Efficiency and Physicochemical Trajectories of Successful Optimizations. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6421-6467. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Young
- GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Paul D. Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd., The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone, Nuneaton, Warwickshire CV13 6LZ, U.K
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28
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In-silico guided discovery of novel CCR9 antagonists. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:573-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Amin SA, Adhikari N, Baidya SK, Gayen S, Jha T. Structural refinement and prediction of potential CCR2 antagonists through validated multi-QSAR modeling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:75-94. [PMID: 29251559 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1418679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines trigger numerous inflammatory responses and modulate the immune system. The interaction between monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) may be the cause of atherosclerosis, obesity, and insulin resistance. However, CCR2 is also implicated in other inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and neuropathic pain. Therefore, there is a paramount importance of designing potent and selective CCR2 antagonists despite a number of drug candidates failed in clinical trials. In this article, 83 CCR2 antagonists by Jhonson and Jhonson Pharmaceuticals have been considered for robust validated multi-QSAR modeling studies to get an idea about the structural and pharmacophoric requirements for designing more potent CCR2 antagonists. All these QSAR models were validated and statistically reliable. Observations resulted from different modeling studies correlated and validated results of other ones. Finally, depending on these QSAR observations, some new molecules were proposed that may exhibit higher activity against CCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Abdul Amin
- a Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , P. O. Box 17020, Kolkata 700032 , West Bengal , India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- a Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , P. O. Box 17020, Kolkata 700032 , West Bengal , India
| | - Sandip Kumar Baidya
- a Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , P. O. Box 17020, Kolkata 700032 , West Bengal , India
| | - Shovanlal Gayen
- b Laboratory of Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dr. Harisingh Gour University , Sagar 470003 , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Tarun Jha
- a Natural Science Laboratory, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , P. O. Box 17020, Kolkata 700032 , West Bengal , India
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30
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Guryanov I, Cipriani S, Fiorucci S, Zashikhina N, Marchianò S, Scarpelli P, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Popova E, Korzhikova-Vlakh E, Biondi B, Formaggio F, Tennikova T. Nanotraps with biomimetic surface as decoys for chemokines. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2575-2585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Kindon N, Andrews G, Baxter A, Cheshire D, Hemsley P, Johnson T, Liu YZ, McGinnity D, McHale M, Mete A, Reuberson J, Roberts B, Steele J, Teobald B, Unitt J, Vaughan D, Walters I, Stocks MJ. Discovery of AZD-2098 and AZD-1678, Two Potent and Bioavailable CCR4 Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:981-986. [PMID: 28947948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
N-(5-Bromo-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)-5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide 1 was identified as a hit in a CCR4 receptor antagonist high-throughput screen (HTS) of a subset of the AstraZeneca compound bank. As a hit with a lead-like profile, it was an excellent starting point for a CCR4 receptor antagonist program and enabled the rapid progression through the Lead Identification and Lead Optimization phases resulting in the discovery of two bioavailable CCR4 receptor antagonist candidate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kindon
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Glen Andrews
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Andrew Baxter
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - David Cheshire
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Paul Hemsley
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Timothy Johnson
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Yu-Zhen Liu
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Dermot McGinnity
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Mark McHale
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Antonio Mete
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - James Reuberson
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Bryan Roberts
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - John Steele
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative
Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden
1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Barry Teobald
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - John Unitt
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Deborah Vaughan
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Iain Walters
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
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32
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Zhang ZJ, Jiang BC, Gao YJ. Chemokines in neuron-glial cell interaction and pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3275-3291. [PMID: 28389721 PMCID: PMC11107618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has become clear that neuroinflammation, mainly mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines were originally identified as regulators of peripheral immune cell trafficking and were also expressed in neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system. In recent years, accumulating studies have revealed the expression, distribution and function of chemokines in the spinal cord under chronic pain conditions. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several chemokines are upregulated after peripheral nerve injury and contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain via different forms of neuron-glia interaction in the spinal cord. First, chemokine CX3CL1 is expressed in primary afferents and spinal neurons and induces microglial activation via its microglial receptor CX3CR1 (neuron-to-microglia signaling). Second, CCL2 and CXCL1 are expressed in spinal astrocytes and act on CCR2 and CXCR2 in spinal neurons to increase excitatory synaptic transmission (astrocyte-to-neuron signaling). Third, we recently identified that CXCL13 is highly upregulated in spinal neurons after spinal nerve ligation and induces spinal astrocyte activation via receptor CXCR5 (neuron-to-astrocyte signaling). Strategies that target chemokine-mediated neuron-glia interactions may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Pain Research Laboratory, Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, China.
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33
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Kufareva I, Gustavsson M, Zheng Y, Stephens BS, Handel TM. What Do Structures Tell Us About Chemokine Receptor Function and Antagonism? Annu Rev Biophys 2017; 46:175-198. [PMID: 28532213 PMCID: PMC5764094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and their cell surface G protein-coupled receptors are critical for cell migration, not only in many fundamental biological processes but also in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Recent X-ray structures of two chemokines complexed with full-length receptors provided unprecedented insight into the atomic details of chemokine recognition and receptor activation, and computational modeling informed by new experiments leverages these insights to gain understanding of many more receptor:chemokine pairs. In parallel, chemokine receptor structures with small molecules reveal the complicated and diverse structural foundations of small molecule antagonism and allostery, highlight the inherent physicochemical challenges of receptor:chemokine interfaces, and suggest novel epitopes that can be exploited to overcome these challenges. The structures and models promote unique understanding of chemokine receptor biology, including the interpretation of two decades of experimental studies, and will undoubtedly assist future drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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34
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Vanheule V, Boff D, Mortier A, Janssens R, Petri B, Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P, Berghmans N, Struyf S, Kungl AJ, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA, Proost P. CXCL9-Derived Peptides Differentially Inhibit Neutrophil Migration In Vivo through Interference with Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28539925 PMCID: PMC5423902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases are driven by accumulation of activated leukocytes due to enhanced chemokine expression. In addition to specific G protein-coupled receptor-dependent signaling, chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions are important for chemokine activity in vivo. Therefore, the GAG-chemokine interaction has been explored as target for inhibition of chemokine activity. It was demonstrated that CXCL9(74-103) binds with high affinity to GAGs, competed with active chemokines for GAG binding and thereby inhibited CXCL8- and monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced neutrophil migration to joints. To evaluate the affinity and specificity of the COOH-terminal part of CXCL9 toward different GAGs in detail, we chemically synthesized several COOH-terminal CXCL9 peptides including the shorter CXCL9(74-93). Compared to CXCL9(74-103), CXCL9(74-93) showed equally high affinity for heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), but lower affinity for binding to chondroitin sulfate (CS) and cellular GAGs. Correspondingly, both peptides competed with equal efficiency for CXCL8 binding to heparin and HS but not to cellular GAGs. In addition, differences in anti-inflammatory activity between both peptides were detected in vivo. CXCL8-induced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity and to the knee joint were inhibited with similar potency by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of CXCL9(74-103) or CXCL9(74-93), but not by CXCL9(86-103). In contrast, neutrophil extravasation in the MSU crystal-induced gout model, in which multiple chemoattractants are induced, was not affected by CXCL9(74-93). This could be explained by (1) the lower affinity of CXCL9(74-93) for CS, the most abundant GAG in joints, and (2) by reduced competition with GAG binding of CXCL1, the most abundant ELR+ CXC chemokine in this gout model. Mechanistically we showed by intravital microscopy that fluorescent CXCL9(74-103) coats the vessel wall in vivo and that CXCL9(74-103) inhibits CXCL8-induced adhesion of neutrophils to the vessel wall in the murine cremaster muscle model. Thus, both affinity and specificity of chemokines and the peptides for different GAGs and the presence of specific GAGs in different tissues will determine whether competition can occur. In summary, both CXCL9 peptides inhibited neutrophil migration in vivo through interference with GAG interactions in several animal models. Shortening CXCL9(74-103) from the COOH-terminus limited its GAG-binding spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Björn Petri
- Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavio Almeida Amaral
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ahmed M, Basheer HA, Ayuso JM, Ahmet D, Mazzini M, Patel R, Shnyder SD, Vinader V, Afarinkia K. Agarose Spot as a Comparative Method for in situ Analysis of Simultaneous Chemotactic Responses to Multiple Chemokines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1075. [PMID: 28432337 PMCID: PMC5430824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel protocol to quantitatively and simultaneously compare the chemotactic responses of cells towards different chemokines. In this protocol, droplets of agarose gel containing different chemokines are applied onto the surface of a Petri dish, and then immersed under culture medium in which cells are suspended. As chemokine molecules diffuse away from the spot, a transient chemoattractant gradient is established across the spots. Cells expressing the corresponding cognate chemokine receptors migrate against this gradient by crawling under the agarose spots towards their centre. We show that this migration is chemokine-specific; meaning that only cells that express the cognate chemokine cell surface receptor, migrate under the spot containing its corresponding chemokine ligand. Furthermore, we show that migration under the agarose spot can be modulated by selective small molecule antagonists present in the cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaned Ahmed
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Haneen A Basheer
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Group of Structural Mechanics and Material Modelling, Universidad Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, and The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center Madison, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Djevdet Ahmet
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Mazzini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universitá Degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Roshan Patel
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Shnyder
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Vinader
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Kamyar Afarinkia
- The Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
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Abd El Razik HA, Badr MH, Atta AH, Mouneir SM, Abu-Serie MM. Benzodioxole-Pyrazole Hybrids as Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Agents with COX-1,2/5-LOX Inhibition and Antioxidant Potential. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Abd El Razik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Mona H. Badr
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Attia H. Atta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Samar M. Mouneir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; Cairo University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Abu-Serie
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI); City for Scientific Research and Technology Application, Borg El-Arab; Alexandria Egypt
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Stone MJ, Hayward JA, Huang C, E Huma Z, Sanchez J. Mechanisms of Regulation of the Chemokine-Receptor Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E342. [PMID: 28178200 PMCID: PMC5343877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of chemokines with their G protein-coupled receptors promote the migration of leukocytes during normal immune function and as a key aspect of the inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection. This review summarizes the major cellular and biochemical mechanisms by which the interactions of chemokines with chemokine receptors are regulated, including: selective and competitive binding interactions; genetic polymorphisms; mRNA splice variation; variation of expression, degradation and localization; down-regulation by atypical (decoy) receptors; interactions with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans; post-translational modifications; oligomerization; alternative signaling responses; and binding to natural or pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Stone
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Zil E Huma
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION By virtue of its specificity for chemokines induced in Th1-associated pathologies, CXCR3 has attracted considerable attention as a target for therapeutic intervention. Several pharmacologically distinct small molecules with in vitro and in vivo potency have been described in the literature, although to date, none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Areas covered: In this article, the author outlines the rationale for targeting CXCR3 and discusses the potential pitfalls in targeting receptors in poorly understood areas of chemokine biology. Furthermore, they cover emerging therapeutic areas outside of the 'traditional' Th1 arena in which CXCR3 antagonists may ultimately bear fruit. Finally, they discuss the design of recently discovered small molecules targeting CXCR3. Expert opinion: CXCR3 and its ligands appear to play roles in a multitude of diverse diseases in humans. In vitro studies suggest that CXCR3 is inherently 'druggable' and that potent, efficacious small molecules targeting CXCR3 antagonists will find a clinical niche. However, the well-trodden path to failure of small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists in clinical trials suggests that a cautious approach should be undertaken. Ideally, unequivocal evidence elucidating the precise role of CXCR3 should be obtained before targeting the receptor in a particular disease cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Pease
- a Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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Oswald C, Rappas M, Kean J, Doré AS, Errey JC, Bennett K, Deflorian F, Christopher JA, Jazayeri A, Mason JS, Congreve M, Cooke RM, Marshall FH. Intracellular allosteric antagonism of the CCR9 receptor. Nature 2016; 540:462-465. [PMID: 27926729 DOI: 10.1038/nature20606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their G-protein-coupled receptors play a diverse role in immune defence by controlling the migration, activation and survival of immune cells. They are also involved in viral entry, tumour growth and metastasis and hence are important drug targets in a wide range of diseases. Despite very significant efforts by the pharmaceutical industry to develop drugs, with over 50 small-molecule drugs directed at the family entering clinical development, only two compounds have reached the market: maraviroc (CCR5) for HIV infection and plerixafor (CXCR4) for stem-cell mobilization. The high failure rate may in part be due to limited understanding of the mechanism of action of chemokine antagonists and an inability to optimize compounds in the absence of structural information. CC chemokine receptor type 9 (CCR9) activation by CCL25 plays a key role in leukocyte recruitment to the gut and represents a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. The selective CCR9 antagonist vercirnon progressed to phase 3 clinical trials in Crohn's disease but efficacy was limited, with the need for very high doses to block receptor activation. Here we report the crystal structure of the CCR9 receptor in complex with vercirnon at 2.8 Å resolution. Remarkably, vercirnon binds to the intracellular side of the receptor, exerting allosteric antagonism and preventing G-protein coupling. This binding site explains the need for relatively lipophilic ligands and describes another example of an allosteric site on G-protein-coupled receptors that can be targeted for drug design, not only at CCR9, but potentially extending to other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Oswald
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Mathieu Rappas
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - James Kean
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Andrew S Doré
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - James C Errey
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Kirstie Bennett
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - John A Christopher
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Ali Jazayeri
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Jonathan S Mason
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Miles Congreve
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Robert M Cooke
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 3AX, UK
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Zheng Y, Qin L, Zacarías NVO, de Vries H, Han GW, Gustavsson M, Dabros M, Zhao C, Cherney RJ, Carter P, Stamos D, Abagyan R, Cherezov V, Stevens RC, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH, Tebben A, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Structure of CC chemokine receptor 2 with orthosteric and allosteric antagonists. Nature 2016; 540:458-461. [PMID: 27926736 PMCID: PMC5159191 DOI: 10.1038/nature20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is one of 19 members of the chemokine receptor subfamily of human class A G-protein-coupled receptors. CCR2 is expressed on monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and T-cell subpopulations, and mediates their migration towards endogenous CC chemokine ligands such as CCL2 (ref. 1). CCR2 and its ligands are implicated in numerous inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, neuropathic pain, and diabetic nephropathy, as well as cancer. These disease associations have motivated numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials (see http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) in search of therapies that target the CCR2-chemokine axis. To aid drug discovery efforts, here we solve a structure of CCR2 in a ternary complex with an orthosteric (BMS-681 (ref. 6)) and allosteric (CCR2-RA-[R]) antagonist. BMS-681 inhibits chemokine binding by occupying the orthosteric pocket of the receptor in a previously unseen binding mode. CCR2-RA-[R] binds in a novel, highly druggable pocket that is the most intracellular allosteric site observed in class A G-protein-coupled receptors so far; this site spatially overlaps the G-protein-binding site in homologous receptors. CCR2-RA-[R] inhibits CCR2 non-competitively by blocking activation-associated conformational changes and formation of the G-protein-binding interface. The conformational signature of the conserved microswitch residues observed in double-antagonist-bound CCR2 resembles the most inactive G-protein-coupled receptor structures solved so far. Like other protein-protein interactions, receptor-chemokine complexes are considered challenging therapeutic targets for small molecules, and the present structure suggests diverse pocket epitopes that can be exploited to overcome obstacles in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Natalia V Ortiz Zacarías
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Henk de Vries
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Gye Won Han
- Bridge Institute, Departments of Chemistry and Physics &Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Martin Gustavsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Marta Dabros
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | - Percy Carter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Dean Stamos
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Bridge Institute, Departments of Chemistry and Physics &Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- The Bridge Institute, Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Kim MB, Giesler KE, Tahirovic YA, Truax VM, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. CCR5 receptor antagonists in preclinical to phase II clinical development for treatment of HIV. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1377-1392. [PMID: 27791451 PMCID: PMC5776690 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1254615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptor CCR5 has garnered significant attention in recent years as a target to treat HIV infection largely due to the approval and success of the drug Maraviroc. The side effects and inefficiencies with other first generation agents led to failed clinical trials, prompting the development of newer CCR5 antagonists. Areas covered: This review aims to survey the current status of 'next generation' CCR5 antagonists in the preclinical pipeline with an emphasis on emerging agents for the treatment of HIV infection. These efforts have culminated in the identification of advanced second-generation agents to reach the clinic and the dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc as the most advanced currently in phase II clinical studies. Expert opinion: The clinical success of CCR5 inhibitors for treatment of HIV infection has rested largely on studies of Maraviroc and a second-generation dual CCR5/CCR2 antagonist Cenicriviroc. Although research efforts identified several promising preclinical candidates, these were dropped during early clinical studies. Despite patient access to Maraviroc, there is insufficient enthusiasm surrounding its use as front-line therapy for treatment of HIV. The non-HIV infection related development activities for Maraviroc and Cenicriviroc may help drive future interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Kyle E Giesler
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | | | - Valarie M Truax
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- a Department of Chemistry , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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43
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Schulz O, Hammerschmidt SI, Moschovakis GL, Förster R. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Lymphoid Tissue Dynamics. Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:203-42. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Schulz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | | | | | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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Shasthry SM, Sarin SK. New treatment options for alcoholic hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:3892-3906. [PMID: 27099434 PMCID: PMC4823241 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i15.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of alcoholic liver disease has rapidly grown in the past two decades and is expected to increase further in the coming years. Alcoholic hepatitis, the most florid presentation of alcoholic liver disease, continues to have high morbidity and mortality, with significant financial and healthcare burden with limited treatment options. Steroids remain the current standard of care in severe alcoholic hepatitis in carefully selected patients. No specific treatments are available for those patients who are steroid ineligible, intolerant or unresponsive. Liver transplant has shown good short-term outcome; however, feasibility, ethical and economic concerns remain. Modification of gut microbiota composition and their products, such as lipopolysaccharide, nutritional interventions, immune modulation, increasing steroid sensitivity, genetic polymorphism and epigenetic modification of alcohol induced liver damage, augmenting hepatic regeneration using GCSF are potential therapeutic avenues in steroid non-responsive/ineligible patients. With better understanding of the pathophysiology, using “Omics” platforms, newer options for patients with alcoholic hepatitis are expected soon.
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45
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Zhang H, Kang D, Huang B, Liu N, Zhao F, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of non-peptide small molecular CXCR4 antagonists as anti-HIV agents: Recent advances and future opportunities. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:65-78. [PMID: 26974376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays vital roles in HIV-1 life cycle for it's essential in mediating the interaction of host and virus and completing the entry process in the lifecycle of HIV-1 infection. Compared with some traditional targets, CXCR4 provides a novel and less mutated drug target in the battle against AIDS. Its antagonists have no cross resistance with other antagonists. Great achievements have been made recent years and a number of small molecular CXCR4 antagonists with diversity scaffolds have been discovered. In this review, recent advances in the discovery of CXCR4 antagonists with special attentions on their evolution and structure-activity relationships of representative CXCR4 antagonists are described. Moreover, some classical medicinal chemistry strategies and novel methodologies are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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Isahak N, Sanchez J, Perrier S, Stone MJ, Payne RJ. Synthesis of polymers and nanoparticles bearing polystyrene sulfonate brushes for chemokine binding. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5652-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00270f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of polymers and silica nanoparticles, both bearing polystyrene sulfonate brushes, and the measurement of their binding affinity for the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in monomeric and dimeric form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
| | - Martin J. Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Monash University
- Melbourne
- Australia
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Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are known to play important roles in disease. More than 40 chemokine ligands and 20 chemokine receptors have been identified, but, to date, only two small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists have been approved by the FDA. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 was identified in 1996, and nearly 20 years later, new areas of CXCR3 disease biology continue to emerge. Several classes of small molecule CXCR3 antagonists have been developed, and two have shown efficacy in preclinical models of inflammatory disease. However, only one CXCR3 antagonist has been evaluated in clinical trials, and there remain many opportunities to further investigate known classes of CXCR3 antagonists and to identify new chemotypes. This Perspective reviews the known CXCR3 antagonists and considers future opportunities for the development of small molecules for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- Heptares Therapeutics , BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Rhona J Cox
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity IMED , Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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Mladic M, Scholten DJ, Niessen WMA, Somsen GW, Smit MJ, Kool J. At-line coupling of LC-MS to bioaffinity and selectivity assessment for metabolic profiling of ligands towards chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:42-53. [PMID: 26301479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an analytical method for bioaffinity and selectivity assessment of CXCR2 antagonists and their metabolites. The method is based on liquid chromatographic separation (LC) of metabolic mixtures followed by parallel mass spectrometry (MS) identification and bioaffinity determination. The bioaffinity is assessed using radioligand binding assays in 96-well plates after at-line nanofractionation. The described method was optimized for chemokines and low-molecular weight CXCR2 ligands. The limits of detection (LODs; injected amounts) for MK-7123, a high affinity binder to both CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors belonging to the diaminocyclobutendione chemical class, were 40pmol in CXCR1 binding and 8pmol in CXCR2 binding. For CXCL8, the LOD was 5pmol in both binding assays. A control compound was always taken along with each bioassay plate as triplicate dose-response curve. For MK-7123, the calculated IC50 values were 314±59nM (CXCR1 binding) and 38±11nM (CXCR2 binding). For CXCL8, the IC50 values were 6.9±1.4nM (CXCR1 binding) and 2.7±1.3nM (CXCR2 binding). After optimization, the method was applied to the analysis of metabolic mixtures of eight LMW CXCR2 antagonists generated by incubation with pig liver microsomes. Moreover, metabolic profiling of the MK-7123 compound was described using the developed method. Three bioactive metabolites were found, two of which were (partially) identified. This method is suitable for bioaffinity and selectivity assessment of mixtures targeting the CXCR2. In contrary to conventional LC-MS based metabolic profiling studies done at the early lead discovery stage, additional qualitative bioactivity information of drug metabolites is obtained with the method described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mladic
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny J Scholten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M A Niessen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332XT Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Strunz AK, Zweemer AJ, Weiss C, Schepmann D, Junker A, Heitman LH, Koch M, Wünsch B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of spirocyclic antagonists of CCR2 (chemokine CC receptor subtype 2). Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4034-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mayevu NMI, Choe H, Abagyan R, Seong JY, Millar RP, Katz AA, Flanagan CA. Histidine(7.36(305)) in the conserved peptide receptor activation domain of the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor couples peptide binding and receptor activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 402:95-106. [PMID: 25583361 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane helix seven residues of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) couple agonist binding to a conserved receptor activation mechanism. Amino-terminal residues of the GnRH peptide determine agonist activity. We investigated GnRH interactions with the His(7.36(305)) residue of the GnRH receptor, using functional and computational analysis of modified GnRH receptors and peptides. Non-polar His(7.36(305)) substitutions decreased receptor affinity for GnRH four- to forty-fold, whereas GnRH signaling potency was more decreased (~150-fold). Uncharged polar His(7.36(305)) substitutions decreased GnRH potency, but not affinity. [2-Nal(3)]-GnRH retained high affinity at receptors with non-polar His(7.36(305)) substitutions, supporting a role for His(7.36(305)) in recognizing Trp(3) of GnRH. Compared with GnRH, [2-Nal(3)]-GnRH potency was lower at the wild type GnRH receptor, but unchanged or higher at mutant receptors. Results suggest that His(7.36(305)) of the GnRH receptor forms two distinct interactions that determine binding to Trp(3) and couple agonist binding to the conserved transmembrane domain network that activates GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nkateko M I Mayevu
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology and Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Robert P Millar
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Arieh A Katz
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Colleen A Flanagan
- Medical Research Council Receptor Biology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Health Sciences Faculty, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.
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