1
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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2
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Pickford HD, Ripenko V, McNamee RE, Holovchuk S, Thompson AL, Smith RC, Mykhailiuk PK, Anderson EA. Rapid and Scalable Halosulfonylation of Strain-Release Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213508. [PMID: 36226350 PMCID: PMC10100009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonylated aromatics are commonplace motifs in drugs and agrochemicals. However, methods for the direct synthesis of sulfonylated non-classical arene bioisosteres, which could improve the physicochemical properties of drug and agrochemical candidates, are limited. Here we report a solution to this challenge: a one-pot halosulfonylation of [1.1.1]propellane, [3.1.1]propellane and bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes that proceeds under practical, scalable and mild conditions. The sulfonyl halides used in this chemistry feature aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl substituents, and are conveniently generated in situ from readily available sulfinate salts and halogen atom sources. This methodology enables the synthesis of an array of pharmaceutically and agrochemically relevant halogen/sulfonyl-substituted bioisosteres and cyclobutanes, on up to multidecagram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena D Pickford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Vasyl Ripenko
- Enamine Ltd, Chervonotkatska 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ryan E McNamee
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Amber L Thompson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Russell C Smith
- AbbVie Drug Discovery Science & Technology (DDST), 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Chan D, Won GJ, Read AT, Ethier CR, Thackaberry E, Crowell SR, Booler H, Bantseev V, Sivak JM. Application of an organotypic ocular perfusion model to assess intravitreal drug distribution in human and animal eyes. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210734. [PMID: 35078337 PMCID: PMC8790337 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravitreal (ITV) drug delivery is a new cornerstone for retinal therapeutics. Yet, predicting the disposition of formulations in the human eye remains a major translational hurdle. A prominent, but poorly understood, issue in pre-clinical ITV toxicity studies is unintended particle movements to the anterior chamber (AC). These particles can accumulate in the AC to dangerously raise intraocular pressure. Yet, anatomical differences, and the inability to obtain equivalent human data, make investigating this issue extremely challenging. We have developed an organotypic perfusion strategy to re-establish intraocular fluid flow, while maintaining homeostatic pressure and pH. Here, we used this approach with suitably sized microbeads to profile anterior and posterior ITV particle movements in live versus perfused porcine eyes, and in human donor eyes. Small-molecule suspensions were then tested with the system after exhibiting differing behaviours in vivo. Aggregate particle size is supported as an important determinant of particle movements in the human eye, and we note these data are consistent with a poroelastic model of bidirectional vitreous transport. Together, this approach uses ocular fluid dynamics to permit, to our knowledge, the first direct comparisons between particle behaviours from human ITV injections and animal models, with potential to speed pre-clinical development of retinal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Chan
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G. J. Won
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. T. Read
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C. R. Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - E. Thackaberry
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S. R. Crowell
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PTPK) Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - H. Booler
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - V. Bantseev
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J. M. Sivak
- Donald K Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Tricyclic Pyrazole-Based Compounds as Useful Scaffolds for Cannabinoid CB 1/CB 2 Receptor Interaction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082126. [PMID: 33917187 PMCID: PMC8068016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids comprise different classes of compounds, which aroused interest in recent years because of their several pharmacological properties. Such properties include analgesic activity, bodyweight reduction, the antiemetic effect, the reduction of intraocular pressure and many others, which appear correlated to the affinity of cannabinoids towards CB1 and/or CB2 receptors. Within the search aiming to identify novel chemical scaffolds for cannabinoid receptor interaction, the CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist pyrazole-based derivative rimonabant has been modified, giving rise to several tricyclic pyrazole-based compounds, most of which endowed of high affinity and selectivity for CB1 or CB2 receptors. The aim of this review is to present the synthesis and summarize the SAR study of such tricyclic pyrazole-based compounds, evidencing, for some derivatives, their potential in the treatment of neuropathic pain, obesity or in the management of glaucoma.
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5
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Dumouchel JL, Argikar UA, Adams CM, Prasanna G, Ehara T, Kim S, Breen C, Mogi M. Understanding metabolism related differences in ocular efficacy of MGV354. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:5-14. [PMID: 32662714 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1794658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
MGV354 was being developed as a novel ocular therapy for lowering of intraocular pressure, a key modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. MGV354 is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase, an enzyme known to be involved in the regulation of IOP. MGV354 has been shown to robustly lower IOP over 24 h after a single topical ocular drop in rabbit and monkey pharmacology models. However, MGV354 failed to produce similar results in patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. With an objective of explaining the lack of efficacy in the clinic, we attempted to study whether human metabolism was significantly different from animal metabolism. The present study documents the investigation of metabolism of MGV354 in an effort to understand potential differences in biotransformation pathways of MGV354 in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. Overall twenty-six metabolites, formed via oxidative and conjugative pathways, were identified in vitro and in vivo. In vitro hepatic metabolism was qualitatively similar across species, with minor but distinct differences. There were no observable interspecies differences in the hepatic and ocular metabolism of MGV354. Although ocular metabolism was not as extensive as hepatic, the results do not explain the lack of efficacy of MGV354 in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sean Kim
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chris Breen
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Abstract
Although the eye is an accessible organ for direct drug application, ocular drug delivery remains a major challenge due to multiple barriers within the eye. Key barriers include static barriers imposed by the cornea, conjunctiva, and retinal pigment epithelium and dynamic barriers including tear turnover and blood and lymphatic clearance mechanisms. Systemic administration by oral and parenteral routes is limited by static blood-tissue barriers that include epithelial and endothelial layers, in addition to rapid vascular clearance mechanisms. Together, the static and dynamic barriers limit the rate and extent of drug delivery to the eye. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify novel delivery systems and approaches to enhance and sustain ocular drug delivery. This chapter summarizes current and recent experimental approaches for drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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7
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Furlotti G, Alisi MA, Cazzolla N, Ceccacci F, Garrone B, Gasperi T, La Bella A, Leonelli F, Loreto MA, Magarò G, Mangano G, Bettolo RM, Masini E, Miceli M, Migneco LM, Vitiello M. Targeting Serotonin 2A and Adrenergic α 1 Receptors for Ocular Antihypertensive Agents: Discovery of 3,4-Dihydropyrazino[1,2-b]indazol-1(2H)-one Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1597-1607. [PMID: 29873449 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma affects millions of people worldwide and causes optic nerve damage and blindness. The elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor associated with this pathology, and decreasing IOP is the key therapeutic target of current pharmacological treatments. As potential ocular hypotensive agents, we studied compounds that act on two receptors (serotonin 2A and adrenergic α1 ) linked to the regulation of aqueous humour dynamics. Herein we describe the design, synthesis, and pharmacological profiling of a series of novel bicyclic and tricyclic N2-alkyl-indazole-amide derivatives. This study identified a 3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-b]indazol-1(2H)-one derivative with potent serotonin 2A receptor antagonism, >100-fold selectivity over other serotonin subtype receptors, and high affinity for the α1 receptor. Moreover, upon local administration, this compound showed superior ocular hypotensive action in vivo relative to the clinically used reference compound timolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Furlotti
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Alisi
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Nicola Cazzolla
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Francesca Ceccacci
- Chemistry Department "S. Cannizzaro", University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Current affiliation: Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche-CNR, Unità Organizzativa di Supporto, Sede di Roma, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy)
| | - Beatrice Garrone
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Tecla Gasperi
- Department of Science, Section of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela La Bella
- Chemistry Department "S. Cannizzaro", University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Leonelli
- Chemistry Department "S. Cannizzaro", University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Loreto
- Chemistry Department "S. Cannizzaro", University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magarò
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Giorgina Mangano
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
| | - Rinaldo Marini Bettolo
- Chemistry Department "S. Cannizzaro", University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Departments of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Miceli
- Department of Science, Section of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Migneco
- Chemistry Department "S. Cannizzaro", University of Rome "La Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Vitiello
- Angelini RR&D (Research, Regulatory & Development), Angelini S.p.A., Piazzale della stazione snc, 00071, S. Palomba-Pomezia (Rome), Italy
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8
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Asproni B, Manca I, Pinna G, Cichero E, Fossa P, Murineddu G, Lazzari P, Loriga G, Pinna GA. Novel pyrrolocycloalkylpyrazole analogues as CB 1 ligands. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:181-193. [PMID: 28675787 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,4-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-a]pyrrolizine-, 4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-g]indolizine- and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepine-3-carboxamide-based compounds were designed and synthesized for cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor interactions. Any of the new synthesized compounds showed high affinity for CB2 receptor with Ki values superior to 314 nm, whereas some of them showed moderate affinity for CB1 receptor with Ki values inferior to 400 nm. 7-Chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(homopiperidin-1-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-g]indolizine-3-carboxamide (2j) exhibited good affinity for CB1 receptor (Ki CB1 = 81 nm) and the highest CB2 /CB1 selectively ratio (>12). Docking studies carried out on such compounds were performed using the hCB1 X-ray in complex with the close pyrazole analogue AM6538 and disclosed specific pattern of interactions related to the tricyclic pyrrolopyrazole scaffolds as CB1 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battistina Asproni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giansalvo Pinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Murineddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Loriga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale, UOS Cagliari, Pula, CA, Italy
| | - Gérard A Pinna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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9
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Argikar UA, Dumouchel JL, Dunne CE, Bushee AJ. Ocular non-P450 oxidative, reductive, hydrolytic, and conjugative drug metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:372-394. [PMID: 28438049 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1322609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism in the eye for any species, laboratory animals or human, is gaining rapid interest as pharmaceutical scientists aim to treat a wide range of so-called incurable ocular diseases. Over a period of decades, reports of metabolic activity toward various drugs and biochemical markers have emerged in select ocular tissues of animals and humans. Ocular cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and transporters have been recently reviewed. However, there is a dearth of collated information on non-P450 drug metabolizing enzymes in eyes of various preclinical species and humans in health and disease. In an effort to complement ocular P450s and transporters, which have been well reviewed in the literature, this review is aimed at presenting collective information on non-P450 oxidative, hydrolytic, and conjugative ocular drug metabolizing enzymes. Herein, we also present a list of xenobiotics or drugs that have been reported to be metabolized in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Jennifer L Dumouchel
- a Analytical Sciences and Imaging , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Christine E Dunne
- b Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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10
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Roy Chowdhury U, Viker KB, Stoltz KL, Holman BH, Fautsch MP, Dosa PI. Analogs of the ATP-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Opener Cromakalim with in Vivo Ocular Hypotensive Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6221-31. [PMID: 27367033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers have emerged as potential therapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma, lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in animal models and cultured human anterior segments. We have prepared water-soluble phosphate and dipeptide derivatives of the KATP channel opener cromakalim and evaluated their IOP lowering capabilities in vivo. In general, the phosphate derivatives proved to be more chemically robust and efficacious at lowering IOP with once daily dosing in a normotensive mouse model. Two of these phosphate derivatives were further evaluated in a normotensive rabbit model, with a significant difference in activity observed. No toxic effects on cell structure or alterations in morphology of the aqueous humor outflow pathway were observed after treatment with the most efficacious compound, (3S,4R)-2, suggesting that it is a strong candidate for development as an ocular hypotensive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttio Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic , 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Kimberly B Viker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic , 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Kristen L Stoltz
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Bradley H Holman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic , 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic , 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Peter I Dosa
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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11
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Mugnaini C, Brizzi A, Ligresti A, Allarà M, Lamponi S, Vacondio F, Silva C, Mor M, Di Marzo V, Corelli F. Investigations on the 4-Quinolone-3-carboxylic Acid Motif. 7. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 4-Quinolone-3-carboxamides and 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolone-3-carboxamides as High Affinity Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R) Ligands with Improved Aqueous Solubility. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1052-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mugnaini
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Silva
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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12
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Oh BK, Ko EB, Han JW, Oh CH. Synthesis of N-Heteropolycyclic Compounds Including Quinazolinone Skeleton Using Friedel–Crafts Alkylation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.987353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bu Keun Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Bi Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Han
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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