1
|
Mishra MK, Kukal S, Paul PR, Bora S, Singh A, Kukreti S, Saso L, Muthusamy K, Hasija Y, Kukreti R. Insights into Structural Modifications of Valproic Acid and Their Pharmacological Profile. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010104. [PMID: 35011339 PMCID: PMC8746633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a well-established anticonvulsant drug discovered serendipitously and marketed for the treatment of epilepsy, migraine, bipolar disorder and neuropathic pain. Apart from this, VPA has potential therapeutic applications in other central nervous system (CNS) disorders and in various cancer types. Since the discovery of its anticonvulsant activity, substantial efforts have been made to develop structural analogues and derivatives in an attempt to increase potency and decrease adverse side effects, the most significant being teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity. Most of these compounds have shown reduced toxicity with improved potency. The simple structure of VPA offers a great advantage to its modification. This review briefly discusses the pharmacology and molecular targets of VPA. The article then elaborates on the structural modifications in VPA including amide-derivatives, acid and cyclic analogues, urea derivatives and pro-drugs, and compares their pharmacological profile with that of the parent molecule. The current challenges for the clinical use of these derivatives are also discussed. The review is expected to provide necessary knowledgebase for the further development of VPA-derived compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Samiksha Kukal
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Rani Paul
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shivangi Bora
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Anju Singh
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India; (A.S.); (S.K.)
- Department of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shrikant Kukreti
- Nucleic Acids Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India; (A.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Karthikeyan Muthusamy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630004, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Yasha Hasija
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India;
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (M.K.M.); (S.K.); (P.R.P.); (S.B.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-11-27662202; Fax: +91-11-27667471
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Finnell RH, Caiaffa CD, Kim SE, Lei Y, Steele J, Cao X, Tukeman G, Lin YL, Cabrera RM, Wlodarczyk BJ. Gene Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects. Front Genet 2021; 12:659612. [PMID: 34040637 PMCID: PMC8143787 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.659612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human structural congenital malformations are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. Estimates from the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) determine that close to 3% of all United States newborns present with birth defects; the worldwide estimate approaches 6% of infants presenting with congenital anomalies. The scientific community has recognized for decades that the majority of birth defects have undetermined etiologies, although we propose that environmental agents interacting with inherited susceptibility genes are the major contributing factors. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most prevalent human birth defects and as such, these malformations will be the primary focus of this review. NTDs result from failures in embryonic central nervous system development and are classified by their anatomical locations. Defects in the posterior portion of the neural tube are referred to as meningomyeloceles (spina bifida), while the more anterior defects are differentiated as anencephaly, encephalocele, or iniencephaly. Craniorachischisis involves a failure of the neural folds to elevate and thus disrupt the entire length of the neural tube. Worldwide NTDs have a prevalence of approximately 18.6 per 10,000 live births. It is widely believed that genetic factors are responsible for some 70% of NTDs, while the intrauterine environment tips the balance toward neurulation failure in at risk individuals. Despite aggressive educational campaigns to inform the public about folic acid supplementation and the benefits of providing mandatory folic acid food fortification in the United States, NTDs still affect up to 2,300 United States births annually and some 166,000 spina bifida patients currently live in the United States, more than half of whom are now adults. Within the context of this review, we will consider the role of maternal nutritional status (deficiency states involving B vitamins and one carbon analytes) and the potential modifiers of NTD risk beyond folic acid. There are several well-established human teratogens that contribute to the population burden of NTDs, including: industrial waste and pollutants [e.g., arsenic, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)], pharmaceuticals (e.g., anti-epileptic medications), and maternal hyperthermia during the first trimester. Animal models for these teratogens are described with attention focused on valproic acid (VPA; Depakote). Genetic interrogation of model systems involving VPA will be used as a model approach to discerning susceptibility factors that define the gene-environment interactions contributing to the etiology of NTDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Medicine, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carlo Donato Caiaffa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Yunping Lei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Steele
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xuanye Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gabriel Tukeman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ying Linda Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert M. Cabrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Synthesis and Enantioselective Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Analysis of New CNS-Active Sulfamoylphenyl Carbamate Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073361. [PMID: 33806023 PMCID: PMC8037586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a new class of carbamate derivatives as anticonvulsants. Among these, 3-methylpentyl(4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamate (MSPC) stood out as the most potent compound with ED50 values of 13 mg/kg (i.p.) and 28 mg/kg (p.o.) in the rat maximal electroshock test (MES). 3-Methylpropyl(4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamate (MBPC), reported and characterized here, is an MSPC analogous compound with two less aliphatic carbon atoms in its structure. As both MSPC and MBPC are chiral compounds, here, we studied the carbonic anhydrase inhibitory and anticonvulsant action of both MBPC enantiomers in comparison to those of MSPC as well as their pharmacokinetic properties. Racemic-MBPC and its enantiomers showed anticonvulsant activity in the rat maximal electroshock (MES) test with ED50 values in the range of 19–39 mg/kg. (R)-MBPC had a 65% higher clearance than its enantiomer and, consequently, a lower plasma exposure (AUC) than (S)-MSBC and racemic-MSBC. Nevertheless, (S)-MBPC had a slightly better brain permeability than (R)-MBPC with a brain-to-plasma (AUC) ratio of 1.32 (S-enantiomer), 1.49 (racemate), and 1.27 (R-enantiomer). This may contribute to its better anticonvulsant-ED50 value. The clearance of MBPC enantiomers was more enantioselective than the brain permeability and MES-ED50 values, suggesting that their anticonvulsant activity might be due to multiple mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Koepp MJ, Levy RH, Perucca E, Perucca P, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Fifteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XV). I. Drugs in preclinical and early clinical development. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2340-2364. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine School of Pharmacy and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy Institute for Drug Research Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Svein I. Johannessen
- National Center for Epilepsy Sandvika Norway
- Department of Pharmacology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Matthias J. Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
| | - René H. Levy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Neurological Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics University of Pavia Pavia Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation (member of the ERN EpiCARE) Pavia Italy
| | - Piero Perucca
- Department of Neuroscience Central Clinical School Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Neurology Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bibi D, Bialer M. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of (2S,3S)‐
sec
‐butylpropylacetamide (SPD) in rats and pigs—A CNS‐active stereoisomer of SPD. Epilepsia 2020; 61:149-156. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bibi
- Institute of Drug Research School of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute of Drug Research School of Pharmacy Faculty of Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
- Affiliated with the David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Novel treatment approaches and pediatric research networks in status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 101:106564. [PMID: 31708430 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper contains five contributions which were presented as part of the novel therapies section of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures. These illustrate recent advances being made in the management and therapy of status epilepticus. The five contributions concern: genetic variations in Na + channel genes and their importance in status epilepticus; the European Reference Network for rare and complex epilepsies EpiCARE; the North American Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG); Fenfluramine as a potential therapy for status epilepticus' and the valproate derivatives, valnoctamide and sec-butylpropylacetamide (SPD), as potential therapies for status epilepticus. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures".
Collapse
|
7
|
Abram M, Jakubiec M, Kamiński K. Chirality as an Important Factor for the Development of New Antiepileptic Drugs. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1744-1761. [PMID: 31476107 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, chiral molecules (especially enantiomers) have occupied a significant place in pharmaceutical industry and have played a prominent role in the development of new drugs. Individual stereoisomers exhibit marked differences in pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. Therefore, there is currently considerable interest in fully characterizing and examining both enantiomers in the early stages of new drug development. Despite the fact that epilepsy is a complex disease and that a given drug's mechanism of action may be multidirectional and not always fully understood, significant differences have been observed in the anticonvulsant activity of individual stereoisomers. Therefore, between 1996 and 2018, among 14 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) approved for the treatment of epilepsy, as many as seven are chiral and introduced to the market in the single-enantiomer (or diastereomer) form. This review provides an overview of the impact of chirality on the development and discovery of new AEDs that have entered into clinical trials or preclinical studies. These new AEDs were developed by applying the single-enantiomer approval strategy. Herein we focus our attention on the main synthetic pathways of stereoisomers, as well as on the influence of chirality on pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and/or toxicological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Abram
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Jakubiec
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kamiński
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bibi D, Shusterman B, Nocentini A, Supuran CT, Bialer M. Stereoselective pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of a CNS-active sulphamoylphenyl carbamate derivative. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1078-1082. [PMID: 31124389 PMCID: PMC6534253 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1612887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Methylpentyl(4-sulphamoylphenyl)carbamate (MSPC) came as the most potent compound out of a new series of carbamates composed of phenyl-ethanol or branched aliphatic alcohols, and 4-benzenesulphonamide-carbamic acid. In this study, the anticonvulsant activity and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of MSPC-two individual enantiomers were comparatively analysed in rats as well as their carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition. The anticonvulsant activity of MSPC enantiomers was evaluated at the rat-maximal electroshock (MES) test, and their CA inhibition evaluated. (R)-MSPC had a 29% higher clearance and consequently, a lower plasma exposure area under the curve (AUC) than (S)-MSPC and racemic-MSPC. Nevertheless, (R)-MSPC had a better brain permeability than its (S)-enantiomer with brain-to-plasma-(AUC)-ratio (BPR) of 2.07 ((R)-enantiomer), 1.85 (racemate), and 0.79 ((S)-enantiomer). As a whole body (in vivo) pharmacodynamic (PD) measure, MSPC-anticonvulsant maximal electroshock seizure (MES) activity was less enantioselective than MSPC-CA inhibition. The lack of significant differences between racemic-MSPC and its individual enantiomers suggest that their anticonvulsant activity might be due to multiple mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bibi
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Bella Shusterman
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- b Department of Neurofarba , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b Department of Neurofarba , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Meir Bialer
- a Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel.,c Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haines KM, Matson LM, Dunn EN, Ardinger CE, Lee-Stubbs R, Bibi D, McDonough JH, Bialer M. Comparative efficacy of valnoctamide and sec-butylpropylacetamide (SPD) in terminating nerve agent-induced seizures in pediatric rats. Epilepsia 2019; 60:315-321. [PMID: 30615805 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children and adults are likely to be among the casualties in a civilian nerve agent exposure. This study evaluated the efficacy of valnoctamide (racemic-VCD), sec-butylpropylacetamide (racemic-SPD), and phenobarbital for stopping nerve agent seizures in both immature and adult rats. METHODS Female and male postnatal day (PND) 21, 28, and 70 (adult) rats, previously implanted with electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes were exposed to seizure-inducing doses of the nerve agents sarin or VX and EEG was recorded continuously. Five minutes after seizure onset, animals were treated with SPD, VCD, or phenobarbital. The up-down method was used over successive animals to determine the anticonvulsant median effective dose (ED50 ) of the drugs. RESULTS SPD-ED50 values in the VX model were the following: PND21, 53 mg/kg (male) and 48 mg/kg (female); PND28, 108 mg/kg (male) and 43 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 101 mg/kg (male) and 40 mg/kg (female). SPD-ED50 values in the sarin model were the following: PND21, 44 mg/kg (male) and 28 mg/kg (female); PND28, 79 mg/kg (male) and 34 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 53 mg/kg (male) and 53 mg/kg (female). VCD-ED50 values in the VX model were the following: PND21, 34 mg/kg (male) and 43 mg/kg (female); PND28, 165 mg/kg (male) and 59 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 87 mg/kg (male) and 91 mg/kg (female). VCD-ED50 values in the sarin model were the following: PND21, 45 mg/kg (male), 48 mg/kg (female); PND28, 152 mg/kg (male) 79 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 97 mg/kg (male) 79 mg/kg (female). Phenobarbital-ED50 values in the VX model were the following: PND21, 43 mg/kg (male) and 18 mg/kg (female); PND28, 48 mg/kg (male) and 97 mg/kg (female). Phenobarbital-ED50 values in the sarin model were the following: PND21, 32 mg/kg (male) and 32 mg/kg (female); PND28, 58 mg/kg (male) and 97 mg/kg (female); and PND70, 65 mg/kg (female). SIGNIFICANCE SPD and VCD demonstrated anticonvulsant activity in both immature and adult rats in the sarin- and VX-induced status epilepticus models. Phenobarbital was effective in immature rats, whereas in adult rats, higher doses were required that were accompanied by toxicity. Overall, significantly less drug was required to stop seizures in PND21 animals than in the older animals, and overall, males required higher amounts of drug than females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kari M Haines
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Liana M Matson
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Emily N Dunn
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Cherish E Ardinger
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Robyn Lee-Stubbs
- Research Support Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - David Bibi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H McDonough
- Nerve Agent Countermeasures, Medical Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Thirteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIII). Epilepsia 2017; 58:181-221. [PMID: 28111749 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Thirteenth Eilat Conference on New Antiepileptic Drugs and Devices (EILAT XIII) took place in Madrid, Spain, on June 26-29, 2016, and was attended by >200 delegates from 31 countries. The present Progress Report provides an update on experimental and clinical results for drugs presented at the Conference. Compounds for which summary data are presented include an AED approved in 2016 (brivaracetam), 12 drugs in phase I-III clinical development (adenosine, allopregnanolone, bumetanide, cannabidiol, cannabidivarin, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, everolimus, fenfluramine, huperzine A, minocycline, SAGE-217, and valnoctamide) and 6 compounds or classes of compounds for which only preclinical data are available (bumetanide derivatives, sec-butylpropylacetamide, FV-082, 1OP-2198, NAX 810-2, and SAGE-689). Overall, the results presented at the Conference show that considerable efforts are ongoing into discovery and development of AEDs with potentially improved therapeutic profiles compared with existing agents. Many of the drugs discussed in this report show innovative mechanisms of action and many have shown promising results in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies, including previously neglected rare and severe epilepsy syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy and David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Svein I Johannessen
- The National Center for Epilepsy, Sandvika, Norway.,Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - René H Levy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Torbjörn Tomson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaufmann D, Bates EA, Yagen B, Bialer M, Saunders GH, Wilcox K, White HS, Brennan KC. sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) has antimigraine properties. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:924-35. [PMID: 26568161 PMCID: PMC4887413 DOI: 10.1177/0333102415612773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though migraine is disabling and affects 12%-15% of the population, there are few drugs that have been developed specifically for migraine prevention. Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) that is also used for migraine prophylaxis, but its clinical use is limited by its side effect profile. sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) is a novel VPA derivative, designed to be more potent and tolerable than VPA, that has shown efficacy in animal seizure and pain models. METHODS We evaluated SPD's antimigraine potential in the cortical spreading depression (CSD) and nitroglycerin (NTG) models of migraine. To evaluate SPD's mechanism of action, we performed whole-cell recordings on cultured cortical neurons and neuroblastoma cells. RESULTS In the CSD model, the SPD-treated group showed a significantly lower median number of CSDs compared to controls. In the NTG-induced mechanical allodynia model, SPD dose-dependently reduced mechanical sensitivity compared to controls. SPD showed both a significant potentiation of GABA-mediated currents and a smaller but significant decrease in NMDA currents in cultured cortical neurons. Kainic acid-evoked currents and voltage-dependent sodium channel currents were not changed by SPD. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate SPD's potential as a promising novel antimigraine compound, and suggest a GABAergic mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kaufmann
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA Department of Neurology, University of Utah, USA
| | - Emily A Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, USA
| | - Boris Yagen
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gerald H Saunders
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
| | - Karen Wilcox
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA
| | - K C Brennan
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mawasi H, Bibi D, Shekh-Ahmad T, Shaul C, Blotnik S, Bialer M. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Correlation and Brain Penetration of sec-Butylpropylacetamide, a New CNS Drug Possessing Unique Activity against Status Epilepticus. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2492-6. [PMID: 27218460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) is the amide derivative of valproic acid (VPA). SPD possess a wide-spectrum anticonvulsant profile better than that of VPA and blocks status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and organophosphates. The activity of SPD on SE is better than that of benzodiazepines (BZDs) in terms of the ability to block SE when given 20-60 min after the beginning of a seizure. However, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to rats cannot be extrapolated to humans. Consequently, in the current study a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic analysis of SPD was conducted following i.p., intramuscular (i.m.), and intravenous (i.v.) administrations to rats. SPD brain and plasma levels were quantified at various times after dosing following i.p. (60 mg/kg), i.v. (60 mg/kg), and i.m. administrations (120 mg/kg) to rats, and the major PK parameters of SPD were estimated. The antiseizure (SE) efficacies of SPD and its individual stereoisomers were assessed in the pilocarpine-induced BZD-resistant SE model following i.p. and i.m. administrations to rats at 30 min after seizure onset. The absolute bioavailabilities of SPD following i.p. and i.m. administrations were 76% (i.p.) and 96% (i.p.), and its clearance and half-life were 1.8-1.5 L h(-1) kg(-1) and 0.5-1.7 h, respectively. The SPD brain-to-plasma AUC ratios were 1.86 (i.v.), 2.31 (i.p.), and 0.77 (i.m.). Nevertheless, the ED50 values of SPD and its individual stereoisomers were almost identical in the rat pilocarpine-induced SE model following i.p. and i.m. administrations. In conclusion, in rats SPD is completely or almost completely absorbed after i.m. and i.p. administration and readily penetrates into the brain. Consequently, in spite of PK differences, the activities of SPD in the BZD-resistant SE model following i.m. and i.p. administrations are similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mawasi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - David Bibi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Chanan Shaul
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Division of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital , Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Simcha Blotnik
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Division of Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital , Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120, Israel.,David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shekh-Ahmad T, Mawasi H, McDonough JH, Yagen B, Bialer M. The potential of sec-butylpropylacetamide (SPD) and valnoctamide and their individual stereoisomers in status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 49:298-302. [PMID: 25979572 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD) is a one-carbon homologue of valnoctamide (VCD), a chiral constitutional isomer of valproic acid's (VPA) corresponding amide--valpromide. Racemic-SPD and racemic-VCD possess a unique and broad-spectrum antiseizure profile superior to that of VPA. In addition, SPD blocks behavioral and electrographic status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and the organophosphates soman and paraoxon. Valnoctamide has similar activity as SPD in the soman-induced SE model. The activity of SPD and VCD against SE is superior to that of diazepam and midazolam in terms of rapid onset, potency, and ability to block SE when given 20 to 60 min after seizure onset. sec-Butylpropylacetamide and VCD possess two stereogenic carbons in their chemical structure and, thus, exist as a racemic mixture of four individual stereoisomers. The anticonvulsant activity of the individual stereoisomers of SPD and VCD was comparatively evaluated in several anticonvulsant rodent models including the benzodiazepine-resistant SE model. sec-Butylpropylacetamide has stereoselective pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). The higher clearance of (2R,3S)-SPD and (2S,3R)-SPD led to a 50% lower plasma exposure and, consequently, to a lower anticonvulsant activity compared to racemic-SPD and its two other stereoisomers. Racemic-SPD, (2S,3S)-SPD, and (2R,3R)-SPD have similar anticonvulsant activities and PK profiles that are better than those of (2R,3S)-SPD and (2S,3R)-SPD. Valnoctamide has a stereoselective PK with (2S,3S)-VCD exhibiting the lowest clearance and, consequently, a twice-higher plasma exposure than all other stereoisomers. Nevertheless, there was less stereoselectivity in VCD anticonvulsant activity, and each stereoisomer had similar ED50 values in most models. sec-Butylpropylacetamide and VCD stereoisomers did not cause teratogenicity (i.e., neural tube defect) in mice at doses 3-12 times higher than their anticonvulsant-ED50 values. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hafiz Mawasi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H McDonough
- Pharmacology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (MRICD), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Boris Yagen
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mawasi H, Shekh-Ahmad T, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk BJ, Bialer M. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of CNS-active constitutional isomers of valnoctamide and sec-butylpropylacetamide--Amide derivatives of valproic acid. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 46:72-8. [PMID: 25863940 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Valnoctamide (VCD) and sec-butylpropylacetamide (SPD) are CNS-active closely related amide derivatives of valproic acid with unique anticonvulsant activity. This study evaluated how small chemical changes affect the pharmacodynamics (PD; anticonvulsant activity and teratogenicity) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of three constitutional isomers of SPD [sec-butylisopropylacetamide (SID) and tert-butylisopropylacetamide (TID)] and of VCD [tert-butylethylacetamide (TED)]. The anticonvulsant activity of SID, TID, and TED was comparatively evaluated in several rodent anticonvulsant models. The PK-PD relationship of SID, TID, and TED was evaluated in rats, and their teratogenicity was evaluated in a mouse strain highly susceptible to teratogen-induced neural tube defects (NTDs). sec-Butylisopropylacetamide and TID have a similar PK profile to SPD which may contribute to their similar anticonvulsant activity. tert-Butylethylacetamide had a better PK profile than VCD (and SPD); however, this did not lead to a superior anticonvulsant activity. sec-Butylisopropylacetamide and TED did not cause NTDs at doses 4-7 times higher than their anticonvulsant ED50 values. In rats, SID, TID (ip), and TED exhibited a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity. However, combined anticonvulsant analysis in mice and rats shows SID as the most potent compound with similar activity to that of SPD, demonstrating that substitution of the isobutyl moiety in the SPD or VCD molecule by tert-butyl as well as a propyl-to-isopropyl replacement in the SPD molecule did not majorly affect the anticonvulsant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Mawasi
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan J Wlodarczyk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Meir Bialer
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Twelfth Eilat Conference (EILAT XII). Epilepsy Res 2015; 111:85-141. [PMID: 25769377 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
16
|
Shekh-Ahmad T, Mawasi H, McDonough JH, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk BJ, Yavin E, Bialer M. Enantioselective pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two chiral CNS-active carbamate derivatives of valproic acid. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1944-52. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Hafiz Mawasi
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - John H. McDonough
- Pharmacology Branch; Research Division; US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense; Aberdeen Proving Ground; Maryland U.S.A
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Dell Pediatric Research Institute; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas U.S.A
| | - Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; Dell Pediatric Research Institute; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin Texas U.S.A
| | - Eylon Yavin
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bar-Klein G, Swissa E, Kamintsky L, Shekh-Ahmad T, Saar-Ashkenazy R, Hubary Y, Shrot S, Stetlander L, Eisenkraft A, Friedman A, Bialer M. sec-Butyl-propylacetamide (SPD) and two of its stereoisomers rapidly terminate paraoxon-induced status epilepticus in rats. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1953-8. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Bar-Klein
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Evyatar Swissa
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Lyn Kamintsky
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Hebrew University; Ein Karem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Rotem Saar-Ashkenazy
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | | | - Shai Shrot
- Medical Corps Headquarters; IDF; Tel Aviv Israel
| | | | - Arik Eisenkraft
- NBC Protection Division; IMOD; Tel Aviv Israel
- Medical Corps Headquarters; IDF; Tel Aviv Israel
- Faculty of Medicine; The Institute for Research in Military Medicine; Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Physiology & Cell Biology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences; The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Meir Bialer
- Faculty of Medicine; Institute for Drug Research; School of Pharmacy; Hebrew University; Ein Karem Jerusalem Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shekh-Ahmad T, Hen N, Yagen B, McDonough JH, Finnell RH, Wlodarczyk BJ, Bialer M. Stereoselective anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetic analysis of valnoctamide, a CNS-active derivative of valproic acid with low teratogenic potential. Epilepsia 2014; 55:353-61. [PMID: 24313671 PMCID: PMC4963464 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Valnoctamide (VCD), a central nervous system (CNS)-active chiral constitutional isomer of valpromide, the corresponding amide of valproic acid (VPA), is currently undergoing phase IIb clinical trials in acute mania. VCD exhibits stereoselective pharmacokinetics (PK) in animals and humans. The current study comparatively evaluated the pharmacodynamics (PD; anticonvulsant activity and teratogenicity) and PK of the four individual stereoisomers of VCD. METHODS The anticonvulsant activity of VCD individual stereoisomers was evaluated in several rodent anticonvulsant models including maximal electroshock, 6 Hz psychomotor, subcutaneous metrazol, and the pilocarpine-induced and soman-induced status epilepticus (SE). The PK-PD (anticonvulsant activity) relationship of VCD stereoisomers was evaluated following intraperitoneal administration (70 mg/kg) to rats. Induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) by VCD stereoisomers was evaluated in a mouse strain that was highly susceptible to teratogen-induced NTDs. RESULTS VCD had a stereoselective PK, with (2S,3S)-VCD exhibiting the lowest clearance, and consequently a twice-higher plasma exposure than all other stereoisomers. Nervertheless, there was less stereoselectivity in VCD anticonvulsant activity and each stereoisomer had similar median effective dose (ED)50 values in most models. VCD stereoisomers (258 or 389 mg/kg) did not cause NTDs. These doses are 3-12 times higher than VCD anticonvulsant ED50 values. SIGNIFICANCE VCD displayed stereoselective PK that did not lead to significant stereoselective activity in various anticonvulsant rodent models. If VCD exerted its broad-spectrum anticonvulsant activity using a single mechanism of action (MOA), it is likely that it would exhibit a stereoselective PD. The fact that there was no significant difference between racemic VCD and its individual stereoisomers suggests that VCD's anticonvulsant activity is due to multiple MOAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawfeeq Shekh-Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Naama Hen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Boris Yagen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John H. McDonough
- Pharmacology Branch, Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Meir Bialer
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|