1
|
Cai W, Xiao C, Fan T, Deng Z, Wang D, Liu Y, Li C, He J. Targeting LSD1 in cancer: Molecular elucidation and recent advances. Cancer Lett 2024; 598:217093. [PMID: 38969160 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Histones are the main components of chromatin, functioning as an instructive scaffold to maintain chromosome structure and regulate gene expression. The dysregulation of histone modification is associated with various pathological processes, especially cancer initiation and development, and histone methylation plays a critical role. However, the specific mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of histone methylation in cancer are not elucidated. Lys-specific demethylase 1A (LSD1) was the first identified demethylase that specifically removes methyl groups from histone 3 at lysine 4 or lysine 9, acting as a repressor or activator of gene expression. Recent studies have shown that LSD1 promotes cancer progression in multiple epigenetic regulation or non-epigenetic manners. Notably, LSD1 dysfunction is correlated with repressive cancer immunity. Many LSD1 inhibitors have been developed and clinical trials are exploring their efficacy in monotherapy, or combined with other therapies. In this review, we summarize the oncogenic mechanisms of LSD1 and the current applications of LSD1 inhibitors. We highlight that LSD1 is a promising target for cancer treatment. This review will provide the latest theoretical references for further understanding the research progress of oncology and epigenetics, deepening the updated appreciation of epigenetics in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Cai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chu Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ziqin Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yixiao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Senanayaka D, Zeng D, Deniz E, Priyankara IK, Helmbreck J, Schneider O, Mardikar A, Uren A, Reiter NJ. Anticancer Drugs of Lysine Specific Histone Demethylase-1 (LSD1) Display Variable Inhibition on Nucleosome Substrates. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1369-1375. [PMID: 38742921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Lysine specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) serves as a regulator of transcription and represents a promising epigenetic target for anticancer treatment. LSD1 inhibitors are in clinical trials for the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma (EWS), acute myeloid leukemia, and small cell lung cancer, and the development of robust inhibitors requires accurate methods for probing demethylation, potency, and selectivity. Here, the inhibition kinetics on the H3K4me2 peptide and nucleosome substrates was examined, comparing the rates of demethylation in the presence of reversible [CC-90011 (PD) and SP-2577 (SD)] and irreversible [ORY-1001 (ID) and tranylcypromine (TCP)] inhibitors. Inhibitors were also subject to viability studies in three human cell lines and Western blot assays to monitor H3K4me2 nucleosome levels in EWS (TC-32) cells, enabling a correlation of drug potency, inhibition in vitro, and cell-based studies. For example, SP-2577, a drug in clinical trials for EWS, inhibits activity on small peptide substrates (Ki = 60 ± 20 nM) using an indirect coupled assay but does not inhibit demethylation on H3K4me2 peptides or nucleosomes using direct Western blot approaches. In addition, the drug has no effect on H3K4me2 levels in TC-32 cells. These data show that SP-2577 is not an LSD1 enzyme inhibitor, although the drug may function independent of demethylation due to its cytotoxic selectivity in TC-32 cells. Taken together, this work highlights the pitfalls of using coupled assays to ascribe a drug's mode of action, emphasizes the use of physiologically relevant substrates in epigenetic drug targeting strategies, and provides insight into the development of substrate-selective inhibitors of LSD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dulmi Senanayaka
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| | - Danyun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| | - Emre Deniz
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007, United States
| | - Indunil K Priyankara
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| | - Joceline Helmbreck
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| | - Owen Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| | - Aashay Mardikar
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| | - Aykut Uren
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007, United States
| | - Nicholas J Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233. United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rask GC, Taslim C, Bayanjargal A, Cannon MV, Selich-Anderson J, Crow JC, Duncan A, Theisen ER. Seclidemstat blocks the transcriptional function of multiple FET-fusion oncoproteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.19.594897. [PMID: 38826330 PMCID: PMC11142045 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.19.594897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Genes encoding the RNA-binding proteins FUS, EWSR1, and TAF15 (FET proteins) are involved in chromosomal translocations in rare sarcomas. FET-rearranged sarcomas are often aggressive malignancies affecting patients of all ages. New therapies are needed. These translocations fuse the 5' portion of the FET gene with a 3' partner gene encoding a transcription factor (TF). The resulting fusion proteins are oncogenic TFs with a FET protein low complexity domain (LCD) and a DNA binding domain. FET fusion proteins have proven stubbornly difficult to target directly and promising strategies target critical co-regulators. One candidate is lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). LSD1 is recruited by multiple FET fusions, including EWSR1::FLI1. LSD1 promotes EWSR1::FLI1 activity and treatment with the noncompetitive inhibitor SP-2509 blocks EWSR1::FLI1 transcriptional function. A similar molecule, seclidemstat (SP-2577), is currently in clinical trials for FET-rearranged sarcomas (NCT03600649). However, whether seclidemstat has pharmacological activity against FET fusions has not been demonstrated. Here, we evaluate the in vitro potency of seclidemstat against multiple FET-rearranged sarcoma cell lines, including Ewing sarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, clear cell sarcoma, and myxoid liposarcoma. We also define the transcriptomic effects of seclidemstat treatment and evaluated the activity of seclidemstat against FET fusion transcriptional regulation. Seclidemstat showed potent activity in cell viability assays across FET-rearranged sarcomas and disrupted the transcriptional function of all tested fusions. Though epigenetic and targeted inhibitors are unlikely to be effective as a single agents in the clinic, these data suggest seclidemstat remains a promising new treatment strategy for patients with FET-rearranged sarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galen C. Rask
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Ariunaa Bayanjargal
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew V. Cannon
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Julia Selich-Anderson
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Jesse C. Crow
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | | | - Emily R. Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan Z, Liu X, Wang N, Yu S, Bi C, Si Y, Ling X, Liu C, Wang J, Sun H. Utilizing a structure-based virtual screening approach to discover potential LSD1 inhibitors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:253. [PMID: 38748285 PMCID: PMC11096237 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, rendering it a crucial epigenetic target for anti-tumor therapy. Therefore, the inhibition of LSD1 activity has emerged as a promising innovative therapeutic approach for targeted cancer treatment. METHODS In our study, we employed innovative structure-based drug design methods to meticulously select compounds from the ZINC15 database. Utilizing virtual docking, we evaluated docking scores and binding modes to identify potential inhibitors. To further validate our findings, we harnessed molecular dynamic simulations and conducted meticulous biochemical experiments to deeply analyze the binding interactions between the protein and compounds. RESULTS Our results showcased that ZINC10039815 exhibits an exquisite binding mode with LSD1, fitting perfectly into the active pocket and forming robust interactions with multiple critical residues of the protein. CONCLUSIONS With its significant inhibitory effect on LSD1 activity, ZINC10039815 emerges as a highly promising candidate for the development of novel LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhehao Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Internal Medicine Department, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Caili Bi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Si
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Ling
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenxu Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Yangzhou University Affiliated Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangyangzhonglu No. 136, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu HM, Zhou Y, Chen HX, Wu JW, Ji SK, Shen L, Wang SP, Liu HM, Liu Y, Dai XJ, Zheng YC. LSD1 in drug discovery: From biological function to clinical application. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:833-866. [PMID: 38014919 DOI: 10.1002/med.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent monoamine oxidase (MAO) that erases the mono-, and dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4), resulting in the suppression of target gene transcriptions. Besides, it can also demethylate some nonhistone substrates to regulate their biological functions. As reported, LSD1 is widely upregulated and plays a key role in several kinds of cancers, pharmacological or genetic ablation of LSD1 in cancer cells suppresses cell aggressiveness by several distinct mechanisms. Therefore, numerous LSD1 inhibitors, including covalent and noncovalent, have been developed and several of them have entered clinical trials. Herein, we systemically reviewed and discussed the biological function of LSD1 in tumors, lymphocytes as well as LSD1-targeting inhibitors in clinical trials, hoping to benefit the field of LSD1 and its inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - He-Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiang-Wan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shi-Kun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shao-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Engineering Research Center for Application & Translation of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xing-Jie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen L, Wang B, Wang SP, Ji SK, Fu MJ, Wang SW, Hou WQ, Dai XJ, Liu HM. Combination Therapy and Dual-Target Inhibitors Based on LSD1: New Emerging Tools in Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:922-951. [PMID: 38214982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a transcriptional modulator that represses or activates target gene expression, is overexpressed in many cancer and causes imbalance in the expression of normal gene networks. Over two decades, numerous LSD1 inhibitors have been reported, especially some of which have entered clinical trials, including eight irreversible inhibitors (TCP, ORY-1001, GSK-2879552, INCB059872, IMG-7289, ORY-2001, TAK-418, and LH-1802) and two reversible inhibitors (CC-90011 and SP-2577). Most clinical LSD1 inhibitors demonstrated enhanced efficacy in combination with other agents. LSD1 multitarget inhibitors have also been reported, exampled by clinical dual LSD1/histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors 4SC-202 and JBI-802. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the combination of LSD1 inhibitors with various antitumor agents, as well as LSD1 multitarget inhibitors. Additionally, the challenges and future research directionsare also discussed, and we hope this review will provide new insight into the development of LSD1-targeted anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shen
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shao-Peng Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shi-Kun Ji
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Meng-Jie Fu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shu-Wu Wang
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wen-Qing Hou
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han D, Lu J, Fan B, Lu W, Xue Y, Wang M, Liu T, Cui S, Gao Q, Duan Y, Xu Y. Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review Utilizing Computer-Aided Drug Design Technologies. Molecules 2024; 29:550. [PMID: 38276629 PMCID: PMC10821146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for treating various cancers (such as breast cancer, liver cancer, etc.) and other diseases (blood diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), owing to its observed overexpression, thereby presenting significant opportunities in drug development. Since its discovery in 2004, extensive research has been conducted on LSD1 inhibitors, with notable contributions from computational approaches. This review systematically summarizes LSD1 inhibitors investigated through computer-aided drug design (CADD) technologies since 2010, showcasing a diverse range of chemical scaffolds, including phenelzine derivatives, tranylcypromine (abbreviated as TCP or 2-PCPA) derivatives, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic (pyridine, pyrimidine, azole, thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole, indole, quinoline and benzoxazole) derivatives, natural products (including sanguinarine, phenolic compounds and resveratrol derivatives, flavonoids and other natural products) and others (including thiourea compounds, Fenoldopam and Raloxifene, (4-cyanophenyl)glycine derivatives, propargylamine and benzohydrazide derivatives and inhibitors discovered through AI techniques). Computational techniques, such as virtual screening, molecular docking and 3D-QSAR models, have played a pivotal role in elucidating the interactions between these inhibitors and LSD1. Moreover, the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence holds promise in facilitating the discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors. The comprehensive insights presented in this review aim to provide valuable information for advancing further research on LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Han
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiarui Lu
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Baoyi Fan
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Wenfeng Lu
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yiwei Xue
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Meiting Wang
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Taigang Liu
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shaoli Cui
- School of Forensic, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Qinghe Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yingchao Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yongtao Xu
- School of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; (D.H.); (J.L.)
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neural Information Analysis and Drug Intelligent Design, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Research, Xinxiang 453003, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang K, Liu H. Uncovering New Conformational States of the Substrate Binding Pocket of LSD1 Potential for Inhibitor Design via Funnel Metadynamics. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:137-149. [PMID: 38151469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. So far, over 80 crystal structures of LSD1 in different complex states have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, which are valuable resources for performing structure-based drug design. However, among all of the crystal structures of LSD1, the substrate binding pocket, which is the most efficient druggable site for designing LSD1 inhibitors at present, is very similar no matter whether LSD1 is in the apo or any holo forms, which is inconsistent with its versatile demethylase functions. To investigate whether the substrate binding pocket is rigid or exhibits other representative conformations different from the crystal conformations that are feasible for designing new LSD1 inhibitors, we performed funnel metadynamics simulations to study the conformation dynamics of LSD1 in the binding process of two effective LSD1 inhibitors (CC-90011 and 6X0, CC-90011 undergoing clinical trials). Our results showed that the entrance of the substrate binding pocket is very flexible. Two representative entrance conformations of LSD1 counting against binding with the substrate of histone H3 were detected, which may be used for structure-based LSD1 inhibitor design. Besides, alternative optimal binding modes and prebinding modes for both inhibitors were also detected, which depicted that the key interactions changed along with the binding process. Our results should provide great help for LSD1 inhibitor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Yang
- National Supercomputing Center in Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hongmin Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Z, Le GNT, Ge Y, Tang X, Chen X, Ejim L, Bordeleau E, Wright GD, Burns DC, Tran S, Axerio-Cilies P, Wang YT, Dong M, Woolley GA. Isomerization of bioactive acylhydrazones triggered by light or thiols. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1285-1295. [PMID: 37308709 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The acylhydrazone unit is well represented in screening databases used to find ligands for biological targets, and numerous bioactive acylhydrazones have been reported. However, potential E/Z isomerization of the C=N bond in these compounds is rarely examined when bioactivity is assayed. Here we analysed two ortho-hydroxylated acylhydrazones discovered in a virtual drug screen for modulators of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and other bioactive hydroxylated acylhydrazones with structurally defined targets reported in the Protein Data Bank. We found that ionized forms of these compounds, which are populated under laboratory conditions, photoisomerize readily and the isomeric forms have markedly different bioactivity. Furthermore, we show that glutathione, a tripeptide involved with cellular redox balance, catalyses dynamic E⇄Z isomerization of acylhydrazones. The ratio of E to Z isomers in cells is determined by the relative stabilities of the isomers regardless of which isomer was applied. We conclude that E/Z isomerization may be a common feature of the bioactivity observed with acylhydrazones and should be routinely analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Giang N T Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Ge
- Department of Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Linda Ejim
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Bordeleau
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard D Wright
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy C Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susannah Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Axerio-Cilies
- Department of Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Department of Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Mingxin Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - G Andrew Woolley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu R, Zhao E, Yu H, Yuan C, Abbas MN, Cui H. Methylation across the central dogma in health and diseases: new therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:310. [PMID: 37620312 PMCID: PMC10449936 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is essential for cell-fate control, development, and health. Methylation of DNA, RNAs, histones, and non-histone proteins is a reversible post-synthesis modification that finetunes gene expression and function in diverse physiological processes. Aberrant methylation caused by genetic mutations or environmental stimuli promotes various diseases and accelerates aging, necessitating the development of therapies to correct the disease-driver methylation imbalance. In this Review, we summarize the operating system of methylation across the central dogma, which includes writers, erasers, readers, and reader-independent outputs. We then discuss how dysregulation of the system contributes to neurological disorders, cancer, and aging. Current small-molecule compounds that target the modifiers show modest success in certain cancers. The methylome-wide action and lack of specificity lead to undesirable biological effects and cytotoxicity, limiting their therapeutic application, especially for diseases with a monogenic cause or different directions of methylation changes. Emerging tools capable of site-specific methylation manipulation hold great promise to solve this dilemma. With the refinement of delivery vehicles, these new tools are well positioned to advance the basic research and clinical translation of the methylation field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruochen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Erhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huijuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chaoyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bandini C, Mereu E, Paradzik T, Labrador M, Maccagno M, Cumerlato M, Oreglia F, Prever L, Manicardi V, Taiana E, Ronchetti D, D’Agostino M, Gay F, Larocca A, Besse L, Merlo GR, Hirsch E, Ciarrocchi A, Inghirami G, Neri A, Piva R. Lysin (K)-specific demethylase 1 inhibition enhances proteasome inhibitor response and overcomes drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:71. [PMID: 37563685 PMCID: PMC10413620 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable plasma cell malignancy, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancers. Despite recent advances in the treatment of MM, due to the introduction of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) such as bortezomib (BTZ) and carfilzomib (CFZ), relapses and disease progression remain common. Therefore, a major challenge is the development of novel therapeutic approaches to overcome drug resistance, improve patient outcomes, and broaden PIs applicability to other pathologies. METHODS We performed genetic and drug screens to identify new synthetic lethal partners to PIs, and validated candidates in PI-sensitive and -resistant MM cells. We also tested best synthetic lethal interactions in other B-cell malignancies, such as mantle cell, Burkitt's and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. We evaluated the toxicity of combination treatments in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). We confirmed the combo treatment' synergistic effects ex vivo in primary CD138+ cells from MM patients, and in different MM xenograft models. We exploited RNA-sequencing and Reverse-Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the synergy. RESULTS We identified lysine (K)-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) as a top candidate whose inhibition can synergize with CFZ treatment. LSD1 silencing enhanced CFZ sensitivity in both PI-resistant and -sensitive MM cells, resulting in increased tumor cell death. Several LSD1 inhibitors (SP2509, SP2577, and CC-90011) triggered synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with different PIs in MM and other B-cell neoplasms. CFZ/SP2509 treatment exhibited a favorable cytotoxicity profile toward PBMCs and BMSCs. We confirmed the clinical potential of LSD1-proteasome inhibition in primary CD138+ cells of MM patients, and in MM xenograft models, leading to the inhibition of tumor progression. DNA damage response (DDR) and proliferation machinery were the most affected pathways by CFZ/SP2509 combo treatment, responsible for the anti-tumoral effects. CONCLUSIONS The present study preclinically demonstrated that LSD1 inhibition could provide a valuable strategy to enhance PI sensitivity and overcome drug resistance in MM patients and that this combination might be exploited for the treatment of other B-cell malignancies, thus extending the therapeutic impact of the project.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bandini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mereu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tina Paradzik
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Insitute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maria Labrador
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Maccagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Cumerlato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Oreglia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Prever
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Manicardi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elisa Taiana
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenica Ronchetti
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia D’Agostino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Gay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Larocca
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Lenka Besse
- Experimental Oncology and Hematology, Department of Oncology and Hematology, St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Scientific Directorate, Azienda-USL IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Ciarrocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda USL-IRCCS Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Roberto Piva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yin Z, Liu S, Yang X, Chen M, Du J, Liu H, Yang L. LSD1-Based Reversible Inhibitors Virtual Screening and Binding Mechanism Computational Study. Molecules 2023; 28:5315. [PMID: 37513188 PMCID: PMC10383809 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the crucial targets of epigenetics, histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is significant in the occurrence and development of various tumors. Although several irreversible covalent LSD1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, the large size and polarity of the FAD-binding pocket and undesired toxicity have focused interest on developing reversible LSD1 inhibitors. In this study, targeting the substrate-binding pocket of LSD1, structure-based and ligand-based virtual screenings were adopted to expand the potential novel structures with molecular docking and pharmacophore model strategies, respectively. Through drug-likeness evaluation, ADMET screening, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy screening, we screened out one and four hit compounds from the databases of 2,029,554 compounds, respectively. Generally, these hit compounds can be divided into two categories, amide (Lig2 and Comp2) and 1,2,4-triazolo-4,3-α-quinazoline (Comp3, Comp4, Comp7). Among them, Comp4 exhibits the strongest binding affinity. Finally, the binding mechanisms of the hit compounds were further calculated in detail by the residue free energy decomposition. It was found that van der Waals interactions contribute most to the binding, and FAD is also helpful in stabilizing the binding and avoiding off-target effects. We believe this work not only provides a solid theoretical foundation for the design of LSD1 substrate reversible inhibitors, but also expands the diversity of parent nucleus, offering new insights for synthetic chemists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaohui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengguo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongmin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Longhua Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sang N, Zhong X, Gou K, Liu H, Xu J, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Li Y, Tao L, Su N, Zhou L, Qiu J, Yang X, Zuo Z, Fu L, Zhang J, Li D, Li C, Sun Q, Lei J, Li R, Yang S, Cen X, Zhao Y. Pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 suppresses growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by inducing GADD45B. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e269. [PMID: 37250145 PMCID: PMC10209615 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an attractive target for malignancies therapy. Nevertheless, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and the potential of its inhibitor in HCC therapy remains unclear. Here, we show that LSD1 overexpression in human HCC tissues is associated with HCC progression and poor patient survival. ZY0511, a highly selective and potent inhibitor of LSD1, suppressed human HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in cell-derived and patient-derived HCC xenograft models in vivo. Mechanistically, ZY0511 induced mRNA expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45beta (GADD45B) by inducing histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation at the promoter of GADD45B, a novel target gene of LSD1. In human HCC tissues, LSD1 level was correlated with a decreased level of GADD45B, which was associated with HCC progression and predicted poor patient survival. Moreover, co-administration of ZY0511 and DTP3, which specifically enhanced the pro-apoptotic effect of GADD45B, effectively inhibited HCC cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our study revealed the potential value of LSD1 as a promising target of HCC therapy. ZY0511 is a promising candidate for HCC therapy through upregulating GADD45B, thereby providing a novel combinatorial strategy for treating HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Sang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Radiation OncologyRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceSichuan Clinical Research Center for CancerSichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Xi Zhong
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kun Gou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of DrugsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuanzhi Liu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqian Chen
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yan Li
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Na Su
- Department of PharmacyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Center of Infectious DiseasesWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zeping Zuo
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Fu
- Core Facility CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Core Facility CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Dan Li
- Core Facility CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Cong Li
- Core Facility CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jian Lei
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Rui Li
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of DrugsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education MinistrySichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial TechnologyWest China School of PharmacySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh VK, Kainat KM, Sharma PK. Crosstalk between epigenetics and tumor promoting androgen signaling in prostate cancer. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:253-282. [PMID: 36863797 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major health burdens among all cancer types in men globally. Early diagnosis and efficacious treatment options are highly warranted as far as the incidence of PCa is concerned. Androgen-dependent transcriptional activation of androgen receptor (AR) is central to the prostate tumorigenesis and therefore hormonal ablation therapy remains the first line of treatment for PCa in the clinics. However, the molecular signaling engaged in AR-dependent PCa initiation and progression is infrequent and diverse. Moreover, apart from the genomic changes, non-genomic changes such as epigenetic modifications have also been suggested as critical regulator of PCa development. Among the non-genomic mechanisms, various epigenetic changes such as histones modifications, chromatin methylation and noncoding RNAs regulations etc. play decisive role in the prostate tumorigenesis. Given that epigenetic modifications are reversible using pharmacological modifiers, various promising therapeutic approaches have been designed for the better management of PCa. In this chapter, we discuss the epigenetic control of tumor promoting AR signaling that underlies the mechanism of prostate tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, we have discussed the approaches and opportunities to develop novel epigenetic modifications based therapeutic strategies for targeting PCa including castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipendra Kumar Singh
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Lab, Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K M Kainat
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Lab, Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Lab, Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma QS, Zhang YF, Li CY, Zhang WX, Yuan L, Niu JB, Song J, Zhang SY, Liu HM. Discovery of novel tranylcypromine-based derivatives as LSD1 inhibitors for gastric cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115228. [PMID: 36881982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
As an important epigenetic regulator, histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has become an attractive target for the discovery of anticancer agents. In this work, a series of tranylcypromine-based derivatives were designed and synthesized. Among them, compound 12u exhibited the most potent inhibitory potency on LSD1 (IC50 = 25.3 nM), and also displayed good antiproliferative effects on MGC-803, KYSE450 and HCT-116 cells with IC50 values of 14.3, 22.8 and 16.3 μM, respectively. Further studies revealed that compound 12u could directly act on LSD1 and inhibit LSD1 in MGC-803 cells, thereby significantly increasing the expression levels of mono-/bi-methylation of H3K4 and H3K9. In addition, compound 12u could induce apoptosis and differentiation, inhibit migration and cell stemness in MGC-803 cells. All these findings suggested that compound 12u was an active tranylcypromine-based derivative as a LSD1 inhibitor that inhibited gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Sheng Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | | | - Wei-Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lu Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jin-Bo Niu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang N, Ma T, Yu B. Targeting epigenetic regulators to overcome drug resistance in cancers. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:69. [PMID: 36797239 PMCID: PMC9935618 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is mainly responsible for cancer recurrence and poor prognosis. Epigenetic regulation is a heritable change in gene expressions independent of nucleotide sequence changes. As the common epigenetic regulation mechanisms, DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation have been well studied. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant epigenetic regulations contribute to tumor resistance. Therefore, targeting epigenetic regulators represents an effective strategy to reverse drug resistance. In this review, we mainly summarize the roles of epigenetic regulation in tumor resistance. In addition, as the essential factors for epigenetic modifications, histone demethylases mediate the histone or genomic DNA modifications. Herein, we comprehensively describe the functions of the histone demethylase family including the lysine-specific demethylase family, the Jumonji C-domain-containing demethylase family, and the histone arginine demethylase family, and fully discuss their regulatory mechanisms related to cancer drug resistance. In addition, therapeutic strategies, including small-molecule inhibitors and small interfering RNA targeting histone demethylases to overcome drug resistance, are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Noce B, Di Bello E, Fioravanti R, Mai A. LSD1 inhibitors for cancer treatment: Focus on multi-target agents and compounds in clinical trials. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120911. [PMID: 36817147 PMCID: PMC9932783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) was first identified in 2004 as an epigenetic enzyme able to demethylate specific lysine residues of histone H3, namely H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2, using FAD as the cofactor. It is ubiquitously overexpressed in many types of cancers (breast, gastric, prostate, hepatocellular, and esophageal cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, and others) leading to block of differentiation and increase of proliferation, migration and invasiveness at cellular level. LSD1 inhibitors can be grouped in covalent and non-covalent agents. Each group includes some hybrid compounds, able to inhibit LSD1 in addition to other target(s) at the same time (dual or multitargeting compounds). To date, 9 LSD1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, for hematological and/or solid cancers. Seven of them (tranylcypromine, iadademstat (ORY-1001), bomedemstat (IMG-7289), GSK-2879552, INCB059872, JBI-802, and Phenelzine) covalently bind the FAD cofactor, and two are non-covalent LSD1 inhibitors [pulrodemstat (CC-90011) and seclidemstat (SP-2577)]. Another TCP-based LSD1/MAO-B dual inhibitor, vafidemstat (ORY-2001), is in clinical trial for Alzheimer's diseases and personality disorders. The present review summarizes the structure and functions of LSD1, its pathological implications in cancer and non-cancer diseases, and the identification of LSD1 covalent and non-covalent inhibitors with different chemical scaffolds, including those involved in clinical trials, highlighting their potential as potent and selective anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Noce
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Bello
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Rossella Fioravanti,
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang D, Wu Z, Shen C, Bao L, Luo H, Wang Z, Yao H, Kong DX, Luo C, Hou T. Learning with uncertainty to accelerate the discovery of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1A (KDM1A/LSD1) inhibitors. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:6961473. [PMID: 36573494 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning including modern deep learning models has been extensively used in drug design and screening. However, reliable prediction of molecular properties is still challenging when exploring out-of-domain regimes, even for deep neural networks. Therefore, it is important to understand the uncertainty of model predictions, especially when the predictions are used to guide further experiments. In this study, we explored the utility and effectiveness of evidential uncertainty in compound screening. The evidential Graphormer model was proposed for uncertainty-guided discovery of KDM1A/LSD1 inhibitors. The benchmarking results illustrated that (i) Graphormer exhibited comparative predictive power to state-of-the-art models, and (ii) evidential regression enabled well-ranked uncertainty estimates and calibrated predictions. Subsequently, we leveraged time-splitting on the curated KDM1A/LSD1 dataset to simulate out-of-distribution predictions. The retrospective virtual screening showed that the evidential uncertainties helped reduce false positives among the top-acquired compounds and thus enabled higher experimental validation rates. The trained model was then used to virtually screen an independent in-house compound set. The top 50 compounds ranked by two different ranking strategies were experimentally validated, respectively. In general, our study highlighted the importance to understand the uncertainty in prediction, which can be recognized as an interpretable dimension to model predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenxing Wu
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China.,CarbonSilicon AI Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingjie Bao
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China
| | - Hucheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - De-Xin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Center for Chemical Biology, Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dreher RD, Theisen ER. Lysine specific demethylase 1 is a molecular driver and therapeutic target in sarcoma. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1076581. [PMID: 36686841 PMCID: PMC9846348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1076581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are a diverse group of tumors with numerous oncogenic drivers, and display varied clinical behaviors and prognoses. This complexity makes diagnosis and the development of new and effective treatments challenging. An incomplete understanding of both cell of origin and the biological drivers of sarcomas complicates efforts to develop clinically relevant model systems and find new molecular targets. Notably, the histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed in a number of different sarcomas and is a potential therapeutic target in these malignancies. With the ability to modify histone marks, LSD1 is a key player in many protein complexes that epigenetically regulate gene expression. It is a largely context dependent enzyme, having vastly different and often opposing roles depending on the cellular environment and which interaction partners are involved. LSD1 has been implicated in the development of many different types of cancer, but its role in bone and soft tissue sarcomas remains poorly understood. In this review, we compiled what is known about the LSD1 function in various sarcomas, to determine where knowledge is lacking and to find what theme emerge to characterize how LSD1 is a key molecular driver in bone and soft tissue sarcoma. We further discuss the current clinical landscape for the development of LSD1 inhibitors and where sarcomas have been included in early clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Dreher
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Emily R. Theisen
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mao F, Shi YG. Targeting the LSD1/KDM1 Family of Lysine Demethylases in Cancer and Other Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1433:15-49. [PMID: 37751134 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38176-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was the first histone demethylase discovered and the founding member of the flavin-dependent lysine demethylase family (KDM1). The human KDM1 family includes KDM1A and KDM1B, which primarily catalyze demethylation of histone H3K4me1/2. The KDM1 family is involved in epigenetic gene regulation and plays important roles in various biological and disease pathogenesis processes, including cell differentiation, embryonic development, hormone signaling, and carcinogenesis. Malfunction of many epigenetic regulators results in complex human diseases, including cancers. Regulators such as KDM1 have become potential therapeutic targets because of the reversibility of epigenetic control of genome function. Indeed, several classes of KDM1-selective small molecule inhibitors have been developed, some of which are currently in clinical trials to treat various cancers. In this chapter, we review the discovery, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, atomic structure, genetics, biology, and pathology of the KDM1 family of lysine demethylases. Focusing on cancer, we also provide a comprehensive summary of recently developed KDM1 inhibitors and related preclinical and clinical studies to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action and applications of these KDM1-specific inhibitors in therapeutic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mao
- Longevity and Aging Institute (LAI), IBS and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujiang Geno Shi
- Longevity and Aging Institute (LAI), IBS and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu H, Zhang Y, Li W, Huang N. A Comprehensive Survey of Prospective Structure-Based Virtual Screening for Early Drug Discovery in the Past Fifteen Years. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415961. [PMID: 36555602 PMCID: PMC9781938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS), also known as molecular docking, has been increasingly applied to discover small-molecule ligands based on the protein structures in the early stage of drug discovery. In this review, we comprehensively surveyed the prospective applications of molecular docking judged by solid experimental validations in the literature over the past fifteen years. Herein, we systematically analyzed the novelty of the targets and the docking hits, practical protocols of docking screening, and the following experimental validations. Among the 419 case studies we reviewed, most virtual screenings were carried out on widely studied targets, and only 22% were on less-explored new targets. Regarding docking software, GLIDE is the most popular one used in molecular docking, while the DOCK 3 series showed a strong capacity for large-scale virtual screening. Besides, the majority of identified hits are promising in structural novelty and one-quarter of the hits showed better potency than 1 μM, indicating that the primary advantage of SBVS is to discover new chemotypes rather than highly potent compounds. Furthermore, in most studies, only in vitro bioassays were carried out to validate the docking hits, which might limit the further characterization and development of the identified active compounds. Finally, several successful stories of SBVS with extensive experimental validations have been highlighted, which provide unique insights into future SBVS drug discovery campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wei Li
- RPXDs (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215028, China
| | - Niu Huang
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Alabed SJ, Zihlif M, Taha M. Discovery of new potent lysine specific histone demythelase-1 inhibitors (LSD-1) using structure based and ligand based molecular modelling and machine learning. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35873-35895. [PMID: 36545090 PMCID: PMC9751883 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05102h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD-1) is an epigenetic enzyme that oxidatively cleaves methyl groups from monomethyl and dimethyl Lys4 of histone H3 and is highly overexpressed in different types of cancer. Therefore, it has been widely recognized as a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Towards this end, we employed various Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD) approaches including pharmacophore modelling and machine learning. Pharmacophores generated by structure-based (SB) (either crystallographic-based or docking-based) and ligand-based (LB) (either supervised or unsupervised) modelling methods were allowed to compete within the context of genetic algorithm/machine learning and were assessed by Shapley additive explanation values (SHAP) to end up with three successful pharmacophores that were used to screen the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database. Seventy-five NCI hits were tested for their LSD-1 inhibitory properties against neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, pancreatic carcinoma Panc-1 cells, glioblastoma U-87 MG cells and in vitro enzymatic assay, culminating in 3 nanomolar LSD-1 inhibitors of novel chemotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shada J Alabed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Amman Jordan
| | - Malek Zihlif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan Amman Jordan
| | - Mutasem Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan Amman Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang K, Wang S, Gao W, Song Y, Yu B. Harnessing the cyclization strategy for new drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4309-4326. [PMID: 36562004 PMCID: PMC9764076 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new ligands with high affinity and specificity against the targets of interest has been a central focus in drug discovery. As one of the most commonly used methods in drug discovery, the cyclization represents a feasible strategy to identify new lead compounds by increasing structural novelty, scaffold diversity and complexity. Such strategy could also be potentially used for the follow-on drug discovery without patent infringement. In recent years, the cyclization strategy has witnessed great success in the discovery of new lead compounds against different targets for treating various diseases. Herein, we first briefly summarize the use of the cyclization strategy in the discovery of new small-molecule lead compounds, including the proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) molecules. Particularly, we focus on four main strategies including fused ring cyclization, chain cyclization, spirocyclization and macrocyclization and highlight the use of the cyclization strategy in lead generation. Finally, the challenges including the synthetic intractability, relatively poor pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and the absence of the structural information for rational structure-based cyclization are also briefly discussed. We hope this review, not exhaustive, could provide a timely overview on the cyclization strategy for the discovery of new lead compounds.
Collapse
|
24
|
Li B, Zhang X, Li J. Carrier-free supramolecular nanoassemblies of pure LSD1 inhibitor for effective anti-tumor therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:1012882. [PMID: 36247676 PMCID: PMC9561089 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1012882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The LSD1 protein is an oxidase that regulates protein methylation, which regulates gene expression and triggers tumors. Previously, inhibiting LSD1 has been found to be an effective treatment strategy for opposing tumors caused by overexpression of LSD1. Our recent study found that compound 17i was a suitable LSD1 inhibitor with potential anti-tumor activity. However, its extremely insoluble nature limits further validation of its anti-tumor activity at the clinical level. In this study, a unique carrier-free supramolecular nanoassemblies of pure compound 17i is expected to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Aqueous-insoluble compound 17i was mixed with a small quantity of DSPE-PEG2000 into an organic solvent and was prepared as nanoassemblies in water via the one-step nanoprecipitation method. The 17i nanoassemblies have a similar effect on its cytotoxicity when compared with 17i solution in vitro. Importantly, the PEGylated 17i nanoassemblies exhibit significant superiorities over 17i solutions in therapeutic efficiency, anti-tumor immune response and systemic toxicity in BALB/c mice bearing CT-26 colorectal tumors. We envision that the fabrication of pure drug nanoassemblies offers an efficient platform for reforming the undesirable characteristics of drug-like compounds to potentiate the anti-tumor therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boao Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyu Zhang, ; Jibin Li,
| | - Jibin Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyu Zhang, ; Jibin Li,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang GJ, Liu YJ, Ding LJ, Tao F, Zhu MH, Shi ZY, Wen JM, Niu MY, Li X, Xu ZS, Qin WJ, Fei CJ, Chen J. A state-of-the-art review on LSD1 and its inhibitors in breast cancer: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic significance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:989575. [PMID: 36188536 PMCID: PMC9523086 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.989575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a kind of malignant cancer in women, and it has become the most diagnosed cancer worldwide since 2020. Histone methylation is a common biological epigenetic modification mediating varieties of physiological and pathological processes. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a first identified histone demethylase, mediates the removal of methyl groups from histones H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2 and plays a crucial role in varieties of cancer progression. It is also specifically amplified in breast cancer and contributes to BC tumorigenesis and drug resistance via both demethylase and non-demethylase manners. This review will provide insight into the overview structure of LSD1, summarize its action mechanisms in BC, describe the therapeutic potential of LSD1 inhibitors in BC, and prospect the current opportunities and challenges of targeting LSD1 for BC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li-Jian Ding
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Marine Pharmacy, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fan Tao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zhu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhen-Yuan Shi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Juan-Ming Wen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Meng-Yao Niu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhan-Song Xu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wan-Jia Qin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Chen, ,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Akeel Al-Hussaniy H, S. Al-tameemi Z, AL-Zobaidy MJ. In silico comparison between the mutated and wild-type androgen receptors and their influence on the selection of optimum androgenic receptor blockers for the treatment of prostate cancer. F1000Res 2022; 11:516. [PMID: 38779468 PMCID: PMC11109556 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.110072.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer is a disease that occurs in men aged more than 50 years. In Iraq, 8.89 men per 100,000 population suffer from prostate cancer, with the incidence being 14,016 cases and mortality being 6,367 cases. Despite advances in treatment against prostate cancer, it can become resistant to drugs. Therefore, the aim of current study was to search and identify binding sites for the repositioning of drugs by computational methods (docking). Methods: Based on the protein structure of the wild androgen receptor, the analysis parameters (22x22x22 on the X, Y, and Z axes) were established. Results: The interactions of the natural ligands with androgen receptor were 10.0 (testosterone) and 10.8 (dihydrotestosterone) while mutated androgen receptor (T877A) had a low affinity with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (-5.3 and -6.7, respectively). In the interactions of both receptors with the reported inhibitors (antagonists), a decrease with Bicalutamide (-8.3 and -4.3, respectively) and an increase in affinity with Flutamide and Nilutamide (-7.7 and 8.6, wild AR; -8.7 and -9.3 AR T877A) were observed. As for Enzalutamide and Apalutamide (second-generation antagonists), the change was minimal between wild androgen receptor and T877A (-7.6 and -7.7; -7.3 and -7.3, respectively). The change in the affinity of the ligands with androgen receptor and androgen receptor T877A shows how a mutation alters the bonds between these molecules. Conclusion: The identification of key sites and potent inhibitors against abnormal androgen receptor functions will enrich prostate cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hany Akeel Al-Hussaniy
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Anesthetic, Alnukbah University, Baghdad, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Zahraa S. Al-tameemi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang X, Sun Y, Huang H, Wang X, Wu T, Yin W, Li X, Wang L, Gu Y, Zhao D, Cheng M. Identification of novel indole derivatives as highly potent and efficacious LSD1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114523. [PMID: 35732082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a FAD-dependent histone demethylase to catalyze the demethylation of H3K4 and H3K9 and thus is an attractive target for therapeutic cancer. Starting with a high micromolar compound 17i, structure-based optimization of novel indole derivatives is described by a bioelectronic isosteric strategy. Grounded by molecular modeling, medicinal chemistry has efficiently yielded low nanomolar LSD1 inhibitors. One of the compounds, B35, exhibited excellent LSD1 inhibition (IC50 = 0.050 ± 0.005 μM) and anti-proliferation against A549 cells (IC50 = 0.74 ± 0.14 μM). The further PK studies indicated compound B35 possessed favorable metabolic stability, in which the plasma t1/2 of p.o. and i.v. were 6.27 ± 0.72 h and 8.78 ± 1.31 h, respectively. Additionally, inhibitor B35 shows a strong antitumor effect and good safety in vivo. Meanwhile, compound B35 regulated genes are closely associated with transcriptional dislocation in cancer and PI3K/AKT pathway involving IGFBP3. Taken together, B35 could be a potent LSD1 inhibitor for further drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Hailan Huang
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaojia Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanting Gu
- Department of Physiology, Life Science and Biopharmaceutical Institution, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ozadali-Sari K, Ceylan S, Yucel ES, Sabuncuoglu S, Unsal-Tan O. Design, Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of N‐acylhydrazone‐Incorporated Isoxazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazin‐4(5H)‐one Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200389. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keriman Ozadali-Sari
- Hacettepe Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Pharmaceutical chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hacettepe UniversityFaculty of Pharmacy, Ankara 06100 06100 Ankara TURKEY
| | - Serenay Ceylan
- Hacettepe Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Pharmaceutical Chemistry 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hacettepe UniversityFaculty of PharmacyAnkara 06100, Turkey 06100 Ankara TURKEY
| | - Evnur Sinem Yucel
- Hacettepe Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hacettepe University,Faculty of Pharmacy 06100 Ankara TURKEY
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Hacettepe Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Pharmaceutical Toxicology Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara 06100 06100 Ankara TURKEY
| | - Oya Unsal-Tan
- Hacettepe Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara 06100 06100 Ankara TURKEY
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tokarsky EJ, Crow JC, Guenther LM, Sherman J, Taslim C, Alexe G, Pishas KI, Rask G, Justis BS, Kasumova A, Stegmaier K, Lessnick SL, Theisen ER. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Driver of SP-2509 Drug Resistance in Ewing Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1035-1046. [PMID: 35298000 PMCID: PMC9284474 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the fusion oncoprotein EWS/FLI causes Ewing sarcoma, an aggressive pediatric tumor characterized by widespread epigenetic deregulation. These epigenetic changes are targeted by novel lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) inhibitors, which are currently in early-phase clinical trials. Single-agent-targeted therapy often induces resistance, and successful clinical development requires knowledge of resistance mechanisms, enabling the design of effective combination strategies. Here, we used a genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screen to identify genes whose knockout (KO) conferred resistance to the LSD1 inhibitor SP-2509 in Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Multiple genes required for mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes III and IV function were hits in our screen. We validated this finding using genetic and chemical approaches, including CRISPR KO, ETC inhibitors, and mitochondrial depletion. Further global transcriptional profiling revealed that altered complex III/IV function disrupted the oncogenic program mediated by EWS/FLI and LSD1 and blunted the transcriptomic response to SP-2509. IMPLICATIONS These findings demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction modulates SP-2509 efficacy and suggest that new therapeutic strategies combining LSD1 with agents that prevent mitochondrial dysfunction may benefit patients with this aggressive malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. John Tokarsky
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jesse C. Crow
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lillian M. Guenther
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Sherman
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Cenny Taslim
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Galen Rask
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Blake S. Justis
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ana Kasumova
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen L. Lessnick
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emily R. Theisen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Corresponding Author: Emily R. Theisen, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205. Phone: 614-355-2927; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dong J, Pervaiz W, Tayyab B, Li D, Kang L, Zhang H, Gong H, Ma X, Li J, Agboyibor C, Bi Y, Liu H. A comprehensive comparative study on LSD1 in different cancers and tumor specific LSD1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114564. [PMID: 35820351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
LSD1 was significantly over-expressed in several cancer types, and its aberrant overexpression was revealed to play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Several LSD1 inhibitors that were discovered and developed so far were found to be effective in attenuating tumor growth in both in vivo and in vitro studies. However, the major challenge associated with the development of cancer therapies is personalized treatment. Therefore, it is essential to look in detail at how LSD1 plays its part in carcinogenesis and whether there are any different expression levels of LSD1 in different tumors. Here in this review, fresh insight into a list of function correlated LSD1 binding proteins are provided, and we tried to figure out the role of LSD1 in different cancer types, including hematological malignancies and solid tumors. A critical description of mutation preference for LSD1 in different tumors was also discussed. Recent research findings clearly showed that the abrogation of LSD1 demethylase activity via LSD1 inhibitors markedly reduced the growth of cancer cells. But there are still many ambiguities regarding the role of LSD1 in different cancers. Therefore, targeting LSD1 for treating different cancers is still reductionist, and many challenges need to be met to improve the therapeutic outcomes of LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Waqar Pervaiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Bilal Tayyab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Dié Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lei Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Huimin Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinli Ma
- China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Jian Li
- China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
| | - Clement Agboyibor
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuefeng Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Hongmin Liu
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu X, Zhang Z, She N, Zhai J, Zhao Y, Wang C. Combination of multiple methods and views for recognition, transportation, and structure-guided modification of lysine-specific demethylase phenylcyclopropylamine inhibitor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13806-13823. [PMID: 35612608 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01197b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a typical histone-specific demethylase, which plays an important role in protein methylation modification. It is a member of the amine oxidase family (MAO) that specifically removes methyl groups from monomethylated H3K4, dimethylated H3K4 and H3K9 sites associated with tumorigenesis. Phenylcyclopropylamine derivatives are a class of specific LSD1 inhibitors, drawing attention due to their high efficiency. Here, extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are combined with a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) in order to design a new phenylcyclopropylamine inhibitor from multiple perspectives. In a ligand-oriented point of view, a 3D-QSAR model with comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) can be built based on the 55 phenylcyclopropylamine compounds targeting LSD1 obtained experimentally. The aromatic and piperazine rings are identified as the potential key groups regulating the activity of the compounds. In an interaction-oriented view, the representative compound is defined with the highest inhibitory efficiency. The binding and delivery mechanism and conformational dependence of activity, including channel and dynamic properties, are studied using RAMD and umbrella sampling technologies. The direct hydrogen bond and conjugated interactions are identified as a major driving force in this procedure. The dominant region of the phenylcyclopropylamine influences the free energy and detects the key residues in recognition and delivery. On the basis of both the ligand and interaction, a series of new inhibitor structures were designed, and two of them showed better efficiency. In order to select the inhibitor with a longer residence time, a comparison is conducted between the designed inhibitors and the experimentally obtained inhibitor from the perspective of static binding and dynamic delivery properties. This work creates new guidance for the phenylcyclopropylamine inhibitor design of LDS1 by combining the ligand and receptor, considering both static and dynamic properties. This scheme could be applied in other inhibitor design systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Nai She
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Jihang Zhai
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Chaojie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang H, Song Z, Xie E, Chen J, Tang B, Wang F, Min J. Targeting the LSD1-G9a-ER Stress Pathway as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9814652. [PMID: 35707047 PMCID: PMC9185438 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9814652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the management and treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the prognosis remains extremely poor, and current nonsurgical treatment options are limited. To identify new therapeutic targets, we screened a curated library of epigenetic compounds using a panel of cancer cell lines and found that coinhibiting the histone demethylase LSD1 and the histone methyltransferase G9a potently suppresses cell growth; similar results were obtained by knocking down both LSD1 and G9a expression. Importantly, we also found that inhibiting LSD1 and G9a significantly decreased tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model with ESCC cell lines. To examine the clinical relevance of these findings, we performed immunohistochemical analyses of microarray profiling data obtained from human esophageal squamous cancer tissues and found that both LSD1 and G9a are upregulated in cancer tissues compared to healthy tissues, and this increased expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, we discovered that inhibiting LSD1 and G9a induces cell death via S-phase arrest and apoptosis, and cotargeting ER stress pathways increased this effect both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings provide compelling evidence that targeting LSD1, G9a, and ER stress-related pathways may serve as a viable therapeutic strategy for ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zijun Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Enjun Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Biyao Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Basic Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Doi K, Murata K, Ito S, Suzuki A, Terao C, Ishie S, Umemoto A, Murotani Y, Nishitani K, Yoshitomi H, Fujii T, Watanabe R, Hashimoto M, Murakami K, Tanaka M, Ito H, Park-Min KH, Ivashkiv LB, Morinobu A, Matsuda S. Role of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 in Metabolically Integrating Osteoclast Differentiation and Inflammatory Bone Resorption Through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α and E2F1. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:948-960. [PMID: 35077015 PMCID: PMC9156537 DOI: 10.1002/art.42074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia occurs in tumors, infections, and sites of inflammation, such as in the affected joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It alleviates inflammatory responses and increases bone resorption in inflammatory arthritis by enhancing osteoclastogenesis. The mechanism by which the hypoxia response is linked to osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption is unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether the protein lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) metabolically integrates inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in a state of inflammatory arthritis. METHODS LSD1-specific inhibitors and gene silencing with small interfering RNAs were used to inhibit the expression of LSD1 in human osteoclast precursor cells derived from CD14-positive monocytes, with subsequent assessment by RNA-sequencing analysis. In experimental mouse models of arthritis, inflammatory osteolysis, or osteoporosis, features of accelerated bone loss and inflammatory osteolysis were analyzed. Furthermore, in blood samples from patients with RA, cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL) were analyzed for association with the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), and associations between HIF-1α allelic variants and extent of bone erosion were evaluated. RESULTS In human osteoclast precursor cells, RANKL induced the expression of LSD1 in a mechanistic target of rapamycin-dependent manner. Expression of LSD1 was higher in synovium from RA patients than in synovium from osteoarthritis patients. Inhibition of LSD1 in human osteoclast precursors suppressed osteoclast differentiation. Results of transcriptome analysis identified several LSD1-mediated hypoxia and cell-cycle pathways as key genetic pathways involved in human osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, HIF-1α protein, which is rapidly degraded by the proteasome in a normoxic environment, was found to be expressed in RANKL-stimulated osteoclast precursor cells. Induction of LSD1 by RANKL stabilized the expression of HIF-1α protein, thereby promoting glycolysis, in conjunction with up-regulation of the transcription factor E2F1. Analyses of cis-eQTL revealed that higher HIF-1α expression was associated with increased bone erosion in patients with RA. Inhibition of LSD1 decreased pathologic bone resorption in mice, both in models of accelerated osteoporosis and models of arthritis and inflammatory osteolysis. CONCLUSION LSD1 metabolically regulates osteoclastogenesis in an energy-demanding inflammatory environment. These findings provide potential new therapeutic strategies targeting osteoclasts in the management of inflammatory arthritis, including in patients with RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Doi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Shuji Ito
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Akari Suzuki
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
- The Department of Applied Genetics, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ishie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akio Umemoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murotani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujii
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryu Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kosaku Murakami
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromu Ito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medicine for Rheumatic Diseases, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Akio Morinobu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies of Methylene bearing cyanopyrimidine derivatives possessing a hydrazone moiety as potent Lysine specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) inhibitors: A promising anticancer agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
35
|
Menna M, Fiorentino F, Marrocco B, Lucidi A, Tomassi S, Cilli D, Romanenghi M, Cassandri M, Pomella S, Pezzella M, Del Bufalo D, Zeya Ansari MS, Tomašević N, Mladenović M, Viviano M, Sbardella G, Rota R, Trisciuoglio D, Minucci S, Mattevi A, Rotili D, Mai A. Novel non-covalent LSD1 inhibitors endowed with anticancer effects in leukemia and solid tumor cellular models. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
36
|
He X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ye Y, Wang S, Bai R, Xie T, Ye XY. Drug discovery of histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) inhibitors (progress from 2018 to present). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
37
|
Sacilotto N, Dessanti P, Lufino MMP, Ortega A, Rodríguez-Gimeno A, Salas J, Maes T, Buesa C, Mascaró C, Soliva R. Comprehensive in Vitro Characterization of the LSD1 Small Molecule Inhibitor Class in Oncology. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1818-1834. [PMID: 34927013 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1 or KDM1A) is a chromatin modifying enzyme playing a key role in the cell cycle and cell differentiation and proliferation through the demethylation of histones and nonhistone substrates. In addition to its enzymatic activity, LSD1 plays a fundamental scaffolding role as part of transcription silencing complexes such as rest co-repressor (CoREST) and nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD). A host of classical amine oxidase inhibitors such as tranylcypromine, pargyline, and phenelzine together with LSD1 tool compounds such as SP-2509 and GSK-LSD1 have been extensively utilized in LSD1 mechanistic cancer studies. Additionally, several optimized new chemical entities have reached clinical trials in oncology such as ORY-1001 (iadademstat), GSK2879552, SP-2577 (seclidemstat), IMG-7289 (bomedemstat), INCB059872, and CC-90011 (pulrodemstat). Despite this, no single study exists that characterizes them all under the same experimental conditions, preventing a clear interpretation of published results. Herein, we characterize the whole LSD1 small molecule compound class as inhibitors of LSD1 catalytic activity, disruptors of SNAIL/GFI1 (SNAG)-scaffolding protein-protein interactions, inducers of cell differentiation, and potential anticancer treatments for hematological and solid tumors to yield an updated, unified perspective of this field. Our results highlight significant differences in potency and selectivity among the clinical compounds with iadademstat being the most potent and reveal that most of the tool compounds have very low activity and selectivity, suggesting some conclusions derived from their use should be taken with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sacilotto
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Dessanti
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele M P Lufino
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortega
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Salas
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Maes
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Buesa
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Mascaró
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Soliva
- Oryzon Genomics S.A., Carrer Sant Ferran 74, Cornellà de Llobregat, 08940 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou J, Wu S, Lee BG, Chen T, He Z, Lei Y, Tang B, Hirst JD. Machine-Learning-Enabled Virtual Screening for Inhibitors of Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1. Molecules 2021; 26:7492. [PMID: 34946572 PMCID: PMC8707381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A machine learning approach has been applied to virtual screening for lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors. LSD1 is an important anti-cancer target. Machine learning models to predict activity were constructed using Morgan molecular fingerprints. The dataset, consisting of 931 molecules with LSD1 inhibition activity, was obtained from the ChEMBL database. An evaluation of several candidate algorithms on the main dataset revealed that the support vector regressor gave the best model, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.703. Virtual screening, using this model, identified five predicted potent inhibitors from the ZINC database comprising more than 300,000 molecules. The virtual screening recovered a known inhibitor, RN1, as well as four compounds where activity against LSD1 had not previously been suggested. Thus, we performed a machine-learning-enabled virtual screening of LSD1 inhibitors using only the structural information of the molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shiying Wu
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Boon Giin Lee
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Tianwei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yukun Lei
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bencan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Li Z, Qin T, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhang X, Zhao T, Yang N, Miao J, Ma J, Zhang Z. Discovery of quinazoline derivatives as a novel class of potent and in vivo efficacious LSD1 inhibitors by drug repurposing. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113778. [PMID: 34416665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an important epigenetic modulator, and is implicated in malignant transformation and tumor pathogenesis in different ways. Therefore, the inhibition of LSD1 provides an attractive therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Based on drug repurposing strategy, we screened our in-house chemical library toward LSD1, and found that the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib, an FDA-approved drug for lung cancer, possessed low potency against LSD1 (IC50 = 35.80 μM). Herein, we report our further medicinal chemistry effort to obtain a highly water-soluble erlotinib analog 5k (>100 mg/mL) with significantly enhanced inhibitory activity against LSD1 (IC50 = 0.69 μM) as well as higher specificity. In MGC-803 cells, 5k suppressed the demethylation of LSD1, indicating its cellular activity against the enzyme. In addition, 5k had a remarkable capacity to inhibit colony formation, suppress migration and induce apoptosis of MGC803 cells. Furthermore, in MGC-803 xenograft mouse model, 5k treatment resulted in significant reduction in tumor size by 81.6% and 96.1% at dosages of 40 and 80 mg/kg/d, respectively. Our findings indicate that erlotinib-based analogs provide a novel structural set of LSD1 inhibitors with potential for further investigation, and may serve as novel candidates for the treatment of LSD1-overexpressing cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Tingting Qin
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhongrui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Taoqian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Nian Yang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jinxin Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Jinlian Ma
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Zhang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Agboyibor C, Dong J, Effah CY, Drokow EK, Pervaiz W, Li D, Kang L, Ma X, Li J, Liu Z, Liu HM. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Expression as a Prognostic Biomarker of Cancer Survival and Disease Progression. Cancer Control 2021; 28:10732748211051557. [PMID: 34802287 PMCID: PMC8727833 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211051557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies on the prognostic significance of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) up-regulation in tumors have different outcomes. The inconsistency originated from various studies looking into the association between LSD1 and tumor cells has prompted the decision of this quantitative systematic review to decipher how up-regulated LSD1 and overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) or disease-free survival (DFS) are linked in tumor patients. Methods Articles were searched from online databases such as Embase, Web of Science Core, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The extraction of the hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was attained and survival data of 3151 tumor patients from 17 pieces of related research were used for this meta-analysis. Results To shed light on the link between LSD1 up-regulation and the prognosis of diverse tumors, the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. In this meta-analysis, it was observed that LSD1 up-regulation is linked with poor OS (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.66–2.61, P < .01) and RFS (HR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.81–5.26, P < .01) in tumor patients. However, LSD1 up-regulation was not linked to DFS (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: .83–2.69, P = .18) in tumor patients. The subcategory examination grouped by tumor type and ethnicity showed that LSD1 up-regulation was linked with a poor outcome in the esophageal tumor and hepatocellular carcinoma and Asian patients, respectively. For clinical-pathological factors, up-regulated LSD1 was significantly linked with Lymph node status. Conclusion Despite the shortfall of the present work, this meta-analysis proposes that LSD1 up-regulation may be a prognostic biomarker for patients with tumors including esophageal tumors and hepatocellular carcinoma. We propose that large-scale studies are vital to substantiate these outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clement Agboyibor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianshu Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Clement Y Effah
- College of Public Health, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Emmanuel K Drokow
- Department of Oncology, 89632Zhengzhou University People's Hospital and Henan Provincial People's Hospital Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Waqar Pervaiz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dié Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinli Ma
- China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- China-US(Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- 12636The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Drug Discovery and Development; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality Control and Evaluation, 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation of Henan Province; 12636Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Holdgate GA, Bardelle C, Lanne A, Read J, O'Donovan DH, Smith JM, Selmi N, Sheppard R. Drug discovery for epigenetics targets. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1088-1098. [PMID: 34728375 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the epigenome is associated with the onset and progression of several diseases, including cancer, autoimmune, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. Members from the three families of epigenetic proteins (readers, writers, and erasers) have been shown to be druggable using small-molecule inhibitors. Increasing knowledge of the role of epigenetics in disease and the reversibility of these modifications explain why pharmacological intervention is an attractive strategy for tackling epigenetic-based disease. In this review, we provide an overview of epigenetics drug targets, focus on approaches used for initial hit identification, and describe the subsequent role of structure-guided chemistry optimisation of initial hits to clinical candidates. We also highlight current challenges and future potential for epigenetics-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Holdgate
- High-throughput Screening, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK.
| | - Catherine Bardelle
- High-throughput Screening, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Alice Lanne
- High-throughput Screening, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Jon Read
- Structure and Biophysics, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Nidhal Selmi
- iLAB, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Sheppard
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal, Metabolism R&D, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang X, Wang X, Wu T, Yin W, Yan J, Sun Y, Zhao D. Therapeutic potential of targeting LSD1/ KDM1A in cancers. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105958. [PMID: 34718134 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
LSD1 was the first histone demethylase identified by Professor Shi Yang and his team members in 2004. LSD1 employs FAD as its cofactor, which catalyzes the demethylation of H3K4 and H3K9. It is aberrantly overexpressed in different types of cancers and is associated with the growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. The knockout or inhibition of LSD1 could effectively suppress tumor development, and thus, it has become an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy. Moreover, many LSD1 inhibitors have been developed in preclinical and clinical trials to treat solid tumors and hematological malignancy. This study made an extensive review of the research obtained from the literature retrieval of electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, RCSB PDB, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EU clinical trials register. This review summarizes recent studies on the advances of LSD1 inhibitors in the literature, covering January 2015 to June 2021. It focuses on the function of LSD1 in tumor cells, summarizes the crystal structures of homo sapiens LSD1, reviews the structural characteristics of LSD1 inhibitors, compares the screening methods of LSD1 inhibitors, and proposes guidelines for the future exploitation of LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xinran Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jiangkun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Intermolecular insights into allosteric inhibition of histone lysine-specific demethylase 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129990. [PMID: 34390793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has become a potential anticancer target for the novel drug discovery. Recent reports have shown that SP2509 and its derivatives strongly inhibit LSD1 as allosteric inhibitors. However, the binding mechanism of these allosteric inhibitors in the allosteric site of LSD1 is not known yet. METHODS The stability and binding mechanism of allosteric inhibitors in the binding site of LSD1 were evaluated by molecular docking, ligand-based pharmacophore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, molecular mechanics generalized born surface area (MM/GBSA) analysis, quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculation and Hirshfeld surface analysis. RESULTS The conformational geometry and the intermolecular interactions of allosteric inhibitors showed high binding affinity towards allosteric site of LSD1 with the neighboring amino acids (Gly358, Cys360, Leu362, Asp375 and Glu379). Meanwhile, MD simulations and MM/GBSA analysis were performed on selected allosteric inhibitors in complex with LSD1 protein, which confirmed the high stability and binding affinity of these inhibitors in the allosteric site of LSD1. CONCLUSION The simulation results revealed the crucial factors accounting for allosteric inhibitors of LSD1, including different protein-ligand interactions, the positions and conformations of key residues, and the ligands flexibilities. Meanwhile, a halogen bond interaction between chlorine atom of ligand and key residues Trp531 and His532 was recurrent in our analysis confirming its importance. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Overall, our research analyzed in depth the binding modes of allosteric inhibitors with LSD1 and could provide useful information for the design of novel allosteric inhibitors.
Collapse
|
44
|
Yan J, Gu Y, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wang X, Wu T, Zhao D, Cheng M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-aminotetrahydroquinoline-based LSD1 inhibitors acting on Asp375. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100102. [PMID: 33987875 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal expression of lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) is associated with different cancer types, and LSD1 inhibitory activity seems to have high therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of novel 5-aminotetrahydroquinoline-based LSD1 inhibitors. Among them, compounds A6, A8, B1-B5, and C4 showed preferable inhibitory effects on LSD1, with IC50 = 0.19-0.82 µM. Several potent compounds were selected to evaluate their antiproliferative activity on A549 cells and MCF-7 cells with a high expression of LSD1. The potential binding modes of the compounds were revealed through molecular docking to rationalize the potency of compounds toward LSD1. Our data recognized that the 5-aminotetrahydroquinoline scaffold may serve as a starting point for developing potent LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanting Gu
- The School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel dual inhibitors targeting lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) for treatment of gastric cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113453. [PMID: 33957387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
LSD1 and HDAC are physical and functional related to each other in various human cancers and simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of LSD1 and HDAC exerts synergistic anti-cancer effects. In this work, a series of novel LSD1/HDAC bifunctional inhibitors with a styrylpyridine skeleton were designed and synthesized based on our previously reported LSD1 inhibitors. The representative compounds 5d and 5m showed potent activity against LSD1 and HDAC at both molecular and cellular level and displayed high selectivity against MAO-A/B. Moreover, compounds 5d and 5m demonstrated potent antiproliferative activities against MGC-803 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. Notably, compound 5m showed superior in vitro anticancer potency against a panel of gastric cancer cell lines than ORY-1001 and SP-2509 with IC50 values ranging from 0.23 to 1.56 μM. Compounds 5d and 5m significantly modulated the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Vimentin, ZO-1 and E-cadherin, induced apoptosis, reduced colony formation and suppressed migration in MGC-803 cancer cells. In addition, preliminary absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) studies revealed that compounds 5d and 5m showed acceptable metabolic stability in human liver microsomes with minimal inhibition of cytochrome P450s (CYPs). Those results indicated that compound 5m could be a promising lead compound for further development as a therapeutic agent in gastric cancers via LSD1 and HDAC dual inhibition.
Collapse
|
46
|
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel benzofuran derivatives as potent LSD1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113501. [PMID: 33945992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a FAD-dependent enzyme, which has been proposed as a promising target for therapeutic cancer. Herein, a series of benzofuran derivatives were designed, synthesized and biochemical evaluated as novel LSD1 inhibitors based on scaffold hopping and conformational restriction strategy. Most of the compounds potently suppressed the enzymatic activities of LSD1 and potently inhibited tumor cells proliferation. In particular, the representative compound 17i exhibited excellent LSD1 inhibition at the molecular levels with IC50 = 0.065 μM, as well as anti-proliferation against MCF-7, MGC-803, H460, A549 and THP-1 tumor cells with IC50 values of 2.90 ± 0.32, 5.85 ± 0.35, 2.06 ± 0.27, 5.74 ± 1.03 and 6.15 ± 0.49 μM, respectively. The binding modes of these compounds were rationalized by molecular docking. Meanwhile, a preliminary druggability evaluation showed that compound 17i displayed favorable liver microsomal stability and weak inhibitory activity against CYPs at 10 μM. Remarkably, H460 xenograft tumors studies revealed that 17i demonstrated robust in vivo antitumor efficacy without significant side effects. All the results demonstrated that compound 17i could represent a promising lead for further development.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abdizadeh R, Heidarian E, Hadizadeh F, Abdizadeh T. QSAR Modeling, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Studies of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:987-1018. [PMID: 32698753 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200721134010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone Lysine Demetylases1 (LSD1) is a promising medication to treat cancer, which plays a crucial role in epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Inhibition of LSD1with small molecules has emerged as a vital mechanism to treat cancer. OBJECTIVE In the present research, molecular modeling investigations, such as CoMFA, CoMFA-RF, CoMSIA and HQSAR, molecular docking and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on some tranylcypromine derivatives as LSD1 inhibitors. METHODS The QSAR models were carried out on a series of Tranylcypromine derivatives as data set via the SYBYL-X2.1.1 program. Molecular docking and MD simulations were carried out by the MOE software and the SYBYL program, respectively. The internal and external predictability performances related to the generated models for these LSD1 inhibitors were justified by evaluating cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2), noncross- validated correlation coefficient (r2ncv) and predicted correlation coefficient (r2pred) of the training and test set molecules, respectively. RESULTS The CoMFA (q2, 0.670; r2ncv, 0.930; r2pred, 0.968), CoMFA-RF (q2, 0.694; r2ncr, 0.926; r2pred, 0.927), CoMSIA (q2, 0.834; r2ncv, 0.956; r2pred, 0.958) and HQSAR models (q2, 0.854; r2ncv, 0.900; r2pred, 0.728) for training as well as the test set of LSD1 inhibition resulted in significant findings. CONCLUSION These QSAR models were found to be perfect and strong with better predictability. Contour maps of all models were generated and it was proven by molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulation that the hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding fields are crucial in these models for improving the binding affinity and determining the structure-activity relationship. These theoretical results are possibly beneficial to design new strong LSD1 inhibitors with enhanced activity to treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Abdizadeh
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Esfandiar Heidarian
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Sharekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tooba Abdizadeh
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Sharekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
LSD1 as a Biomarker and the Outcome of Its Inhibitors in the Clinical Trial: The Therapy Opportunity in Tumor. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:5512524. [PMID: 33833800 PMCID: PMC8018836 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5512524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are the foremost cause of death worldwide. As a result of that, there has been a significant enhancement in the investigation, treatment methods, and good maintenance practices on cancer. However, the sensitivity and specificity of a lot of tumor biomarkers are not adequate. Hence, it is of inordinate significance to ascertain novel biomarkers to forecast the prognosis and therapy targets for tumors. This review characterized LSD1 as a biomarker in different tumors. LSD1 inhibitors in clinical trials were also discussed. The recent pattern advocates that LSD1 is engaged at sauce chromatin zones linking with complexes of multi-protein having an exact DNA-binding transcription factor, establishing LSD1 as a favorable epigenetic target, and also gives a large selection of therapeutic targets to treat different tumors. This review sturdily backing the oncogenic probable of LSD1 in different tumors indicated that LSD1 levels can be used to monitor and identify different tumors and can be a useful biomarker of progression and fair diagnosis in tumor patients. The clinical trials showed that inhibitors of LSD1 have growing evidence of clinical efficacy which is very encouraging and promising. However, for some of the inhibitors such as GSK2879552, though selective, potent, and effective, its disease control was poor as the rate of adverse events (AEs) was high in tumor patients causing clinical trial termination, and continuation could not be supported by the risk-benefit profile. Therefore, we propose that, to attain excellent clinical results of inhibitors of LSD1, much attention is required in designing appropriate dosing regimens, developing in-depth in vitro/in vivo mechanistic works of LSD1 inhibitors, and developing inhibitors of LSD1 that are reversible, safe, potent, and selective which may offer safer profiles.
Collapse
|
49
|
Dai XJ, Liu Y, Xue LP, Xiong XP, Zhou Y, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Reversible Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Inhibitors: A Promising Wrench to Impair LSD1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2466-2488. [PMID: 33619958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monoamine oxidase, lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) functions as a transcription coactivator or corepressor to regulate the methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 and 9 (H3K4/9), and it has emerged as a promising epigenetic target for anticancer treatment. To date, numerous inhibitors targeting LSD1 have been developed, some of which are undergoing clinical trials for cancer therapy. Although only two reversible LSD1 inhibitors CC-90011 and SP-2577 are in the clinical stage, the past decade has seen remarkable advances in the development of reversible LSD1 inhibitors. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review about structures, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of reversible LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lei-Peng Xue
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dong B, Qiu Z, Wu Y. Tackle Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition With Epigenetic Drugs in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:596239. [PMID: 33343366 PMCID: PMC7746977 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.596239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a de-differentiation process in which epithelial cells lose their epithelial properties to acquire mesenchymal features. EMT is essential for embryogenesis and wound healing but is aberrantly activated in pathological conditions like fibrosis and cancer. Tumor-associated EMT contributes to cancer cell initiation, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance and recurrence. This dynamic and reversible event is governed by EMT-transcription factors (EMT-TFs) with epigenetic complexes. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding the mechanisms that modulate EMT in the context of epigenetic regulation, with emphasis on epigenetic drugs, such as DNA demethylating reagents, inhibitors of histone modifiers and non-coding RNA medication. Therapeutic contributions that improve epigenetic regulation of EMT will translate the clinical manifestation as treating cancer progression more efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Zhaoping Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yadi Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Yadi Wu,
| |
Collapse
|