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Hui Z, Deng H, Zhang X, Garrido C, Lirussi F, Ye XY, Xie T, Liu ZQ. Development and therapeutic potential of DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107608. [PMID: 38981210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of DNA damage response (DDR) combats various forms of DNA damage, ensuring genomic stability. Cancer cells' propensity for genomic instability offers therapeutic opportunities to selectively kill cancer cells by suppressing the DDR pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a nuclear serine/threonine kinase, is crucial for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Therefore, targeting DNA-PK is a promising cancer treatment strategy. This review elaborates on the structures of DNA-PK and its related large protein, as well as the development process of DNA-PK inhibitors, and recent advancements in their clinical application. We emphasize our analysis of the development process and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of DNA-PK inhibitors based on different scaffolds. We hope this review will provide practical information for researchers seeking to develop novel DNA-PK inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Hui
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China
| | - Haowen Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xuelei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Carmen Garrido
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Faculté de médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, Centre de lutte contre le cancer Georges François Leclerc, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- INSERM U1231, Label LipSTIC and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Dijon, France; Université de Franche Comté, France, University Hospital of Besançon (CHU), France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, P.R. China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P. R. China.
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2
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Hong CR, Liew LP, Wong WW, Dickson BD, Cheng G, Shome A, Airey R, Jaiswal J, Lipert B, Jamieson SMF, Wilson WR, Hay MP. Identification of 6-Anilino Imidazo[4,5- c]pyridin-2-ones as Selective DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Their Application as Radiosensitizers. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12366-12385. [PMID: 39007759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The dominant role of non-homologous end-joining in the repair of radiation-induced double-strand breaks identifies DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) as an excellent target for the development of radiosensitizers. We report the discovery of a new class of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-one DNA-PK inhibitors. Structure-activity studies culminated in the identification of 78 as a nM DNA-PK inhibitor with excellent selectivity for DNA-PK compared to related phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and PI3K-like kinase (PIKK) families and the broader kinome, and displayed DNA-PK-dependent radiosensitization of HAP1 cells. Compound 78 demonstrated robust radiosensitization of a broad range of cancer cells in vitro, displayed high oral bioavailability, and sensitized colorectal carcinoma (HCT116/54C) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (UT-SCC-74B) tumor xenografts to radiation. Compound 78 also provided substantial tumor growth inhibition of HCT116/54C tumor xenografts in combination with radiation. Compound 78 represents a new, potent, and selective class of DNA-PK inhibitors with significant potential as radiosensitizers for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho R Hong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Way W Wong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin D Dickson
- Chemistry and Applied Physics, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Gary Cheng
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Avik Shome
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Airey
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jagdish Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Lipert
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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3
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Abu-Hashem AA, Hakami O, El-Shazly M, El-Nashar HAS, Yousif MNM. Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400050. [PMID: 38719741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Hakami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N M Yousif
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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4
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Li X, Luo W, Tang Y, Wu J, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhou L, Tao Y, Tang Y, Wang F, Huang Y, Jose PA, Guo L, Zeng C. Semaglutide attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by ameliorating BNIP3-Mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103129. [PMID: 38574433 PMCID: PMC11000183 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Doxorubicin is a powerful chemotherapeutic agent for cancer, whose use is limited due to its potential cardiotoxicity. Semaglutide (SEMA), a novel analog of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has received widespread attention for the treatment of diabetes. However, increasing evidence has highlighted its potential therapeutic benefits on cardiac function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of semaglutide in ameliorating doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is an established model to study cardiac function. Cardiac function was studied by transthoracic echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic monitoring. The results showed that semaglutide significantly ameliorated doxorubicin-induced cardiac dysfunction. RNA sequencing suggested that Bnip3 is the candidate gene that impaired the protective effect of semaglutide in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. To determine the role of BNIP3 on the effect of semaglutide in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, BNIP3 with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) expressing cardiac troponin T (cTnT) promoter was injected into tail vein of C57/BL6J mice to overexpress BNIP3, specifically in the heart. Overexpression of BNIP3 prevented the improvement in cardiac function caused by semaglutide. In vitro experiments showed that semaglutide, via PI3K/AKT pathway, reduced BNIP3 expression in the mitochondria, improving mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION Semaglutide ameliorates doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial and cardiac dysfunction via PI3K/AKT pathway, by reducing BNIP3 expression in mitochondria. The improvement in mitochondrial function reduces doxorubicin-mediated cardiac injury and improves cardiac function. Therefore, semaglutide is a potential therapy to reduce doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenbin Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangjiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Junkai Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanjuan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Renal Diseases & Hypertension, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Li Guo
- Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing Key Laboratory for Hypertension Research, Chongqing Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Center of Chongqing College, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China; Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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5
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Zhao JQ, Zhang XM, He YY, Peng QQ, Rao HW, Zhang YP, Wang ZH, You Y, Yuan WC. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Vicinally Bis(trifluoromethyl)-Substituted Molecules via Normal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of N-2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl Benzothiophene Ketimines and β-Trifluoromethyl Enones. Org Lett 2023; 25:8027-8032. [PMID: 37916762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
An organocatalytic asymmetric [3 + 2] cycloaddition of β-trifluoromethyl enones with 3-(N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) benzothiophene ketimines and 2-(N-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) benzothiophene ketimines was described for the first time. A wide spectrum of vicinally bis(trifluoromethyl)-substituted spiro pyrrolidine-benzothiophenones were obtained with excellent stereocontrol (all cases >20:1 dr and up to 99% ee). The highlight of this work is the extremely high efficiency in the construction of spirocyclic benzothiophenone derivatives possessing a vicinally bis(trifluoromethyl)-substituted pyrrolidine moiety with four contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Xue-Man Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Peng
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Han-Wen Rao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China
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Zou RS, Liu Y, Gaido OER, Konig MF, Mog BJ, Shen LL, Aviles-Vazquez F, Marin-Gonzalez A, Ha T. Improving the sensitivity of in vivo CRISPR off-target detection with DISCOVER-Seq. Nat Methods 2023; 20:706-713. [PMID: 37024653 PMCID: PMC10172116 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovery of off-target CRISPR-Cas activity in patient-derived cells and animal models is crucial for genome editing applications, but currently exhibits low sensitivity. We demonstrate that inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit accumulates the repair protein MRE11 at CRISPR-Cas-targeted sites, enabling high-sensitivity mapping of off-target sites to positions of MRE11 binding using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing. This technique, termed DISCOVER-Seq+, discovered up to fivefold more CRISPR off-target sites in immortalized cell lines, primary human cells and mice compared with previous methods. We demonstrate applicability to ex vivo knock-in of a cancer-directed transgenic T cell receptor in primary human T cells and in vivo adenovirus knock-out of cardiovascular risk gene PCSK9 in mice. Thus, DISCOVER-Seq+ is, to our knowledge, the most sensitive method to-date for discovering off-target genome editing in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Zou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oscar E Reyes Gaido
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Mog
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leo L Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Franklin Aviles-Vazquez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alberto Marin-Gonzalez
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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7
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Huang J, Wang W, Zhang L, Meng X. Recent advances in the synthesis of benzo[b]thiophene fused polycyclic derivatives: strategies and reactions. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Cycloaddition of 4-Acyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones Fused at [e]-Side and Cyanamides: Divergent Approach to 4H-1,3-Oxazines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165257. [PMID: 36014497 PMCID: PMC9414543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Acyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones fused at [e]-side with a heterocyclic moiety are suitable platforms for the development of a hetero-Diels–Alder-reaction-based, diversity-oriented approaches to series of skeletally diverse heterocycles. These platforms are known to react as oxa-dienes with dienophiles to form angular 6/6/5/6-tetracyclic alkaloid-like heterocycles and are also prone to decarbonylation at high temperatures resulting in generation of acyl(imidoyl)ketenes, bidentate aza- and oxa-dienes, which can react with dienophiles to form skeletally diverse products (angular tricyclic products or heterocyclic ensembles). Based on these features, we have developed an approach to two series of skeletally diverse 4H-1,3-oxazines (tetracyclic alkaloid-like 4H-1,3-oxazines and 5-heteryl-4H-1,3-oxazines) via a hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of 4-acyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones fused at [e]-side with cyanamides. The products of these transformations are of interest for drug discovery, since compounds bearing 4H-1,3-oxazine moiety are extensively studied for inhibitory activities against anticancer targets.
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9
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Huang JQ, Yu M, Yong X, Ho CY. NHC-Ni(II)-catalyzed cyclopropene-isocyanide [5 + 1] benzannulation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4145. [PMID: 35842422 PMCID: PMC9288548 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanides are common compounds in fine and bulk chemical syntheses. However, the direct addition of isocyanide to simple unactivated cyclopropene via transition metal catalysis is challenging. Most of the current approaches focus on 1,1-insertion of isocyanide to M-R or nucleophilc insertion. That is often complicated by the competitive homo-oligomerization reactivity occurring at room temperature, such as isocyanide 1,1-insertion by Ni(II). Here we show a (N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(II) catalyst that enables cyclopropene-isocyanide [5 + 1] benzannulation. As shown in the broad substrate scope and a [trans-(N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(isocyanide)Br2] crystal structure, the desired cross-reactivity is cooperatively controlled by the high reactivity of the cyclopropene, the sterically bulky N-heterocyclic carbene, and the strong coordination ability of the isocyanide. This direct addition strategy offers aromatic amine derivatives and complements the Dötz benzannulation and Semmelhack/Wulff 1,4-hydroquinone synthesis. Several sterically bulky, fused, and multi-substituted anilines and unsymmetric functionalized spiro-ring structures are prepared from those easily accessible starting materials expediently. The direct addition of isocyanides to cyclopropenes is challenging. Here, the authors report a catalytic cyclopropene-isocyanide [5 + 1] benzannulation catalyzed by an (N-heterocyclic carbene)Ni(II) complex; this method enables the preparation of fused and multi-substituted anilines and unsymmetrically functionalized spiro-ring structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Meng Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuefeng Yong
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chun-Yu Ho
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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10
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Matsumoto Y. Development and Evolution of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Inhibitors toward Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084264. [PMID: 35457081 PMCID: PMC9032228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered the most deleterious type of DNA damage, which is generated by ionizing radiation (IR) and a subset of anticancer drugs. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), which is composed of a DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and Ku80-Ku70 heterodimer, acts as the molecular sensor for DSB and plays a pivotal role in DSB repair through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Cells deficient for DNA-PKcs show hypersensitivity to IR and several DNA-damaging agents. Cellular sensitivity to IR and DNA-damaging agents can be augmented by the inhibition of DNA-PK. A number of small molecules that inhibit DNA-PK have been developed. Here, the development and evolution of inhibitors targeting DNA-PK for cancer therapy is reviewed. Significant parts of the inhibitors were developed based on the structural similarity of DNA-PK to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and PI3K-related kinases (PIKKs), including Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). Some of DNA-PK inhibitors, e.g., NU7026 and NU7441, have been used extensively in the studies for cellular function of DNA-PK. Recently developed inhibitors, e.g., M3814 and AZD7648, are in clinical trials and on the way to be utilized in cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Zero-Carbon Energy, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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11
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Gill SJ, Wijnhoven PWG, Fok JHL, Lloyd RL, Cairns J, Armenia J, Nikkilä J, Lau A, Bakkenist CJ, Galbraith SM, Vens C, O'Connor MJ. Radiopotentiation Profiling of Multiple Inhibitors of the DNA Damage Response for Early Clinical Development. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1614-1626. [PMID: 34158341 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective anticancer treatment, but combinations with targeted agents that maximize efficacy while sparing normal tissue are needed. Here, we assess the radiopotentiation profiles of DNA damage response inhibitors (DDRi) olaparib (PARP1/2), ceralasertib (ATR), adavosertib (WEE1), AZD0156 (ATM), and KU-60648 (DNA-PK). We performed a radiotherapy combination screen and assessed how drug concentration and cellular DDR deficiencies influence the radiopotentiation ability of DDRi. We pre-selected six lung cancer cell lines with different genetic/signaling aberrations (including mutations in TP53 and ATM) and assessed multiple concentrations of DDRi in combination with a fixed radiotherapy dose by clonogenic assay. The effective concentration of DDRi in radiotherapy combinations is lower than that required for single-agent efficacy. This has the potential to be exploited further in the context of DDR deficiencies to increase therapeutic index and we demonstrate that low concentrations of AZD0156 preferentially sensitized p53-deficient cells. Moreover, testing multiple concentrations of DDRi in radiotherapy combinations indicated that olaparib, ceralasertib, and adavosertib have a desirable safety profile showing moderate increases in radiotherapy dose enhancement with increasing inhibitor concentration. Small increases in concentration of AZD0156 and particularly KU-60648, however, result in steep increases in dose enhancement. Radiopotentiation profiling can inform on effective drug doses required for radiosensitization in relation to biomarkers, providing an opportunity to increase therapeutic index. Moreover, multiple concentration testing demonstrates a relationship between drug concentration and radiotherapy effect that provides valuable insights that, with future in vivo validation, can guide dose-escalation strategies in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J Gill
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rebecca L Lloyd
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Cairns
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Armenia
- Bioinformatics and Data Science, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jenni Nikkilä
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Lau
- Bioscience, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Conchita Vens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Fernandes SG, Shah P, Khattar E. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Application of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors against Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:469-484. [PMID: 34102988 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210608105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA integrity is continuously challenged by intrinsic cellular processes and environmental agents. To overcome this genomic damage, cells have developed multiple signaling pathways collectively named as DNA damage response (DDR) and composed of three components: (i) sensor proteins, which detect DNA damage, (ii) mediators that relay the signal downstream and recruit the repair machinery, and (iii) the repair proteins, which restore the damaged DNA. A flawed DDR and failure to repair the damage lead to the accumulation of genetic lesions and increased genomic instability, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Cancer cells tend to harbor increased mutations in DDR genes and often have fewer DDR pathways than normal cells. This makes cancer cells more dependent on particular DDR pathways and thus become more susceptible to compounds inhibiting those pathways compared to normal cells, which have all the DDR pathways intact. Understanding the roles of different DDR proteins in the DNA damage response and repair pathways and identification of their structures have paved the way for the development of their inhibitors as targeted cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the major participants of various DDR pathways, their significance in carcinogenesis, and focus on the inhibitors developed against several key DDR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prachi Shah
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India
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13
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Hu S, Hui Z, Lirussi F, Garrido C, Ye XY, Xie T. Small molecule DNA-PK inhibitors as potential cancer therapy: a patent review (2010-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:435-452. [PMID: 33347360 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1866540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a crucial role in the repair of DSBs via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Several DNA-PK inhibitors are being investigated for potential anticancer treatment in clinical trials.Area covered: This review aims to give an overview of patents published since 2010 by analyzing the patent space and structure features of scaffolds used in those patents. It also discusses the recent clinical developments and provides perspectives on future challenges and directions in this field.Expert opinion: As a key component of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, DNA-PK appears to be a viable drug target for anticancer therapy. The clinical investigation of a DNA-PK inhibitor employs both a monotherapy and a combination strategy. In the combination strategy, a DNA-PK inhibitor is typically combined with a DSB inducer, radiation, a chemotherapy agent, or a PARP inhibitor, etc. Patent analyses suggest that diverse structures comprising different scaffolds from mono-heteroaryl to bicyclic heteroaryl to tricyclic heteroaryl are capable to achieve good DNA-PK inhibitory activity and good DNA-PK selectivity over other closely related enzymes. Several DNA-PK inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinics, with the hope to get approval in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;dKey Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;eHangzhou Huadong Medicine Group, Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co. Ltd, Hanzhou City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Hui
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Frédéric Lirussi
- ;fINSERM, U1231, Label LipSTIC, and Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Dijon, France.,;gUniversité De Bourgogne-Franche Comté, I-SITE, France.,;hDepartment of Pharmacology-Toxicology & Metabolomics, University hospital of Besançon (CHU), 2 Boulevard Fleming, 25030 BESANCON, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- ;INSERM, U1231, Label LipSTIC, and Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Dijon, France.,;Université De Bourgogne-Franche Comté, I-SITE, France.,;iAnti-cancer Center George-François Leclerc, CGFL, Dijon, France
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xie
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;cCollaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,;Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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DNA-PK in human malignant disorders: Mechanisms and implications for pharmacological interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107617. [PMID: 32610116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-PK holoenzyme is a fundamental element of the DNA damage response machinery (DDR), which is responsible for cellular genomic stability. Consequently, and predictably, over the last decades since its identification and characterization, numerous pre-clinical and clinical studies reported observations correlating aberrant DNA-PK status and activity with cancer onset, progression and responses to therapeutic modalities. Notably, various studies have established in recent years the role of DNA-PK outside the DDR network, corroborating its role as a pleiotropic complex involved in transcriptional programs that operate biologic processes as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), hypoxia, metabolism, nuclear receptors signaling and inflammatory responses. In particular tumor entities as prostate cancer, immense research efforts assisted mapping and describing the overall signaling networks regulated by DNA-PK that control metastasis and tumor progression. Correspondingly, DNA-PK emerges as an obvious therapeutic target in cancer and data pertaining to various pharmacological approaches have been published, largely in context of combination with DNA-damaging agents (DDAs) that act by inflicting DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Currently, new generation inhibitors are tested in clinical trials. Several excellent reviews have been published in recent years covering the biology of DNA-PK and its role in cancer. In the current article we are aiming to systematically describe the main findings on DNA-PK signaling in major cancer types, focusing on both preclinical and clinical reports and present a detailed current status of the DNA-PK inhibitors repertoire.
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15
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Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is involved in many cellular pathways. It has a key role in the cellular response to DNA damage, in the repair of DNA double-strand break (DNA-DSBs) and as a consequence an important role in maintaining genomic integrity. In addition, DNA-PK has been shown to modulate transcription, to be involved in the development of the immune system and to protect telomeres. These pleotropic involvements and the fact that its expression is de-regulated in cancer have made DNA-PK an intriguing therapeutic target in cancer therapy, especially when combined with agents causing DNA-DSBs such as topoisomerase II inhibitors and ionizing radiation. Different small molecule inhibitors of DNA-PK have been recently synthesized and some are now being tested in clinical trials. This review discusses what is known about DNA-PK, its role in tumor biology, DNA repair and cancer therapy and critically discusses its inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Damia
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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16
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Tzara A, Xanthopoulos D, Kourounakis AP. Morpholine As a Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry: An Update on Synthetic Strategies. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:392-403. [PMID: 32017384 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a frequently used heterocycle in medicinal chemistry and a privileged structural component of bioactive molecules. This is mainly due to its contribution to a plethora of biological activities as well as to an improved pharmacokinetic profile of such bioactive molecules. The synthesis of morpholines is a subject of much study due to their biological and pharmacological importance, with the last such review being published in 2013. Here, an overview of the main approaches toward morpholine synthesis or functionalization is presented, emphasizing on novel work which has not been reviewed so far. This review is an update on synthetic strategies leading to easily accessible libraries of bioactives which are of interest for drug discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Xanthopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece
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17
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Goldberg FW, Finlay MRV, Ting AKT, Beattie D, Lamont GM, Fallan C, Wrigley GL, Schimpl M, Howard MR, Williamson B, Vazquez-Chantada M, Barratt DG, Davies BR, Cadogan EB, Ramos-Montoya A, Dean E. The Discovery of 7-Methyl-2-[(7-methyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a]pyridin-6-yl)amino]-9-(tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-4-yl)-7,9-dihydro-8 H-purin-8-one (AZD7648), a Potent and Selective DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3461-3471. [PMID: 31851518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA-PK is a key component within the DNA damage response, as it is responsible for recognizing and repairing double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) via non-homologous end joining. Historically it has been challenging to identify inhibitors of the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) with good selectivity versus the structurally related PI3 (lipid) and PI3K-related protein kinases. We screened our corporate collection for DNA-PKcs inhibitors with good PI3 kinase selectivity, identifying compound 1. Optimization focused on further improving selectivity while improving physical and pharmacokinetic properties, notably co-optimization of permeability and metabolic stability, to identify compound 16 (AZD7648). Compound 16 had no significant off-target activity in the protein kinome and only weak activity versus PI3Kα/γ lipid kinases. Monotherapy activity in murine xenograft models was observed, and regressions were observed when combined with inducers of DSBs (doxorubicin or irradiation) or PARP inhibition (olaparib). These data support progression into clinical studies (NCT03907969).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Derek G Barratt
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Emma Dean
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, U.K
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18
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Kourounakis AP, Xanthopoulos D, Tzara A. Morpholine as a privileged structure: A review on the medicinal chemistry and pharmacological activity of morpholine containing bioactive molecules. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:709-752. [PMID: 31512284 DOI: 10.1002/med.21634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Morpholine is a heterocycle featured in numerous approved and experimental drugs as well as bioactive molecules. It is often employed in the field of medicinal chemistry for its advantageous physicochemical, biological, and metabolic properties, as well as its facile synthetic routes. The morpholine ring is a versatile and readily accessible synthetic building block, it is easily introduced as an amine reagent or can be built according to a variety of available synthetic methodologies. This versatile scaffold, appropriately substituted, possesses a wide range of biological activities. There are many examples of molecular targets of morpholine bioactive in which the significant contribution of the morpholine moiety has been demonstrated; it is an integral component of the pharmacophore for certain enzyme active-site inhibitors whereas it bestows selective affinity for a wide range of receptors. A large body of in vivo studies has demonstrated morpholine's potential to not only increase potency but also provide compounds with desirable drug-like properties and improved pharamacokinetics. In this review we describe the medicinal chemistry/pharmacological activity of morpholine derivatives on various therapeutically related molecular targets, attempting to highlight the importance of the morpholine ring in drug design and development as well as to justify its classification as a privileged structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki P Kourounakis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Xanthopoulos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ariadni Tzara
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Arshad F, Khan MF, Akhtar W, Alam MM, Nainwal LM, Kaushik SK, Akhter M, Parvez S, Hasan SM, Shaquiquzzaman M. Revealing quinquennial anticancer journey of morpholine: A SAR based review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:324-356. [PMID: 30776694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morpholine, a six-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen and one oxygen atom, is a moiety of great significance. It forms an important intermediate in many industrial and organic syntheses. Morpholine containing drugs are of high therapeutic value. Its wide array of pharmacological activity includes anti-diabetic, anti-emetic, growth stimulant, anti-depressant, bronchodilator and anticancer. Multi-drug resistance in cancer cases have emerged in the last few years and have led to the failure of many chemotherapeutic drugs. Newer treatment methods and drugs are being developed to overcome this problem. Target based drug discovery is an effective method to develop novel anticancer drugs. To develop newer drugs, previously reported work needs to be studied. Keeping this in mind, last five year's literature on morpholine used as anticancer agents has been reviewed and summarized in the paper herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Arshad
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Wasim Akhtar
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Lalit Mohan Nainwal
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Kaushik
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | | | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Drug Design & Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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20
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Novel quinazolin-4-one derivatives as potentiating agents of doxorubicin cytotoxicity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:204-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Heppell JT, Islam MA, McAlpine SR, Al‐Rawi JMA. Functionalization of Quinazolin‐4‐ones Part 3: Synthesis, Structures Elucidation, DNA‐PK, PI3K, and Cytotoxicity of Novel 8‐Aryl‐2‐morpholino‐quinazolin‐4‐ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Heppell
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bendigo P.O. Box 199 Bendigo Victoria 3550 Australia
| | - Md. Amirul Islam
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Jasim M. A. Al‐Rawi
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied ScienceLa Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bendigo P.O. Box 199 Bendigo Victoria 3550 Australia
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22
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Cao D, Ying A, Mo H, Chen D, Chen G, Wang Z, Yang J. [4 + 2] Annulation of 3-Nitroindoles with Alkylidene Malononitriles: Entry to Substituted Carbazol-4-amine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12568-12574. [PMID: 30229658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general and transition-metal-free method for the construction of the carbazol-4-amine motif via a vinylogous Michael addition/cyclization/isomerization/elimination reaction of 3-nitroindoles with alkylidene malononitriles has been developed. This novel methodology allows the facile synthesis of a series of di- and trisubstituted carbazol-4-amine derivatives in moderate to good yields. A gram-scale experiment was successfully performed, highlighting the practicability of this method. Moreover, this strategy is also applicable to 3-nitrobenzothiophene, affording the corresponding dibenzo[ b, d]thiophen-1-amine derivatives in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , P.R. China
| | - Anguo Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , P.R. China
| | - Hanjie Mo
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , P.R. China
| | - Dingben Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou 311400 , P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering , Taizhou University , Taizhou 318000 , P.R. China
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23
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Wang Y, Lin JB, Xie JK, Lu H, Hu XQ, Xu PF. Dearomative Dienolate-Mediated Catalysis: A Remote Activation Strategy for Asymmetric Functionalization of Benzylic C–H Bonds of Heteroaryl Aldehydes. Org Lett 2018; 20:5835-5839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Bing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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24
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Saifuzzaman M, Morrison R, Zheng Z, Orive S, Hamilton J, Thompson PE, Al-rawi JM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-aryl-2-morpholino-7-O-substituted benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-4-ones against DNA-PK, PI3K, PDE3A enzymes and platelet aggregation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5531-5536. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Synthesis, characterization and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of 1-(7,7-dimethyl-2-morpholino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-017-2945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Synthesis and antiviral study of 4-(7,7-dimethyl-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolin-2-yl) morpholine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-2077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Harnor SJ, Brennan A, Cano C. Targeting DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase for Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:895-900. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzannah J. Harnor
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University, School of Chemistry; Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Alfie Brennan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University, School of Chemistry; Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Céline Cano
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research; Newcastle University, School of Chemistry; Bedson Building Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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28
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Rao HSP, Vijjapu S. Synthesis and Characterisation of Bridged Morpholine Derivatives Fused to a Phenanthrene Ring System. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14894997017577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of conformationally restricted and facially biased bridged morpholine derivatives fused to a phenanthrene ring system was prepared in a three-step sequence involving: (i) Voight rearrangement; (ii) stereoselective reduction of ketone and (iii) iodine mediated cyclisation, the α-allyl-α-hydroxy-ketones gave the corresponding bridged N-substituted morpholines. One of the bridged morpholine derivatives fused to a phenanthrene ring system was optically active. The NMR spectral analysis and theoretical studies show that substitution on nitrogen prefers exo-orientation, possibly to avoid steric interactions with the phenanthrene moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satish Vijjapu
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry – 605 014, India
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Luo B, Cui Q, Luo H, Hu Y, Huang P, Wen S. N-
Benzyldithiocarbamate Salts as Sulfur Sources to Access Tricyclic Thioheterocycles Mediated by Copper Species. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingling Luo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University; 651 Dongfeng East Road Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Cui
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University; 651 Dongfeng East Road Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Luo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; 280 Waihuan East Road Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University; 651 Dongfeng East Road Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University; 651 Dongfeng East Road Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan East Road Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University; 651 Dongfeng East Road Guangzhou 510060 People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan East Road Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
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30
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Synthesis, structure elucidation, DNA-PK and PI3K and anti-cancer activity of 8- and 6-aryl-substituted-1-3-benzoxazines. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:326-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Bacher F, Dömötör O, Chugunova A, Nagy NV, Filipović L, Radulović S, Enyedy ÉA, Arion VB. Strong effect of copper(II) coordination on antiproliferative activity of thiosemicarbazone-piperazine and thiosemicarbazone-morpholine hybrids. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:9071-90. [PMID: 25896351 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazones and three different heterocyclic pharmacophores were combined to prepare thiosemicarbazone–piperazine mPip-FTSC (HL1) and mPip-dm-FTSC (HL2), thiosemicarbazone–morpholine Morph-FTSC (HL3) and Morph-dm-FTSC (HL4), thiosemicarbazone–methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate hybrids mPyrr-FTSC (HL5) and mPyrr-dm-FTSC (HL6) as well as their copper(II) complexes [CuCl(mPipH-FTSC-H)]Cl (1 + H)Cl, [CuCl(mPipH-dm-FTSC-H)]Cl (2 + H)Cl, [CuCl(Morph-FTSC-H)] (3), [CuCl(Morph-dm-FTSC-H)] (4), [CuCl(mPyrr-FTSC-H)(H2O)] (5) and [CuCl(mPyrr-dm-FTSC-H)(H2O)] (6). The substances were characterized by elemental analysis, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (HL1–HL6), ESI mass spectrometry, IR and UV–vis spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction (1–5). All compounds were prepared in an effort to generate potential antitumor agents with an improved therapeutic index. In addition, the effect of structural alterations with organic hybrids on aqueous solubility and copper(II) coordination ability was investigated. Complexation of ligands HL2 and HL4 with copper(II) was studied in aqueous solution by pH-potentiometry, UV–vis spectrophotometry and EPR spectroscopy. Proton dissociation processes of HL2 and HL4 were also characterized in detail and microscopic constants for the Z/E isomers were determined. While the hybrids HL5, HL6 and their copper(II) complexes 5 and 6 proved to be insoluble in aqueous solution, precluding antiproliferative activity studies, the thiosemicarbazone–piperazine and thiosemicarbazone–morpholine hybrids HL1–HL4, as well as copper(II) complexes 1–4 were soluble in water enabling cytotoxicity assays. Interestingly, the metal-free hybrids showed very low or even a lack of cytotoxicity (IC50 values > 300 μM) in two human cancer cell lines HeLa (cervical carcinoma) and A549 (alveolar basal adenocarcinoma), whereas their copper(II) complexes were cytotoxic showing IC50 values from 25.5 to 65.1 μM and 42.8 to 208.0 μM, respectively in the same human cancer cell lines after 48 h of incubation. However, the most sensitive for HL4 and complexes 1–4 proved to be the human cancer cell line LS174 (colon carcinoma) as indicated by the calculated IC50 values varying from 13.1 to 17.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bacher
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Andrs M, Muthna D, Rezacova M, Seifrtova M, Siman P, Korabecny J, Benek O, Dolezal R, Soukup O, Jun D, Kuca K. Novel caffeine derivatives with antiproliferative activity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the psychoactive and cardiovascular effects of caffeine, this substance is also known for altering the cell's DNA damage response.
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Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26579492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination - a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) - are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26579492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination - a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) - are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
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35
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Dungl DA, Maginn EN, Stronach EA. Preventing Damage Limitation: Targeting DNA-PKcs and DNA Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways for Ovarian Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:240. [PMID: 26579492 PMCID: PMC4620694 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment, and its efficacy is dependent on the generation of DNA damage, with subsequent induction of apoptosis. Inappropriate or aberrant activation of the DNA damage response network is associated with resistance to platinum, and defects in DNA repair pathways play critical roles in determining patient response to chemotherapy. In ovarian cancer, tumor cell defects in homologous recombination – a repair pathway activated in response to double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) – are most commonly associated with platinum-sensitive disease. However, despite initial sensitivity, the emergence of resistance is frequent. Here, we review strategies for directly interfering with DNA repair pathways, with particular focus on direct inhibition of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), another DSB repair pathway. DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is a core component of NHEJ and it has shown considerable promise as a chemosensitization target in numerous cancer types, including ovarian cancer where it functions to promote platinum-induced survival signaling, via AKT activation. The development of pharmacological inhibitors of DNA-PKcs is on-going, and clinic-ready agents offer real hope to patients with chemoresistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Dungl
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Barrett MJ, Davies PW, Grainger RS. Regioselective functionalisation of dibenzothiophenes through gold-catalysed intermolecular alkyne oxyarylation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:8676-86. [PMID: 26177794 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A protocol has been developed for direct Csp(3)-Csp(2) bond formation at the 4- and 6-positions of dibenzothiophenes using a gold(I) catalyst with terminal alkynes and dibenzothiophene-S-oxides. The sulfoxide acts as a traceless directing group to avoid the need to prefunctionalise at carbon. The iterative use of this protocol is possible and has been employed in the preparation of novel macrocyclic structures. In addition, a cascade process shows how oxyarylations can be combined with other processes resulting in complex, highly efficient transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barrett
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Haworth Building, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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37
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Heppell JT, Al-Rawi JMA. Synthesis, antibacterial, and DNA-PK evaluation of some novel 6-fluoro-7-(cyclic amino)-2-(thioxo or oxo)-3-substituted quinazolin-4-ones as structural analogues of quinolone and quinazolin-2,4-dione antibiotics. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Pike KG, Morris J, Ruston L, Pass SL, Greenwood R, Williams EJ, Demeritt J, Culshaw JD, Gill K, Pass M, Finlay MRV, Good CJ, Roberts CA, Currie GS, Blades K, Eden JM, Pearson SE. Discovery of AZD3147: a potent, selective dual inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2326-49. [PMID: 25643210 DOI: 10.1021/jm501778s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening followed by a lead generation campaign uncovered a novel series of urea containing morpholinopyrimidine compounds which act as potent and selective dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2. We describe the continued compound optimization campaign for this series, in particular focused on identifying compounds with improved cellular potency, improved aqueous solubility, and good stability in human hepatocyte incubations. Knowledge from empirical SAR investigations was combined with an understanding of the molecular interactions in the crystal lattice to improve both cellular potency and solubility, and the composite parameters of LLE and pIC50-pSolubility were used to assess compound quality and progress. Predictive models were employed to efficiently mine the attractive chemical space identified resulting in the discovery of 42 (AZD3147), an extremely potent and selective dual inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2 with physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for development as a potential clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Pike
- Oncology Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca , Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
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Shibata T, Tahara YK, Matsubara R. [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Sulfanylbenzene-Tethered Diynes with Alkynes for the Synthesis of Multi-Substituted Dibenzothiophene Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Andrs M, Korabecny J, Jun D, Hodny Z, Bartek J, Kuca K. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) inhibitors: importance of the morpholine ring. J Med Chem 2014; 58:41-71. [PMID: 25387153 DOI: 10.1021/jm501026z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) are two related families of kinases that play key roles in regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism, migration, survival, and responses to diverse stresses including DNA damage. To design novel efficient strategies for treatment of cancer and other diseases, these kinases have been extensively studied. Despite their different nature, these two kinase families have related origin and share very similar kinase domains. Therefore, chemical inhibitors of these kinases usually carry analogous structural motifs. The most common feature of these inhibitors is a critical hydrogen bond to morpholine oxygen, initially present in the early nonspecific PI3K and PIKK inhibitor 3 (LY294002), which served as a valuable chemical tool for development of many additional PI3K and PIKK inhibitors. While several PI3K pathway inhibitors have recently shown promising clinical responses, inhibitors of the DNA damage-related PIKKs remain thus far largely in preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andrs
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove , Sokolska 81, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Dual and/or selective DNA-PK, PI3K inhibition and isoform selectivity of some new and known 2-amino-substituted-1,3-benzoxazines and substituted-1,3-naphthoxazines. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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