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Shen H, Xu X, Bai Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhong J, Wu Q, Luo Y, Shang T, Shen R, Xi M, Sun H. Therapeutic potential of targeting kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115258. [PMID: 36917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary pathway of L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in mammals, contains several neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). Its imbalance involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) has attracted much interest in therapeutically targeting KP enzymes and KP metabolite-associated receptors, especially kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). Currently, many agents have been discovered with significant improvement in animal models but only one aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist 30 (laquinimod) has entered clinical trials for treating Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we describe neuroactive KP metabolites, discuss the dysregulation of KP in aging and NDs and summarize the development of KP regulators in preclinical and clinical studies, offering an outlook of targeting KP for NDs treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xinde Xu
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | - Yalong Bai
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | | | - Yibin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qiyi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yanjuan Luo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tianbo Shang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Runpu Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Meiyang Xi
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Fischer DF, Dijkstra S, Lo K, Suijker J, Correia ACP, Naud P, Poirier M, Tessari MA, Boogaard I, Flynn G, Visser M, Lamers MBAC, McAllister G, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Macdonald D. Development of mAb-based polyglutamine-dependent and polyglutamine length-independent huntingtin quantification assays with cross-site validation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266812. [PMID: 35395060 PMCID: PMC8992994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat domain in the huntingtin gene that results in expression of a mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) containing an expanded polyglutamine tract in the amino terminus. A number of therapeutic approaches that aim to reduce mHTT expression either locally in the CNS or systemically are in clinical development. We have previously described sensitive and selective assays that measure human HTT proteins either in a polyglutamine-independent (detecting both mutant expanded and non-expanded proteins) or in a polyglutamine length-dependent manner (detecting the disease-causing polyglutamine repeats) on the electrochemiluminescence Meso Scale Discovery detection platform. These original assays relied upon polyclonal antibodies. To ensure an accessible and sustainable resource for the HD field, we developed similar assays employing monoclonal antibodies. We demonstrate that these assays have equivalent sensitivity compared to our previous assays through the evaluation of cellular and animal model systems, as well as HD patient biosamples. We also demonstrate cross-site validation of these assays, allowing direct comparison of studies performed in geographically distinct laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Fischer
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Naud
- Charles River, Shrewsbury, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George McAllister
- Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Douglas Macdonald
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Kaur T, Brooks AF, Lapsys A, Desmond TJ, Stauff J, Arteaga J, Winton WP, Scott PJH. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Fluorine-18 Radioligand for Imaging Huntingtin Aggregates by Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:766176. [PMID: 34924935 PMCID: PMC8675899 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.766176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the huntingtin gene (HTT) triggers aggregation of huntingtin protein (mHTT), which is the hallmark pathology of neurodegenerative Huntington's disease (HD). Development of a high affinity 18F radiotracer would enable the study of Huntington's disease pathology using a non-invasive imaging modality, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Herein, we report the first synthesis of fluorine-18 imaging agent, 6-(5-((5-(2,2-difluoro-2-(fluoro-18F)ethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)methoxy)benzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)-2-methylpyridazin-3(2H)-one ([18F]1), a radioligand for HD and its preclinical evaluation in vitro (autoradiography of post-mortem HD brains) and in vivo (rodent and non-human primate brain PET). [18F]1 was synthesized in a 4.1% RCY (decay corrected) and in an average molar activity of 16.5 ± 12.5 GBq/μmol (445 ± 339 Ci/mmol). [18F]1 penetrated the blood-brain barrier of both rodents and primates, and specific saturable binding in post-mortem brain slices was observed that correlated to mHTT aggregates identified by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Jacobs KR, Castellano-Gonzalez G, Guillemin GJ, Lovejoy DB. Major Developments in the Design of Inhibitors along the Kynurenine Pathway. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:2471-2495. [PMID: 28464785 PMCID: PMC5748880 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170502123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism has been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric disorders and cancer. Modulation of enzyme activity along this pathway may therefore offer potential new therapeutic strategies for these conditions. Considering their prominent positions in the KP, the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase, appear the most attractive targets. Already, increasing interest in this pathway has led to the identification of a number of potent and selective enzyme inhibitors with promising pre-clinical data and the elucidation of several enzyme crystal structures provides scope to rationalize the molecular mechanisms of inhibitor activity. The field seems poised to yield one or more inhibitors that should find clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Jacobs
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia
| | - Gloria Castellano-Gonzalez
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney. Australia
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney. Australia
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5
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Lingam VSP, Dahale DH, Rathi VE, Shingote YB, Thakur RR, Mindhe AS, Kummari S, Khairatkar-Joshi N, Bajpai M, Shah DM, Sapalya RS, Gullapalli S, Gupta PK, Gudi GS, Jadhav SB, Pattem R, Thomas A. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5,6-Disubstituted Pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8292-308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. S. Prasadarao Lingam
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar H. Dahale
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Vijay E. Rathi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Yogesh B. Shingote
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Rajni R. Thakur
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Ajit S. Mindhe
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Srinivas Kummari
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Neelima Khairatkar-Joshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Malini Bajpai
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Daisy M. Shah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Ratika S. Sapalya
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Srinivas Gullapalli
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Praveen K. Gupta
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Girish S. Gudi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Satyawan B. Jadhav
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Rambabu Pattem
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
| | - Abraham Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, ‡Pharmacology Division, and §Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Glenmark Research Centre, A-607, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400 709, India
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Wild EJ, Tabrizi SJ. Targets for future clinical trials in Huntington's disease: what's in the pipeline? Mov Disord 2014; 29:1434-45. [PMID: 25155142 PMCID: PMC4265300 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The known genetic cause of Huntington's disease (HD) has fueled considerable progress in understanding its pathobiology and the development of therapeutic approaches aimed at correcting specific changes linked to the causative mutation. Among the most promising is reducing expression of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with RNA interference or antisense oligonucleotides; human trials are now being planned. Zinc-finger transcriptional repression is another innovative method to reduce mHTT expression. Modulation of mHTT phosphorylation, chaperone upregulation, and autophagy enhancement represent attempts to alter cellular homeostasis to favor removal of mHTT. Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) remains of interest; recent work affirms HDAC4 as a target but questions the assumed centrality of its catalytic activity in HD. Phosphodiesterase inhibition, aimed at restoring synaptic function, has progressed rapidly to human trials. Deranged cellular signaling provides several tractable targets, but specificity and complexity are challenges. Restoring neurotrophic support in HD remains a key potential therapeutic approach. with several approaches being pursued, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mimesis through tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) agonism and monoclonal antibodies. An increasing understanding of the role of glial cells in HD has led to several new therapeutic avenues, including kynurenine monooxygenase inhibition, immunomodulation by laquinimod, CB2 agonism, and others. The complex metabolic derangements in HD remain under study, but no clear therapeutic strategy has yet emerged. We conclude that many exciting therapeutics are progressing through the development pipeline, and combining a better understanding of HD biology in human patients, with concerted medicinal chemistry efforts, will be crucial for bringing about an era of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Wild
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology & NeurosurgeryQueen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology & NeurosurgeryQueen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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