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Li B, Tan C, Ma T, Jia Y. Bioinspired Total Synthesis of Bipolarolides A and B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319306. [PMID: 38212293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We have achieved the first total synthesis of bipolarolides A and B, which possess an intriguing and complex 5/6/6/6/5 caged pentacyclic skeleton with seven contiguous stereocenters. The synthesis features a lithium-halogen exchange/intermolecular nucleophilic addition to link two enantioenriched fragments, two ring-closing metathesis reactions to assemble the five- and eight-membered rings, and a bioinspired Prins reaction/ether formation cascade cyclization to construct the 5/6/6/6/5 caged skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Chuanzhen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Tianhao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
- Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University, Ningbo, 315010, China
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2
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Arcile G, Ouazzani J, Betzer JF. Efficient Piancatelli rearrangement on a large scale using the Zippertex technology under subcritical water conditions. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of furyl carbinols, which were directly obtained from a bio-sourced raw material, were efficiently transformed into cyclopentenone derivatives in good yields and on a large scale using the Zippertex technology under subcritical water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Arcile
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Betzer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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3
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Dias IHK, Milic I, Heiss C, Ademowo OS, Polidori MC, Devitt A, Griffiths HR. Inflammation, Lipid (Per)oxidation, and Redox Regulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:166-190. [PMID: 31989835 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Inflammation increases during the aging process. It is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mitochondrial macromolecules are critical targets of oxidative damage; they contribute to respiratory uncoupling with increased ROS production, redox stress, and a cycle of senescence, cytokine production, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Targeting the formation or accumulation of oxidized biomolecules, particularly oxidized lipids, in immune cells and mitochondria could be beneficial for age-related inflammation and comorbidities. Recent Advances: Inflammation is central to age-related decline in health and exhibits a complex relationship with mitochondrial redox state and metabolic function. Improvements in mass spectrometric methods have led to the identification of families of oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), cholesterols, and fatty acids that increase during inflammation and which modulate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), activator protein 1 (AP1), and NF-κB redox-sensitive transcription factor activity. Critical Issues: The kinetic and spatial resolution of the modified lipidome has profound and sometimes opposing effects on inflammation, promoting initiation at high concentration and resolution at low concentration of OxPLs. Future Directions: There is an emerging opportunity to prevent or delay age-related inflammation and vascular comorbidity through a resolving (oxy)lipidome that is dependent on improving mitochondrial quality control and restoring redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H K Dias
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Milic
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Heiss
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Opeyemi S Ademowo
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cristina Polidori
- Ageing Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Cologne Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, and CECAD, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew Devitt
- Aston Research Center for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Griffiths
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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4
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He Y, Zheng Z, Liu Q, Song G, Sun N, Chai X. Tunable Synthesis of 2-Ene-1,4-diones, 4-Hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones, and 2-(Furan-3-yl)acetamides via Palladium-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Allenols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12514-12526. [PMID: 30239199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and regioselective synthesis of 2-ene-1,4-diones, 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones, or 2-(furan-3-yl)acetamides is successfully realized through palladium-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions of allenols with aryl iodides and carbon monoxide in the presence of tertiary amines. Interestingly, the selectivity depends on the substitution patterns of the allenol substrates. To be specific, from the reaction of allenols with no substituent attached on the internal position of the allenic moiety, 2-ene-1,4-diones or 4-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-ones were formed selectively through carbonylation of aryl iodide followed by acylation of allenol with the in situ formed acyl palladium species, β-hydride elimination of the in situ formed allyl palladium complex, and further tautomerization or intramolecular aldol reaction. From the reaction of allenols bearing a substituent at the internal position of the allenic unit, on the other hand, diversely substituted 2-(furan-3-yl)acetamides were formed through a cascade process combining carbonylation of aryl iodide, acylation, and carbonylation of allenol followed by intramolecular condensation and amination by tertiary amine featuring an oxidant-free C-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , P. R. China
| | - Qimeng Liu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , P. R. China
| | - Guixian Song
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , P. R. China
| | - Nan Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Chai
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation , Henan Normal University , Xinxiang , Henan 453007 , P. R. China
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5
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Verrier C, Moebs-Sanchez S, Queneau Y, Popowycz F. The Piancatelli reaction and its variants: recent applications to high added-value chemicals and biomass valorization. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:676-687. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of furfuryl alcohols by the Piancatelli reaction (and its C- and N-variants) provided highly functionalized cyclopentenones (intermolecular) and spirocycles (intramolecular).
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6
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Galano JM, Lee YY, Oger C, Vigor C, Vercauteren J, Durand T, Giera M, Lee JCY. Isoprostanes, neuroprostanes and phytoprostanes: An overview of 25years of research in chemistry and biology. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 68:83-108. [PMID: 28923590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1990's diverse types of metabolites originating from polyunsaturated fatty acids, formed under autooxidative conditions were discovered. Known as prostaglandin isomers (or isoprostanoids) originating from arachidonic acid, neuroprostanes from docosahexaenoic acid, and phytoprostanes from α-linolenic acid proved to be prevalent in biology. The syntheses of these compounds by organic chemists and the development of sophisticated mass spectrometry methods has boosted our understanding of the isoprostanoid biology. In recent years, it has become accepted that these molecules not only serve as markers of oxidative damage but also exhibit a wide range of bioactivities. In addition, isoprostanoids have emerged as indicators of oxidative stress in humans and their environment. This review explores in detail the isoprostanoid chemistry and biology that has been achieved in the past three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Yiu Yiu Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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7
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Freigang S. The regulation of inflammation by oxidized phospholipids. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1818-25. [PMID: 27312261 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During inflammation or under conditions of oxidative stress, the polyunsaturated fatty acid side chains of phospholipids in cellular membranes or lipoproteins can be oxidatively modified. This process generates a complex mixture of structurally diverse oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) species, each of which may exert distinct biological effects. The presence of OxPLs has been documented in acute and chronic microbial infections, metabolic disorders, and degenerative diseases. It is now well recognized that OxPLs actively influence biological processes and contribute to the induction and resolution of inflammation. While many pro- and anti-inflammatory effects have been documented for bulk OxPL preparations, we are only beginning to understand the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling events that mediate the individual proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory bioactivities of discrete isolated OxPL species. Here, we review the current knowledge on the regulation of inflammation by OxPLs and summarize recent studies that establish cyclopentenone-containing OxPLs as a category of potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Bretscher P, Egger J, Shamshiev A, Trötzmüller M, Köfeler H, Carreira EM, Kopf M, Freigang S. Phospholipid oxidation generates potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that mimic structurally related pro-resolving eicosanoids by activating Nrf2. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:593-607. [PMID: 25770125 PMCID: PMC4492819 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of biological membranes to reactive oxygen species creates a complex mixture of distinct oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) species, which contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders. While the ability of OxPL to modulate biological processes is increasingly recognized, the nature of the biologically active OxPL species and the molecular mechanisms underlying their signaling remain largely unknown. We have employed a combination of mass spectrometry, synthetic chemistry, and immunobiology approaches to characterize the OxPL generated from the abundant phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAPC) and investigated their bioactivities and signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Our study defines epoxycyclopentenones as potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that mimic the signaling of endogenous, pro-resolving prostanoids by activating the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Using a library of OxPL variants, we identified a synthetic OxPL derivative, which alleviated endotoxin-induced lung injury and inhibited development of pro-inflammatory T helper (Th) 1 cells. These findings provide a molecular basis for the negative regulation of inflammation by lipid peroxidation products and propose a novel class of highly bioactive compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bretscher
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Egger
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Trötzmüller
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Weng J, Wang S, Huang LJ, Luo ZY, Lu G. Stereoselective synthesis of epoxyisoprostanes: an organocatalytic and “pot-economy” approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10170-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and direct synthetic route to epoxyisoprostane EC methyl ester has been accomplished in 8 steps (10% overall yield) from readily available starting materials using a series of asymmetric organocatalytic reactions and one-pot operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Weng
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Jie Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Yi Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- People's Republic of China
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10
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Emert B, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Springstead JR, Vakili L, Berliner JA, Lusis AJ. HDL inhibits the effects of oxidized phospholipids on endothelial cell gene expression via multiple mechanisms. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1678-92. [PMID: 24859737 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m047738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholcholine (OxPAPC) and its component phospholipids accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions and regulate the expression of >1,000 genes, many proatherogenic, in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). In contrast, there is evidence in the literature that HDL protects the vasculature from inflammatory insult. We have previously shown that in HAECs, HDL attenuates the expression of several proatherogenic genes regulated by OxPAPC and 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxyisoprostane E2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. We now demonstrate that HDL reverses >50% of the OxPAPC transcriptional response. Genes reversed by HDL are enriched for inflammatory and vascular development pathways, while genes not affected by HDL are enriched for oxidative stress response pathways. The protective effect of HDL is partially mimicked by cholesterol repletion and treatment with apoA1 but does not require signaling through scavenger receptor class B type I. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that HDL protection requires direct interaction with OxPAPC. HDL-associated platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) hydrolyzes short-chain bioactive phospholipids in OxPAPC; however, inhibiting PAF-AH activity does not prevent HDL protection. Our results are consistent with HDL sequestering specific bioactive lipids in OxPAPC, thereby preventing their regulation of select target genes. Overall, this work implicates HDL as a major regulator of OxPAPC action in endothelial cells via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Emert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yehudit Hasin-Brumshtein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James R Springstead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
| | - Ladan Vakili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Judith A Berliner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Departments of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Departments of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Human Genetics University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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11
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Kawashima H, Kobayashi Y. Synthesis of the PMB Ether of 5,6-Epoxyisoprostane E2 through Aldol Reaction of the α-Bromocyclopentanone. Org Lett 2014; 16:2598-601. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500654g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidehisa Kawashima
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Box B52, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Box B52, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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12
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Yan X, Lee S, Gugiu BG, Koroniak L, Jung ME, Berliner J, Cheng J, Li R. Fatty acid epoxyisoprostane E2 stimulates an oxidative stress response in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:69-74. [PMID: 24434148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of major cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and heart attack. Oxidized phospholipids such as oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-Glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC) accumulate in lesions of and promote atherosclerosis. OxPAPC activates endothelial cells, a critical early event of atherogenesis. Epoxyisoprostane E2 (EI) is an oxidized fatty acid contained at the sn-2 position of 1-palmitoyl-2-epoxyisoprostane E2-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PEIPC), the most active component of OxPAPC in regulating inflammation. OxPAPC and its components including PEIPC activate endothelial cells to express an array of genes in different categories including oxidative stress response genes such as tumor suppressor gene OKL38 and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). EI can be released by lipase from PEIPC. In this study, we examined the ability of EI to stimulate oxidative stress response in endothelial cells. EI released from OxPAPC and synthetic EI stimulated the expression of oxidative stress response gene OKL38 and antioxidant gene HO-1. Treatment of endothelial cells with EI increased the production of superoxide. NADPH oxidase inhibitor Apocynin and superoxide scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) significantly attenuated EI-stimulated expression of OKL38 and HO-1. We further demonstrated that EI activated oxidative stress-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2. Silencing of Nrf2 with siRNA significantly reduced EI stimulated expression of OKL38 and HO-1. Thus, we demonstrated that EI induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells leading to increased expression of oxidative stress response gene OKL38 and HO-1 via Nrf2 signaling pathway relevant to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Yan
- Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Diabetes Institute, 29 Xinglong Lane, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Prov. 213003, China
| | - Sangderk Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B Gabriel Gugiu
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Lukasz Koroniak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Judith Berliner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jinluo Cheng
- Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Diabetes Institute, 29 Xinglong Lane, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Prov. 213003, China.
| | - Rongsong Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles Young Dr., Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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