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Myers AG, Clark RB. Discovery of Macrolide Antibiotics Effective against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1635-1645. [PMID: 33691070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides are among the most widely prescribed antibiotics, particularly for bacterial lung infections, due to their favorable safety, oral bioavailability, and spectrum of activity against Gram-positive pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia. Their utility against Gram-negative bacteria is extremely limited and does not include the Enterobacteriaceae or other ESKAPE pathogens. With the increasing development of resistance to current therapies and the lack of safe, oral options to treat Gram-negative infections, extended-spectrum macrolides have the potential to provide valuable treatment options. While the bacterial ribosome, the target of macrolides, is highly conserved across Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, traditional macrolides do not possess the proper physicochemical properties to cross the polar Gram-negative outer membrane and are highly susceptible to efflux. As with most natural product-derived compounds, macrolides are generally prepared through semisynthesis, which is limited in scope and lacks the ability to make the drastic physicochemical property changes necessary to overcome these hurdles.By using a fully synthetic platform technology to greatly expand structural diversity, novel macrolides were prepared with a focus on lowering the MW and increasing the polarity to achieve a physicochemical property profile more similar to that of traditional Gram-negative drug classes. In addition to the removal of lipophilic groups, a critical structural feature for obtaining Gram-negative activity in the macrolide class proved to be the introduction of small secondary or tertiary amines to yield polycationic species potentially capable of self-promoted uptake. Within the azithromycin-like 15-membered azalides, potent activity was seen when small alkyl amines were introduced at the 6'-position of desosamine. The biggest gains, however, were made by replacing the entire C10-C13 fragment of the macrolactone ring with commercially available or readily synthesized 1,2-aminoalcohols, leading to 13-membered azalides. The introduction of a tethered basic amine at the C10-position and systematic optimization of substitution and tether length and flexibility ultimately provided new macrolides that for the first time exhibit clinically relevant antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. A retrospective computational analysis of >1800 fully synthetic macrolides prepared during this effort identified key drivers and optimum ranges for improving permeability and avoiding efflux. In contrast to standard Gram-negative drugs which generally have MWs below 600 and clogD7.4 values below 0, we found that the ideal ranges for Gram-negative macrolides were MW between 600 and 720 and cLogD7.4 between -1 and 3. A total charge of between 2.5 and 3 was also required to provide optimal permeability and efflux avoidance. Thus, Gram-negative macrolides occupy a unique physicochemical property space that lies between traditional Gram-negative drug classes and Gram-positive macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Roger B. Clark
- Zikani Therapeutics, 480 Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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Heterocyclyl tetracyclines. 2. 7-Methoxy-8-pyrrolidinyltetracyclines: discovery of TP-2758, a potent, orally efficacious antimicrobial against Gram-negative pathogens. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:287-297. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Deng Y, Sun C, Hunt DK, Fyfe C, Chen CL, Grossman TH, Sutcliffe JA, Xiao XY. Heterocyclyl Tetracyclines. 1. 7-Trifluoromethyl-8-Pyrrolidinyltetracyclines: Potent, Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Agents with Enhanced Activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2498-2512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Deng
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Cuixiang Sun
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Diana K. Hunt
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Corey Fyfe
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Chi-Li Chen
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Trudy H. Grossman
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Joyce A. Sutcliffe
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiao
- Discovery
Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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Meyer F. Trifluoromethyl nitrogen heterocycles: synthetic aspects and potential biological targets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3077-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic methodologies and the potential biological targets of α-trifluoromethylated nitrogen heterocycles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Meyer
- Laboratory of Biopolymers and Supramolecular Nanomaterials
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Bruxelles
- Belgium
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Sun C, Hunt DK, Chen CL, Deng Y, He M, Clark RB, Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Sutcliffe JA, Xiao XY. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Hexacyclic Tetracyclines as Potent, Broad Spectrum Antibacterial Agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4703-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuixiang Sun
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Diana K. Hunt
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Chi-Li Chen
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Yonghong Deng
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Minsheng He
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Roger B. Clark
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Corey Fyfe
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Trudy H. Grossman
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Joyce A. Sutcliffe
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiao
- Discovery Chemistry, ‡Microbiology, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, 480
Arsenal Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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Dwivedi A, Srivastava AK, Bajpai A. Vibrational spectra, HOMO, LUMO, MESP surfaces and reactivity descriptors of amylamine and its isomers: A DFT study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:343-351. [PMID: 25965519 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amylamine constitutes an important class of organic compounds which exists in a variety of ammonia derivatives. In present study, a comparative analysis of amylamine and its two potential isomers, iso-amylamine and tert-amylamine, has been performed using density functional theory with B3LYP method and 6-311G(d,p) as the basis set. The equilibrium structures of amylamine as well as its iso and tert forms have been obtained. The vibrational spectroscopic analysis has been carried out for the three molecules and complete assignments to all possible modes have been offered. The HOMO, LUMO and MESP surfaces are analyzed to discuss the chemical reactivity patterns in the molecules. A number of reactivity parameters have been calculated to further explain their chemical reactivity. The thermodynamic and nonlinear optical parameters are also calculated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Dwivedi
- Department of Physics, Govt. Kakatiya P.G. College, Jagdalpur, Dist. Bastar, Chhattisgarh 494001, India
| | | | - Abhishek Bajpai
- Department of Physics, Govt. Kakatiya P.G. College, Jagdalpur, Dist. Bastar, Chhattisgarh 494001, India.
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Li-Yuan Bao R, Zhao R, Shi L. Progress and developments in the turbo Grignard reagent i-PrMgCl·LiCl: a ten-year journey. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6884-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural and kinetic perspectives of i-PrMgCl·LiCl help to rationalize the trends of its unique reactivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Li-Yuan Bao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Academy of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
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Brown P, Dawson MJ. A perspective on the next generation of antibacterial agents derived by manipulation of natural products. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 54:135-84. [PMID: 25727704 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have been a major source of anti-infective drugs for many decades. With urgent need for new antibacterial agents to combat drug-resistant bacteria, the investigation of both new and existing classes of natural products has once again become an important focus. In this review, we highlight how a medicinal chemistry/semi-synthetic approach to natural product manipulation continues to offer a valuable strategy to overcome limitations in current therapy. Approaches to address toxicity and to improve the solubility, bioavailability and the spectrum of activity are demonstrated. Examples are drawn from aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines, macrolides, thiazolyl peptides, pleuromutilins and polymyxins and are taken from the current literature, patents and abstracts of symposia. In many cases, this approach has led to drug candidates currently in late stages of clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Brown
- Cantab Anti-infectives, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Dawson
- Cantab Anti-infectives, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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Hu J, Liu D, Xu W, Zhang F, Zheng H. One-pot reaction for the concise synthesis of spiro[benzofuran-2,2′-naphthalen]-1′-one derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Lewis SE. Applications of biocatalytic arene ipso,ortho cis-dihydroxylation in synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2821-30. [PMID: 24514270 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49694e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dearomatising dihydroxylation of aromatic molecules mediated by arene dioxygenase enzymes can provide cyclohexadiene-diols that are versatile starting materials for organic synthesis. Whereas oxidation of a substituted arene to give its ortho,meta-dihydrodiol has been demonstrated for numerous substrates and dioxygenases, formation of ipso,ortho-dihydrodiols has historically been underutilised in comparison. This feature article presents a chronological account of reported uses of such diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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