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Chen Y, Zhang L, Fang L, Chen C, Zhang D, Peng T. Modular Development of Enzyme-Activatable Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras for Selective Protein Degradation and Cancer Targeting. JACS AU 2024; 4:2564-2577. [PMID: 39055140 PMCID: PMC11267540 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging therapeutic modality, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) indiscriminately degrade proteins in both healthy and diseased cells, posing a risk of on-target off-site toxicity in normal tissues. Herein, we present the modular development of enzyme-activatable PROTACs, which utilize enzyme-recognition moieties to block protein degradation activities and can be specifically activated by elevated enzymes in cancer cells to enable cell-selective protein degradation and cancer targeting. We identified the methylene alkoxy carbamate (MAC) unit as an optimal self-immolative linker, possessing high stability and release efficiency for conjugating enzyme-recognition moieties with PROTACs. Leveraging the MAC linker, we developed a series of enzyme-activatable PROTACs, harnessing distinct enzymes for cancer-cell-selective protein degradation. Significantly, we introduced the first dual-enzyme-activatable PROTAC that requires the presence of two cancer-associated enzymes for activation, demonstrating highly selective protein degradation in cancer cells over nonmalignant cells, potent in vivo antitumor efficacy, and no off-tumor toxicity to normal tissues. The broad applicability of enzyme-activatable PROTACs was further demonstrated by caging other PROTACs via the MAC linker to target different proteins and E3 ligases. Our work underscores the substantial potential of enzyme-activatable PROTACs in overcoming the off-site toxicity associated with conventional PROTACs and offers new opportunities for targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchi Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- National
Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering
Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Institute of Grand Health, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lincheng Fang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology
and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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Raheem SJ, Salih AK, Garcia MD, Sharpe JC, Toosi BM, Price EW. A Systematic Investigation into the Influence of Net Charge on the Biological Distribution of Radiometalated Peptides Using [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE Derivatives. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:549-561. [PMID: 36800496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several radiometalated peptides have been approved for clinical imaging and/or therapy (theranostics) of several types of cancer; nonetheless, the primary challenge that most of these peptides confront is significant renal uptake and retention, which is often dose limiting and can cause nephrotoxicity. In response to this, numerous methods have been employed to reduce the uptake of radiometalated peptides in the kidneys, and among these is adding a linker to modulate polarity and/or charge. To better understand the influence of net charge on the biodistribution of radiometalated peptides, we selected the clinically popular construct DOTA-TATE (NETSPOT/LUTATHERA) as a model system. We synthesized derivatives using manual solid-phase peptide synthesis methods including mechanical and ultrasonic agitation to effectively yield the gold standard DOTA-TATE and a series of derivatives with different net charges (+2, +1, 0, -1, -2). Dynamic PET imaging from 0 to 90 min in healthy female mice (CD1) revealed high accumulation and retention of activity in the kidneys for the net-neutral (0) charged [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE and even higher for positively charged derivatives, whereas negatively charged derivatives exhibited low accumulation and fast renal excretion. Ex vivo biodistribution at 2 h post injection demonstrated a significant retention of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE (∼74 %ID/g) in the kidneys, which increased as the net positive charge per molecule increased to +1 and +2 (∼272 %ID/g and ∼333 %ID/g, respectively), but the -1 and -2 net charged molecules exhibited lower renal uptake (∼15 %ID/g and 16 %ID/g, respectively). Interestingly, the net -2 charged [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-(Glu)2-PEG4-TATE was stable in blood serum but had much higher healthy organ uptake (lungs, liver, spleen) than the net -1 compound, suggesting instability in vivo. Although the [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-PEG4-TATE derivative with a net charge of 0 also showed a decrease in kidney uptake, it also showed instability in blood serum and in vivo. Despite the superior pharmacokinetics of the net -1 charged [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-Glu-PEG4-TATE in healthy mice with respect to kidney uptake and overall profile, dynamic PET images and ex vivo biodistribution in male mice (NSG) bearing AR42J (SSTR2 overexpressing) subcutaneous tumor xenografts showed significantly diminished tumor uptake when compared to the gold standard [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE. Taken together, these findings indicate unambiguously that kidney uptake and retention are significantly influenced by the net charge of peptide-based radiotracers. In addition, it was illustrated that the negatively charged peptides had substantially decreased kidney uptake, but in this instantiation the tumor uptake was also impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shvan J Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Akam K Salih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Moralba Dominguez Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jessica C Sharpe
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N-5B4, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Behzad M Toosi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N-5B4, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Eric W Price
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, S7N-5C9, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Schleyer KA, Liu J, Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zuo J, Ybargollin AJ, Guo H, Cui L. A Universal and Modular Scaffold for Heparanase Activatable Probes and Drugs. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2290-2298. [PMID: 36346913 PMCID: PMC10897860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endo-β-glucuronidase involved in extracellular matrix remodeling in rapidly healing tissues, most cancers and inflammation, and viral infection. Its importance as a therapeutic target warrants further study, but such is hampered by a lack of research tools. To expand the toolkits for probing HPSE enzymatic activity, we report the design of a substrate scaffold for HPSE comprised of a disaccharide substrate appended with a linker, capable of carrying cargo until being cleaved by HPSE. Here exemplified as a fluorogenic, coumarin-based imaging probe, this scaffold can potentially expand the availability of HPSE-responsive imaging or drug delivery tools using a variety of imaging moieties or other cargo. We show that electronic tuning of the scaffold provides a robust response to HPSE while simplifying the structural requirements of the attached cargo. Molecular docking and modeling suggest a productive probe/HPSE binding mode. These results further support the hypothesis that the reactivity of these HPSE-responsive probes is predominantly influenced by the electron density of the aglycone. This universal HPSE-activatable scaffold will greatly facilitate future development of HPSE-responsive probes and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zixin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Zhishen Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Yuzhao Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Alberto Jimenez Ybargollin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Zamyatnin AA, Gregory LC, Townsend PA, Soond SM. Beyond basic research: the contribution of cathepsin B to cancer development, diagnosis and therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:963-977. [PMID: 36562407 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2161888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In view of other candidate proteins from the cathepsin family of proteases holding great potential in being targeted during cancer therapy, the importance of Cathepsin B (CtsB) stands out as being truly exceptional. Based on its contribution to oncogenesis, its intimate connection with regulating apoptosis and modulating extracellular and intracellular functions through its secretion or compartmentalized subcellular localization, collectively highlight its complex molecular involvement with a myriad of normal and pathological regulatory processes. Despite its complex functional nature, CtsB is emerging as one of the few cathepsin proteases that has been extensively researched to yield tangible outcomes for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review the scientific literature that has justified or shaped the importance of CtsB expression in cancer progression, from the perspective of highlighting a paradigm that is rapidly changing from basic research toward a broader clinical and translational context. EXPERT OPINION In doing so, we detail its maturation as a diagnostic marker through describing the development of CtsB-specific Activity-Based Probes, the rapid evolution of these toward a new generation of Prodrugs, and the evaluation of these in model systems for their therapeutic potential as anti-cancer agents in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Zamyatnin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Levy C Gregory
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul A Townsend
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Structure determinants defining the specificity of papain-like cysteine proteases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6552-6569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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6
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Li H, Kim H, Xu F, Han J, Yao Q, Wang J, Pu K, Peng X, Yoon J. Activity-based NIR fluorescent probes based on the versatile hemicyanine scaffold: design strategy, biomedical applications, and outlook. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1795-1835. [PMID: 35142301 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00307k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a near-infrared (NIR, 650-900 nm) fluorescent chromophore hemicyanine dye with high structural tailorability is of great significance in the field of detection, bioimaging, and medical therapeutic applications. It exhibits many outstanding advantages including absorption and emission in the NIR region, tunable spectral properties, high photostability as well as a large Stokes shift. These properties are superior to those of conventional fluorogens, such as coumarin, fluorescein, naphthalimides, rhodamine, and cyanine. Researchers have made remarkable progress in developing activity-based multifunctional fluorescent probes based on hemicyanine skeletons for monitoring vital biomolecules in living systems through the output of fluorescence/photoacoustic signals, and integration of diagnosis and treatment of diseases using chemotherapy or photothermal/photodynamic therapy or combination therapy. These achievements prompted researchers to develop more smart fluorescent probes using a hemicyanine fluorogen as a template. In this review, we begin by describing the brief history of the discovery of hemicyanine dyes, synthetic approaches, and design strategies for activity-based functional fluorescent probes. Then, many selected hemicyanine-based probes that can detect ions, small biomolecules, overexpressed enzymes and diagnostic reagents for diseases are systematically highlighted. Finally, potential drawbacks and the outlook for future investigation and clinical medicine transformation of hemicyanine-based activatable functional probes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China. .,School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Qichao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China. .,School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore. .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China. .,Research Institute of Dalian University of Technology in Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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Hung HM, Wang TSA. A Double Photocage Strategy to Construct Light-Controllable and Spatiotemporally Trackable Cathepsin B Activity-Based Probes. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:11-16. [PMID: 34965108 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing multiple cages to selectively modulate the activity of biomolecules is indispensable to achieving controllable and trackable activity manipulation. However, trackable cages that can be used to monitor the activation of biomolecules are rare. In this work, we utilized a double photocage strategy to achieve light-controllable and spatiotemporally trackable activation. To demonstrate biological applicability, we used the well-known cancer cell biomarker cathepsin B as the target and constructed double photocaged cathepsin B activity-based probe 2PPG-FK-AcRha that performed well in cancer cell cultures. Using our probe, we could monitor the light-activation by the blue fluorescence of 7-diethylamino-4-hydroxymethyl-coumarin (DEACM) and simultaneously probe the activity of cathepsin B through the green fluorescence of acetyl rhodamine (AcRha). Additionally, by partially irradiating the cell cultures, the regional photoactivation experiments also demonstrated great spatial controllability and trackability of our probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Min Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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8
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Multifunctional fluorescent probes for high-throughput characterization of hexosaminidase enzyme activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105532. [PMID: 34883361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial polysaccharides composed of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), such as chitin, peptidoglycan and poly-β-(1 → 6)-GlcNAc (dPNAG), play a critical role in maintaining cell integrity or in facilitating biofilm formation in numerous fungal and bacterial pathogens. Glycosyl hydrolase enzymes that catalyze the degradation of these β-GlcNAc containing polysaccharides play important roles in normal microbial cell physiology and can also be exploited as biocatalysts with applications as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, or biofilm dispersal agents. Assays to rapidly detect and characterize the activity of such glycosyl hydrolase enzymes can facilitate their development as biocatalyst, however, currently available probes such as 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-GlcNAc (4MU-GlcNAc) are not universally accepted as substrates, and their fluorescent signal is sensitive to changes in pH. Here, we present the development of a new multifunctional fluorescent substrate analog for the detection and characterization of hexosaminidase enzyme activity containing a 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (AMC) carbamate aglycone. This probe is widely tolerated as a substrate for exo-acting β-hexosaminidase, family 19 endo-chitinase, and the dPNAG hydrolase enzyme Dispersin B (DspB) and enables detection of hexosaminidase enzyme activity via either single wavelength fluorescent measurements or ratiometric fluorescent detection. We demonstrate the utility of this probe to screen for recombinant DspB activity in Escherichia coli cell lysates, and for the development of a high-throughput assay to screen for DspB inhibitors.
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Bhuiyan AI, Rathod P, Ghoshal S, Dana D, Das T, Li G, Dickson AA, Rafi F, Subramaniam GS, Fath KR, Paroly S, Chang EJ, Pathak SK. Clickable, selective, and cell-permeable activity-based probe of human cathepsin B - Minimalistic approach for enhanced selectivity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 117:105463. [PMID: 34753058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Human cathepsin B is a cysteine-dependent protease whose roles in both normal and diseased cellular states remain yet to be fully delineated. This is primarily due to overlapping substrate specificities and lack of unambiguously annotated physiological functions. In this work, a selective, cell-permeable, clickable and tagless small molecule cathepsin B probe, KDA-1, is developed and kinetically characterized. KDA-1 selectively targets active site Cys25 residue of cathepsin B for labeling and can detect active cellular cathepsin B in proteomes derived from live human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and HEK293 cells. It is anticipated that KDA-1 probe will find suitable applications in functional proteomics involving human cathepsin B enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif I Bhuiyan
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pratikkumar Rathod
- Laguardia Community College, 31-10 Thomson Ave, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Sarbani Ghoshal
- Department of Biological Sc. and Geology, QCC-CUNY, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Dibyendu Dana
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Tuhin Das
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Guoshen Li
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Anna A Dickson
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Faiza Rafi
- Bard High School Early College Queens, 30-20 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Gopal S Subramaniam
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Karl R Fath
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Department of Biology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Suneeta Paroly
- Bard High School Early College Queens, 30-20 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Chang
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; York College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K Pathak
- Queens College of The City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Giese M, Davis PD, Woodman RH, Hermanson G, Pokora A, Vermillion M. Linker Architectures as Steric Auxiliaries for Altering Enzyme-Mediated Payload Release from Bioconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2257-2267. [PMID: 34587447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated prodrugs leverage the increased activity of proteases in the tumor microenvironment and the tight regulation in healthy tissues to provide selective activation of cytotoxins in the tumor while minimizing toxicity to normal tissues. One of the largest classes of protease-activated prodrugs are composed of therapeutic agents conjugated to macromolecular carriers via peptide motifs that are substrates for cathepsin B, and antibody-drug conjugates are one of the most successful designs within this class. However, many of these peptide motifs are also cleaved by extracellular enzymes such as elastase and carboxylesterase 1C. Additionally, some peptide sequences have little selectivity for other lysosomal cathepsins, which have also been found to have extracellular activity in normal physiological processes. A lack of selectivity or oversensitivity to other extracellular enzymes can lead to off-target release of the cytotoxic payload and subsequent toxicities. In this report, we describe an approach for modulating cathepsin-mediated release of the cytotoxic payload through steric shielding provided by the synergistic effects of appropriately designed hydrophilic linkers and the conjugated carrier. We prepared a fluorogenic model payload with a Val-Cit cleavable trigger and attached the trigger-payload to a variety of PEG-based linker architectures with different numbers of PEG arms (y), different numbers of ethylene oxide units in each arm (n), and different distances between the cleavable trigger and PEG branch point (D'). These linker-payloads were then used to prepare DAR2 conjugates with the cleavable triggers at three different distances (D) from the antibody, and cathepsin-mediated payload release was monitored with in vitro assays. The results show that structural variables of the linker architectures can be manipulated to effectively shield enzymatically labile trigger-payloads from enzymes with readily accessible binding sites, and may offer an additional strategy for balancing off-target and tumor-targeted payload release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Giese
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Paul D Davis
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Robert H Woodman
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Greg Hermanson
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Alex Pokora
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
| | - Melissa Vermillion
- Quanta BioDesign, 7470 Montgomery Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064, United States
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11
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Targeting out of range biomolecules: Chemical labeling strategies for qualitative and quantitative MALDI MS-based detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteases critical in physiopathological processes and show potential as targets or biomarkers for diseases and medical conditions. The 11 members of the cathepsin family are redundant in some cases but remarkably independent of others, demanding the development of both pan-cathepsin targeting tools as well as probes that are selective for specific cathepsins with little off-target activity. This review addresses the diverse design strategies that have been employed to accomplish this tailored selectivity among cysteine cathepsin targets and the imaging modalities incorporated. The power of these diverse tools is contextualized by briefly highlighting the nature of a few prominent cysteine cathepsins, their involvement in select diseases, and the application of cathepsin imaging probes in research spanning basic biochemical studies to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Schleyer KA, Fetrow B, Zannes Fatland P, Liu J, Chaaban M, Ma B, Cui L. Dual-Mechanism Quenched Fluorogenic Probe Provides Selective and Rapid Detection of Cathepsin L Activity*. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1082-1087. [PMID: 33295147 PMCID: PMC8202353 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTL) is a cysteine protease demonstrating upregulated activity in many disease states. Overlapping substrate specificity makes selective detection of CTL activity difficult to parse from that of its close homologue CTV and the ubiquitous CTB. Current probes of CTL activity have limited applications due to either poor contrast or extra assay steps required to achieve selectivity. We have developed a fluorogenic probe, CTLAP, that displays good selectivity for CTL over CTB and CTV while exhibiting low background fluorescence attributed to dual quenching mechanisms. CTLAP achieves optimum CTL selectivity in the first 10 min of incubation, thus suggesting that it is amenable for rapid detection of CTL, even in the presence of competing cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton A Schleyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ben Fetrow
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Peter Zannes Fatland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Maya Chaaban
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way 118 DLC, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way 118 DLC, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Lina Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, UF Health Science Center, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, 1345 Center Dr., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, UNM Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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14
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Gonzaga RV, do Nascimento LA, Santos SS, Machado Sanches BA, Giarolla J, Ferreira EI. Perspectives About Self-Immolative Drug Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3262-3281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Breidenbach J, Bartz U, Gütschow M. Coumarin as a structural component of substrates and probes for serine and cysteine proteases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140445. [PMID: 32405284 PMCID: PMC7219385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coumarins represent well-established structures to introduce fluorescence into tool compounds for biochemical investigations. They are valued for their small size, chemical stability and accessibility as well as their tunable photochemical properties. As components of fluorophore/quencher pairs or FRET donor/acceptor pairs, coumarins have frequently been applied in substrate mapping approaches for serine and cysteine proteases. This review also focuses on the incorporation of coumarins into the side chain of amino acids and the exploitation of the resulting fluorescent amino acids for the positional profiling of protease substrates. The protease-inhibiting properties of certain coumarin derivatives and the utilization of coumarin moieties to assemble activity-based probes for serine and cysteine proteases are discussed as well. Coumarins represent well-established structures to introduce fluorescence into tool compounds for biochemical investigations. They are valued for their small size, chemical stability and accessibility as well as their tunable photochemical properties. Coumarins are components of fluorophore/quencher pairs or FRET donor/acceptor pairs in substrate mapping of proteases. Coumarins have been incorporated into amino acids side chains to be used for the positional profiling of protease substrates. Coumarins have protease-inhibiting properties and are used for activity-based probes for serine and cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Breidenbach
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bartz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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16
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Dana D, Pathak SK. A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Functional Probes of Human Cathepsin L. Molecules 2020; 25:E698. [PMID: 32041276 PMCID: PMC7038230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathepsin L belongs to the cathepsin family of proteolytic enzymes with primarily an endopeptidase activity. Although its primary functions were originally thought to be only of a housekeeping enzyme that degraded intracellular and endocytosed proteins in lysosome, numerous recent studies suggest that it plays many critical and specific roles in diverse cellular settings. Not surprisingly, the dysregulated function of cathepsin L has manifested itself in several human diseases, making it an attractive target for drug development. Unfortunately, several redundant and isoform-specific functions have recently emerged, adding complexities to the drug discovery process. To address this, a series of chemical biology tools have been developed that helped define cathepsin L biology with exquisite precision in specific cellular contexts. This review elaborates on the recently developed small molecule inhibitors and probes of human cathepsin L, outlining their mechanisms of action, and describing their potential utilities in dissecting unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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17
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Wang ZY, Zhang CP, Zhang CY. Integration of a peptide–DNA conjugate with multiple cyclic signal amplification for the ultrasensitive detection of cathepsin B activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2119-2122. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09714g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We integrate a peptide–DNA conjugate with multiple cyclic signal amplification for the sensitive detection of cathepsin B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-yue Wang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Cheng-peng Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Chun-yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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18
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Wang S, Vigliarolo BG, Chowdhury MA, Nyarko JNK, Mousseau DD, Phenix CP. Design and synthesis of fluorogenic substrate-based probes for detecting Cathepsin B activity. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103194. [PMID: 31493706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B plays key roles in tumor progression with its overexpression being associated with invasive and metastatic phenotypes and is a primary target of protease activated antibody-directed prodrug therapy. It therefore represents a potential therapeutic and diagnostic target and effort has been made to develop fluorescent probes to report on Cathepsin B activity in cells and animal models of cancer. We have designed, synthesized, and thoroughly evaluated four novel "turn on" probes that employ a lysosomotropic dansylcadaverine dye to report on Cathepsin B activity. Enzyme activity assays using a recombinant human enzyme and cancer cell lysates coupled with confocal microscopy experiments demonstrated that one of the probes, derivatized with the self-immolative prodrug linker p-aminobenzyl alcohol, can selectively report on Cathepsin B in biological samples including live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Brady G Vigliarolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Morshed A Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jennifer N K Nyarko
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Christopher P Phenix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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19
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Poreba M, Groborz K, Vizovisek M, Maruggi M, Turk D, Turk B, Powis G, Drag M, Salvesen GS. Fluorescent probes towards selective cathepsin B detection and visualization in cancer cells and patient samples. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8461-8477. [PMID: 31803426 PMCID: PMC6839509 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00997c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly selective fluorescent activity-based probe for the visualization of cathepsin B in cancer cells.
Human cysteine cathepsins constitute an 11-membered family of proteases responsible for degradation of proteins in cellular endosomal–lysosomal compartments as such, they play important roles in antigen processing, cellular stress signaling, autophagy, and senescence. Moreover, for many years these enzymes were also linked to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis when upregulated. Individual biological roles of each cathepsin are difficult to establish, because of their redundancy and similar substrate specificities. Selective chemical tools that enable imaging of individual cathepsin activities in living cells, tumors, and the tumor microenvironment may provide a better insight into their functions. In this work, we used HyCoSuL technology to profile the substrate specificity of human cathepsin B. The use of unnatural amino acids in the substrate library enabled us to uncover the broad cathepsin B preferences that we utilized to design highly-selective substrates and fluorescent activity-based probes (ABPs). We further demonstrated that Cy5-labeled MP-CB-2 probe can selectively label cathepsin B in eighteen cancer cell lines tested, making this ABP highly suitable for other biological setups. Moreover, using Cy5-labelled MP-CB-2 we were able to demonstrate by fluorescence microscopy that in cancer cells cathepsins B and L share overlapping, but not identical subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA . ; ; .,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Groborz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Matej Vizovisek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Jožef Stefan Institute , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Marco Maruggi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA . ; ;
| | - Dusan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Jožef Stefan Institute , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Jožef Stefan Institute , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology , University of Ljubljana , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Garth Powis
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA . ; ;
| | - Marcin Drag
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA . ; ; .,Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA . ; ;
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20
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Schwenck J, Maurer A, Fehrenbacher B, Mehling R, Knopf P, Mucha N, Haupt D, Fuchs K, Griessinger CM, Bukala D, Holstein J, Schaller M, Menendez IG, Ghoreschi K, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gütschow M, Laufer S, Reinheckel T, Röcken M, Kalbacher H, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. Cysteine-type cathepsins promote the effector phase of acute cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Theranostics 2019; 9:3903-3917. [PMID: 31281521 PMCID: PMC6587341 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-type cathepsins such as cathepsin B are involved in various steps of inflammatory processes such as antigen processing and angiogenesis. Here, we uncovered the role of cysteine-type cathepsins in the effector phase of T cell-driven cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR) and the implication of this role on therapeutic cathepsin B-specific inhibition. Methods: Wild-type, cathepsin B-deficient (Ctsb-/-) and cathepsin Z-deficient (Ctsz-/-) mice were sensitized with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) on the abdomen and challenged with TNCB on the right ear to induce acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. The severity of cutaneous DTHR was assessed by evaluating ear swelling responses and histopathology. We performed fluorescence microscopy on tissue from inflamed ears and lymph nodes of wild-type mice, as well as on biopsies from psoriasis patients, focusing on cathepsin B expression by T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. Cathepsin activity was determined noninvasively by optical imaging employing protease-activated substrate-like probes. Cathepsin expression and activity were validated ex vivo by covalent active site labeling of proteases and Western blotting. Results: Noninvasive in vivo optical imaging revealed strong cysteine-type cathepsin activity in inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes in acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. In inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes, cathepsin B was expressed by neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, B, T and natural killer (NK) cells. Similar expression patterns were found in psoriatic plaques of patients. The biochemical methods confirmed active cathepsin B in tissues of mice with cutaneous DTHR. Topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors significantly reduced ear swelling in acute but not chronic DTHR. Compared with wild-type mice, Ctsb-/- mice exhibited an enhanced ear swelling response during acute DTHR despite a lack of cathepsin B expression. Cathepsin Z, a protease closely related to cathepsin B, revealed compensatory expression in inflamed ears of Ctsb-/- mice, while cathepsin B expression was reciprocally elevated in Ctsz-/- mice. Conclusion: Cathepsin B is actively involved in the effector phase of acute cutaneous DTHR. Thus, topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors might effectively limit DTHR such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis. However, the cathepsin B and Z knockout mouse experiments suggested a complementary role for these two cysteine-type proteases.
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21
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Dana D, Garcia J, Bhuiyan AI, Rathod P, Joo L, Novoa DA, Paroly S, Fath KR, Chang EJ, Pathak SK. Cell penetrable, clickable and tagless activity-based probe of human cathepsin L. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:505-514. [PMID: 30802807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human cathepsin L is a ubiquitously expressed endopeptidase and is known to play critical roles in a wide variety of cellular signaling events. Its overexpression has been implicated in numerous human diseases, including highly invasive forms of cancer. Inhibition of cathepsin L is therefore considered a viable therapeutic strategy. Unfortunately, several redundant and even opposing roles of cathepsin L have recently emerged. Selective cathepsin L probes are therefore needed to dissect its function in context-specific manner before significant resources are directed into drug discovery efforts. Herein, the development of a clickable and tagless activity-based probe of cathepsin L is reported. The probe is highly efficient, active-site directed and activity-dependent, selective, cell penetrable, and non-toxic to human cells. Using zebrafish model, we demonstrate that the probe can inhibit cathepsin L function in vivo during the hatching process. It is anticipated that the probe will be a highly effective tool in dissecting cathepsin L biology at the proteome levels in both normal physiology and human diseases, thereby facilitating drug-discovery efforts targeting cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy Garcia
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Ashif I Bhuiyan
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pratikkumar Rathod
- York College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY 11451-0001, USA; Laguardia Community College, 31-10 Thomson Ave, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Laura Joo
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Daniel A Novoa
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Suneeta Paroly
- Bard High School Early College Queens, 30-20 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Karl R Fath
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Chang
- York College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY 11451-0001, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K Pathak
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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22
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Yan J, Lee S, Zhang A, Yoon J. Self-immolative colorimetric, fluorescent and chemiluminescent chemosensors. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6900-6916. [PMID: 30175338 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-immolative chemistry features a cascade of disassembly reactions in response to external stimuli, which provides great opportunities to design new self-immolative chemosensors with advanced performance and/or functions. Self-immolative spacers in these chemosensors not only facilitate the linkage of designed triggers to various chromophores or fluorophores, but can also be used to solve inherent problems associated with native chemosensors, such as low reactivities, poor stabilities and slow response times. Their capacity for stimuli-responsive release through operation of a self-immolative reaction further enables integration of sophisticated functions into chemosensors, including signal amplification, enzyme activity localization, and drug monitoring. Significant advances have been made in the field of self-immolative chemosensors, leading to intriguing applications to sensitive detection of analytes, bioimaging and cancer theranostics. This tutorial review summarizes this recent progress with a focus on their design strategies and sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatao Yan
- Department of Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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23
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Serra S, Alouane A, Le Saux T, Huvelle S, Plasson R, Schmidt F, Jullien L, Labruère R. A chemically encoded timer for dual molecular delivery at tailored ranges and concentrations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6396-6399. [PMID: 29872786 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03253j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of molecular distribution is much in demand in many fields of chemistry. To address this goal, we exploit a low molecular weight branched self-immolative architecture, which acts as a triggerable chemically encoded timer for autonomous sequential release of two chemicals. Using a light-activated model liberating two distinct fluorophores, we generated a tunable spatially contrasted molecular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Serra
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 15 rue Georges Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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24
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Liu HW, Chen L, Xu C, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang XB, Tan W. Recent progresses in small-molecule enzymatic fluorescent probes for cancer imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7140-7180. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00862g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview of recent advances in small-molecule enzymatic fluorescent probes for cancer imaging, including design strategies and cancer imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wen Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Chengyan Xu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Zhe Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL)
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Hunan University
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25
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Luo Z, Feng L, An R, Duan G, Yan R, Shi H, He J, Zhou Z, Ji C, Chen HY, Ye D. Activatable Near-Infrared Probe for Fluorescence Imaging of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Tumor Cells and In Vivo. Chemistry 2017; 23:14778-14785. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Liandong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Guanfu Duan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Runqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Changge Ji
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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26
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Zhang T, Huang S, Lin H, An N, Tong R, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qu F. Enzyme and pH-responsive nanovehicles for intracellular drug release and photodynamic therapy. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02357f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme and pH-responsive nanocomposite was constructed for sensitive intracellular drug release and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The novel nanoplatforms provide the potential application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center
- PetroChina
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Huiming Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Na An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ruihan Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Normal University
- Harbin
- P. R. China
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27
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Wang Y, Li J, Feng L, Yu J, Zhang Y, Ye D, Chen HY. Lysosome-Targeting Fluorogenic Probe for Cathepsin B Imaging in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:12403-12410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Li
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liandong Feng
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingfang Yu
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key
Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry
for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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28
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Arian D, Harenberg J, Krämer R. A Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Peptide Substrate for the Highly Sensitive Detection of Proteases in Biological Matrices. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7576-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dumitru Arian
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Job Harenberg
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Maybachstrasse
14, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roland Krämer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Sadowski LP, Edem PE, Valliant JF, Adronov A. Synthesis of Polyester Dendritic Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1475-1484. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas P. Sadowski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Patricia E. Edem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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30
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Vandooren J, Opdenakker G, Loadman PM, Edwards DR. Proteases in cancer drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:144-55. [PMID: 26756735 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Whereas protease inhibitors have been developed successfully against hypertension and viral infections, they have failed thus far as cancer drugs. With advances in cancer profiling we now better understand that the tumor "degradome" (i.e. the repertoire of proteases and their natural inhibitors and interaction partners) forms a complex network in which specific nodes determine the global outcome of manipulation of the protease web. However, knowing which proteases are active in the tumor micro-environment, we may tackle cancers with the use of Protease-Activated Prodrugs (PAPs). Here we exemplify this concept for metallo-, cysteine and serine proteases. PAPs not only exist as small molecular adducts, containing a cleavable substrate sequence and a latent prodrug, they are presently also manufactured as various types of nanoparticles. Although the emphasis of this review is on PAPs for treatment, it is clear that protease activatable probes and nanoparticles are also powerful tools for imaging purposes, including tumor diagnosis and staging, as well as visualization of tumor imaging during microsurgical resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Vandooren
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Immunobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul M Loadman
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Dylan R Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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31
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Bao B, Liu Y, Wang L, Lu W. DCPO based nanoparticles as a near-infrared fluorescent probe for Cathepsin B. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14628g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we designed a Cathepsin B-sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probe which can self-assemble into nano-micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
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32
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Ofori LO, Withana NP, Prestwood TR, Verdoes M, Brady JJ, Winslow MM, Sorger J, Bogyo M. Design of Protease Activated Optical Contrast Agents That Exploit a Latent Lysosomotropic Effect for Use in Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1977-88. [PMID: 26039341 PMCID: PMC4577961 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for new molecular-guided contrast agents to enhance surgical procedures such as tumor resection that require a high degree of precision. Cysteine cathepsins are highly up-regulated in a wide variety of cancers, both in tumor cells and in the tumor-supporting cells of the surrounding stroma. Therefore, tools that can be used to dynamically monitor their activity in vivo could be used as imaging contrast agents for intraoperative fluorescence image guided surgery (FGS). Although multiple classes of cathepsin-targeted substrate probes have been reported, most suffer from overall fast clearance from sites of protease activation, leading to reduced signal intensity and duration in vivo. Here we describe the design and synthesis of a series of near-infrared fluorogenic probes that exploit a latent cationic lysosomotropic effect (LLE) to promote cellular retention upon protease activation. These probes show tumor-specific retention, fast activation kinetics, and rapid systemic distribution. We demonstrate that they are suitable for detection of diverse cancer types including breast, colon and lung tumors. Most importantly, the agents are compatible with the existing, FDA approved, da Vinci surgical system for fluorescence guided tumor resection. Therefore, our data suggest that the probes reported here can be used with existing clinical instrumentation to detect tumors and potentially other types of inflammatory lesions to guide surgical decision making in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan Sorger
- Intuitive Surgical
Inc., 1020 Kifer Road, Sunnyvale, California 94086, United States
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33
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Ji K, Heyza J, Cavallo-Medved D, Sloane BF. Pathomimetic cancer avatars for live-cell imaging of protease activity. Biochimie 2015; 122:68-76. [PMID: 26375517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are essential for normal physiology as well as multiple diseases, e.g., playing a causative role in cancer progression, including in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Identification of dynamic alterations in protease activity may allow us to detect early stage cancers and to assess the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Despite the clinical importance of proteases in cancer progression, their functional roles individually and within the context of complex protease networks have not yet been well defined. These gaps in our understanding might be addressed with: 1) accurate and sensitive tools and methods to directly identify changes in protease activities in live cells, and 2) pathomimetic avatars for cancer that recapitulate in vitro the tumor in the context of its cellular and non-cellular microenvironment. Such avatars should be designed to facilitate mechanistic studies that can be translated to animal models and ultimately the clinic. Here, we will describe basic principles and recent applications of live-cell imaging for identification of active proteases. The avatars optimized by our laboratory are three-dimensional (3D) human breast cancer models in a matrix of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM). They are designated mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) models as they have been designed to mimic the structural and functional interactions among cell types in the normal and cancerous human breast. We have demonstrated the usefulness of these pathomimetic avatars for following dynamic and temporal changes in cell:cell interactions and quantifying changes in protease activity associated with these interactions in real-time (4D). We also briefly describe adaptation of the avatars to custom-designed and fabricated tissue architecture and microenvironment engineering (TAME) chambers that enhance our ability to analyze concomitant changes in the malignant phenotype and the associated tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Joshua Heyza
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.
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34
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Löser R, Pietzsch J. Cysteine cathepsins: their role in tumor progression and recent trends in the development of imaging probes. Front Chem 2015; 3:37. [PMID: 26157794 PMCID: PMC4477214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases bear an enormous potential as drug discovery targets for both infectious and systemic human diseases. The considerable progress in this field over the last two decades has also raised interest in the visualization of these enzymes in their native context, especially with regard to tumor imaging. After a short introduction to structure and general functions of human cysteine cathepsins, we highlight their importance for drug discovery and development and provide a critical update on the current state of knowledge toward their involvement in tumor progression, with a special emphasis on their role in therapy response. In accordance with a radiopharmaceutical point of view, the main focus of this review article will be the discussion of recently developed fluorescence and radiotracer-based imaging agents together with related molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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35
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Carvalho LAR, Ruivo EFP, Lucas SD, Moreira R. Activity-based probes as molecular tools for biomarker discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling has emerged as an exceptional tool for biomarker discovery and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. R. Carvalho
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - E. F. P. Ruivo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - S. D. Lucas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - R. Moreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
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36
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Liu P, Xu J, Yan D, Zhang P, Zeng F, Li B, Wu S. A DT-diaphorase responsive theranostic prodrug for diagnosis, drug release monitoring and therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9567-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A DT-diaphorase responsive theranostic prodrug has been developed for diagnosis, tracking of drug release and selectively killing cancer cells over-expressed with DT-diaphorase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilian Liu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangsheng Xu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Donghang Yan
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Fang Zeng
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Bowen Li
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering
- State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials & Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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37
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Debieu S, Romieu A. Dual enzyme-responsive “turn-on” fluorescence sensing systems based on in situ formation of 7-hydroxy-2-iminocoumarin scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10348-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a novel class of dual enzyme-responsive fluorogenic probes based on two orthogonal deprotection reactions via the “covalent assembly” principle. Sensing of two different enzymes (hydrolase and nitroreductase) through domino reactions, producing the push–pull backbone of a fluorescent 3-substituted 7-hydroxy-2-iminocoumarin dye, is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Debieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne
- UMR 6302
- CNRS
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne
- UMR 6302
- CNRS
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
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38
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Edem PE, Czorny S, Valliant JF. Synthesis and Evaluation of Radioiodinated Acyloxymethyl Ketones as Activity-Based Probes for Cathepsin B. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9564-77. [PMID: 25360988 DOI: 10.1021/jm501357r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E. Edem
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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