1
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Postupalenko V, Marx L, Pantin M, Viertl D, Gsponer N, Giudice G, Gasilova N, Schottelius M, Lévy F, Garrouste P, Segura JM, Nyanguile O. Site-selective template-directed synthesis of antibody Fc conjugates with concomitant ligand release. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1324-1337. [PMID: 38274063 PMCID: PMC10806771 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04324j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Template-directed methods are emerging as some of the most effective means to conjugate payloads at selective sites of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We have previously reported a method based on an engineered Fc-III reactive peptide to conjugate a radionuclide chelator to K317 of antibodies with the concomitant release of the Fc-III peptide ligand. Here, our method was redesigned to target two lysines proximal to the Fc-III binding site, K248 and K439. Using energy minimization predictions and a semi-combinatorial synthesis approach, we sampled multiple Fc-III amino acid substituents of A3, H5, L6 and E8, which were then converted into Fc-III reactive conjugates. Middle-down MS/MS subunit analysis of the resulting trastuzumab conjugates revealed that K248 and K439 can be selectively targeted using the Fc-III reactive variants L6Dap, L6Orn, L6Y and A3K or A3hK, respectively. Across all variants tested, L6Orn-carbonate appeared to be the best candidate, yielding a degree and yield of conjugation of almost 2 and 100% for a broad array of payloads including radionuclide chelators, fluorescent dyes, click-chemistry reagents, pre-targeted imaging reagents, and some cytotoxic small molecules. Furthermore, L6Orn carbonate appeared to yield similar conjugation results across multiple IgG subtypes. In vivo proof of concept was achieved by conjugation of NODAGA to the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor antibody atezolizumab, followed by PET imaging of PD-L1 expression in mice bearing PD-L1 expressing tumor xenograft using radiolabeled [64Cu]Cu-atezolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Postupalenko
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Léo Marx
- Debiopharm Research & Manufacturing SA Campus "après-demain", Rue du Levant 146 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Pantin
- Debiopharm Research & Manufacturing SA Campus "après-demain", Rue du Levant 146 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - David Viertl
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and of Oncology, CHUV/UNIL 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
- In Vivo Imaging Facility, Department of Research and Training, University of Lausanne CH-1011 Lausanne
| | - Nadège Gsponer
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Gaëlle Giudice
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Natalia Gasilova
- EPFL Valais Wallis, MSEAP, ISIC-GE-VS rue de l'Industrie 17 1951 Sion Switzerland
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and of Oncology, CHUV/UNIL 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
- Agora, pôle de recherche sur le cancer 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lévy
- Debiopharm International SA Forum "après-demain", Chemin Messidor 5-7, Case postale 5911 1002 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Patrick Garrouste
- Debiopharm Research & Manufacturing SA Campus "après-demain", Rue du Levant 146 1920 Martigny Switzerland
| | - Jean-Manuel Segura
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Origène Nyanguile
- Institute of Life Technologies, HES-SO Valais-Wallis Rue de l'Industrie 23 CH-1950 Sion Switzerland
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2
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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3
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Mungra N, Biteghe FAN, Malindi Z, Huysamen AM, Karaan M, Hardcastle NS, Bunjun R, Chetty S, Naran K, Lang D, Richter W, Hunter R, Barth S. CSPG4 as a target for the specific killing of triple-negative breast cancer cells by a recombinant SNAP-tag-based antibody-auristatin F drug conjugate. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:12203-12225. [PMID: 37432459 PMCID: PMC10465649 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is phenotypic of breast tumors lacking expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), the progesterone receptor (PgR), and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The paucity of well-defined molecular targets in TNBC, coupled with the increasing burden of breast cancer-related mortality, emphasizes the need to develop targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. While antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as revolutionary tools in the selective delivery of drugs to malignant cells, their widespread clinical use has been hampered by traditional strategies which often give rise to heterogeneous mixtures of ADC products. METHODS Utilizing SNAP-tag technology as a cutting-edge site-specific conjugation method, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4)-targeting ADC was engineered, encompassing a single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) conjugated to auristatin F (AURIF) via a click chemistry strategy. RESULTS After showcasing the self-labeling potential of the SNAP-tag component, surface binding and internalization of the fluorescently labeled product were demonstrated on CSPG4-positive TNBC cell lines through confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The cell-killing ability of the novel AURIF-based recombinant ADC was illustrated by the induction of a 50% reduction in cell viability at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations on target cell lines. CONCLUSION This research underscores the applicability of SNAP-tag in the unambiguous generation of homogeneous and pharmaceutically relevant immunoconjugates that could potentially be instrumental in the management of a daunting disease like TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Mungra
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
- Centre for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Washington, 98101 USA
| | - Fleury A. N. Biteghe
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zaria Malindi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Allan M. Huysamen
- Department of Chemistry, PD Hahn Building, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Maryam Karaan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Natasha S. Hardcastle
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Rubina Bunjun
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Shivan Chetty
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000 South Africa
| | - Krupa Naran
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Dirk Lang
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | | | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, PD Hahn Building, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Medical Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
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4
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Xu T, Zhang F, Chen D, Sun L, Tomazela D, Fayadat-Dilman L. Interrogating heterogeneity of cysteine-engineered antibody-drug conjugates and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates by capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. MAbs 2023; 15:2229102. [PMID: 37381585 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2229102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of site-specific cysteine-engineered antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in mammalian cells may produce developability challenges, fragments, and heterogenous molecules, leading to potential product critical quality attributes in later development stages. Liquid phase chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is widely used to evaluate antibody impurities and drug-to-antibody ratio, but faces challenges in analysis of fragment product variants of cysteine-engineered ADCs and oligonucleotide-to-antibody ratio (OAR) species of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs). Here, for the first time, we report novel capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS approaches to address the challenges above. CZE analysis of six ADCs made with different parent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and small molecule drug-linker payloads revealed that various fragment impurities, such as half mAbs with one/two drugs, light chains with one/two drugs, light chains with C-terminal cysteine truncation, heavy chain clippings, were well resolved from the main species. However, most of these fragments were coeluted or had signal suppression during LC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the method was optimized on both ionization and separation aspects to enable the characterization of two AOCs. The method successfully achieved baseline separation and accurate quantification of their OAR species, which were also highly challenging using conventional LC-MS methods. Finally, we compared the migration time and CZE separation profiles among ADCs and their parent mAbs, and found that properties of mAbs and linker payloads significantly influenced the separation of product variants by altering their size or charge. Our study showcases the good performance and broad applicability of CZE-MS techniques for monitoring the heterogeneity of cysteine-engineered ADCs and AOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xu
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Daoyang Chen
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Daniela Tomazela
- Discovery Biologics, Protein Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
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5
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Development of a radiolabeled site-specific single-domain antibody positron emission tomography probe for monitoring PD-L1 expression in cancer. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:869-878. [PMID: 36605578 PMCID: PMC9805943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of cancers, not all patients can benefit from programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Anti-PD-L1 therapeutic effects reportedly correlate with the PD-L1 expression level; hence, accurate detection of PD-L1 expression can guide immunotherapy to achieve better therapeutic effects. Therefore, based on the high affinity antibody Nb109, a new site-specifically radiolabeled tracer, 68Ga-NODA-cysteine, aspartic acid, and valine (CDV)-Nb109, was designed and synthesized to accurately monitor PD-L1 expression. The tracer 68Ga-NODA-CDV-Nb109 was obtained using a site-specific conjugation strategy with a radiochemical yield of about 95% and radiochemical purity of 97%. It showed high affinity for PD-L1 with a dissociation constant of 12.34 ± 1.65 nM. Both the cell uptake assay and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging revealed higher tracer uptake in PD-L1-positive A375-hPD-L1 and U87 tumor cells than in PD-L1-negative A375 tumor cells. Meanwhile, dynamic PET imaging of a NCI-H1299 xenograft indicated that doxorubicin could upregulate PD-L1 expression, allowing timely interventional immunotherapy. In conclusion, this tracer could sensitively and dynamically monitor changes in PD-L1 expression levels in different cancers and help screen patients who can benefit from anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.
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6
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Feng Y, Sarrett SM, Meshaw RL, Vaidyanathan G, Cornejo MA, Zeglis BM, Zalutsky MR. Site-Specific Radiohalogenation of a HER2-Targeted Single-Domain Antibody Fragment Using a Novel Residualizing Prosthetic Agent. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15358-15373. [PMID: 36368007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of their rapid tumor accumulation and normal tissue clearance, single-domain antibody fragments (sdAbs) are an attractive vehicle for developing radiotherapeutics labeled with the α-emitter 211At. Herein, we have evaluated iso-[211At]AGMB-PODS, a prosthetic agent that combines a functionality for residualizing radiohalogens with a phenyloxadiazolyl methylsulfone (PODS) moiety for site-specific sdAb conjugation. Iso-[211At]AGMB-PODS and its radioiodinated analogue were evaluated for thiol-selective conjugation to anti-HER2 5F7 sdAb bearing a C-terminus GGC tail. Both radiohalogenated PODS-5F7GGC conjugates were synthesized in good radiochemical yields and retained high binding affinity on HER2-positive BT474 breast carcinoma cells. Iso-[211At]AGMB-PODS-5F7GGC was considerably more stable in vitro than its maleimide analogue in the presence of cysteine and human serum albumin (HSA) and exhibited excellent tumor uptake and high in vivo stability. Superior tumor-to-kidney activity ratios were seen for both radiohalogenated PODS-5F7GGC conjugates compared with [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-PODS-5F7GGC. These results suggest that iso-[211At]AGMB-PODS-5F7GGC warrants further evaluation for the treatment of HER2-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Feng
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Samantha M. Sarrett
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Meshaw
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Mike A. Cornejo
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Brian M. Zeglis
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Michael R. Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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7
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Matikonda SS, McLaughlin R, Shrestha P, Lipshultz C, Schnermann MJ. Structure-Activity Relationships of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Systematic Review of Chemistry on the Trastuzumab Scaffold. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1241-1253. [PMID: 35801843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly growing class of cancer therapeutics that seek to overcome the low therapeutic index of conventional cytotoxic agents. However, realizing this goal has been a significant challenge. ADCs comprise several independently modifiable components, including the antibody, payload, linker, and bioconjugation method. Many approaches have been developed to improve the physical properties, potency, and selectivity of ADCs. The anti-HER-2 antibody trastuzumab, first approved in 1998, has emerged as an exceptional targeting agent for ADCs, as well as a broadly used platform for testing new technologies. The extensive work in this area enables the comparison of various linker strategies, payloads, drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR), and mode of attachment. In this review, these conjugates, ranging from the first clinically approved trastuzumab ADC, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla), to the latest variants are described with the goal of providing a broad overview, as well as enabling the comparison of existing and emerging conjugate technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth S Matikonda
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Ryan McLaughlin
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Carol Lipshultz
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, 376 Boyles Street, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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8
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Anami Y, Otani Y, Xiong W, Ha SYY, Yamaguchi A, Rivera-Caraballo KA, Zhang N, An Z, Kaur B, Tsuchikama K. Homogeneity of antibody-drug conjugates critically impacts the therapeutic efficacy in brain tumors. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110839. [PMID: 35613589 PMCID: PMC9195180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and fatal disease of all brain tumor types. Most therapies rarely provide clinically meaningful outcomes in the treatment of GBM. Although antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising anticancer drugs, no ADCs have been clinically successful for GBM, primarily because of poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Here, we report that ADC homogeneity and payload loading rate are critical parameters contributing to this discrepancy. Although both homogeneous and heterogeneous conjugates exhibit comparable in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic profiles, the former shows enhanced payload delivery to brain tumors. Our homogeneous ADCs provide improved antitumor effects and survival benefits in orthotopic brain tumor models. We also demonstrate that overly drug-loaded species in heterogeneous conjugates are particularly poor at crossing the BBB, leading to deteriorated overall brain tumor targeting. Our findings indicate the importance of homogeneous conjugation with optimal payload loading in generating effective ADCs for intractable brain tumors. Most therapies rarely provide clinically meaningful improvements in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Anami et al. report that intravenous administration of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) efficiently delivers payloads to brain tumors, leading to substantially improved tumor growth suppression. Their findings provide rational ADC design for effectively treating intractable brain tumors, including GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Summer Y Y Ha
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kimberly A Rivera-Caraballo
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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9
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Kasper M, Lassak L, Vogl AM, Mai I, Helma J, Schumacher D, Hackenberger CPR. Bis‐ethynylphosphonamidates as an Modular Conjugation Platform to Generate Multi‐Functional Protein‐ and Antibody‐Drug‐Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc‐André Kasper
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
- Tubulis GmbH Butenandtstraße 1 81377 München Germany
| | - Lukas Lassak
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Isabelle Mai
- Tubulis GmbH Butenandtstraße 1 81377 München Germany
| | - Jonas Helma
- Tubulis GmbH Butenandtstraße 1 81377 München Germany
| | | | - Christian P. R. Hackenberger
- Chemical Biology Department Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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10
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Geddie ML, Kirpotin DB, Kohli N, Kornaga T, Boll B, Razlog M, Drummond DC, Lugovskoy AA. Development of disulfide-stabilized Fabs for targeting of antibody-directed nanotherapeutics. MAbs 2022; 14:2083466. [PMID: 35708974 PMCID: PMC9225506 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2083466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-directed nanotherapeutics (ADNs) represent a promising delivery platform for selective delivery of an encapsulated drug payload to the site of disease that improves the therapeutic index. Although both single-chain Fv (scFv) and Fab antibody fragments have been used for targeting, no platform approach applicable to any target has emerged. scFv can suffer from intrinsic instability, and the Fabs are challenging to use due to native disulfide over-reduction and resulting impurities at the end of the conjugation process. This occurs because of the close proximity of the disulfide bond connecting the heavy and light chain to the free cysteine at the C-terminus, which is commonly used as the conjugation site. Here we show that by engineering an alternative heavy chain-light chain disulfide within the Fab, we can maintain efficient conjugation while eliminating the process impurities and retaining stability. We have demonstrated the utility of this technology for efficient ADN delivery and internalization for a series of targets, including EphA2, EGFR, and ErbB2. We expect that this technology will be broadly applicable for targeting of nanoparticle encapsulated payloads, including DNA, mRNA, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Geddie
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research & Development, Diagonal Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dmitri B Kirpotin
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research & Development, Akagera Medicines, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neeraj Kohli
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tad Kornaga
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bjoern Boll
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Drug Product Design, ten23 Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Razlog
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research, Verseau Therapeutics, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daryl C Drummond
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research & Development, Akagera Medicines, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexey A Lugovskoy
- Discovery, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Research & Development, Diagonal Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Su Z, Xiao D, Xie F, Liu L, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3889-3907. [PMID: 35024314 PMCID: PMC8727783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are gradually revolutionizing clinical cancer therapy. The antibody–drug conjugate linker molecule determines both the efficacy and the adverse effects, and so has a major influence on the fate of ADCs. An ideal linker should be stable in the circulatory system and release the cytotoxic payload specifically in the tumor. However, existing linkers often release payloads nonspecifically and inevitably lead to off-target toxicity. This defect is becoming an increasingly important factor that restricts the development of ADCs. The pursuit of ADCs with optimal therapeutic windows has resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel linkers. The present review summarizes the advance of the chemical trigger, linker‒antibody attachment and linker‒payload attachment over the last 5 years, and describes the ADMET properties of ADCs. This work also helps clarify future developmental directions for the linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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12
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Bruins J, Damen JAM, Wijdeven MA, Lelieveldt LPWM, van Delft FL, Albada B. Non-Genetic Generation of Antibody Conjugates Based on Chemoenzymatic Tyrosine Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:2167-2172. [PMID: 34519477 PMCID: PMC8532111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The availability of tools to generate homogeneous and stable antibody conjugates without recombinant DNA technology is a valuable asset in fields spanning from in vitro diagnostics to in vivo imaging and therapeutics. We present here a general approach for the conjugation to human IgG1 antibodies, by employing a straightforward two-stage protocol based on antibody deglycosylation followed by tyrosinase-mediated ortho-quinone strain-promoted click chemistry. The technology is validated by the efficient and clean generation of highly potent DAR2 and DAR4 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with cytotoxic payloads MMAE or PBD dimer, and their in vitro evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorick
J. Bruins
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A. M. Damen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Floris L. van Delft
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Synaffix
BV, Kloosterstraat 9, 5349 AB, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Nessler I, Menezes B, Thurber GM. Key metrics to expanding the pipeline of successful antibody-drug conjugates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:803-812. [PMID: 34456094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the recent FDA approval of six new antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is promising, attrition of ADCs during clinical development remains high. The inherent complexity of ADCs is a double-edged sword that provides opportunities for perfecting therapeutic action while also increasing confounding factors in therapeutic failures. ADC design drives their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and requires deeper analysis than the commonly used Cmax and area under the curve (AUC) metrics to scale dosing to the clinic. Common features of current FDA-approved ADCs targeting solid tumors include humanized IgG1 antibody domains, highly expressed tumor receptors, and large antibody doses. The potential consequences of these shared features for clinical pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action are discussed, and key design aspects for successful solid tumor ADCs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Nessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bruna Menezes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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White JM, Escorcia FE, Viola NT. Perspectives on metals-based radioimmunotherapy (RIT): moving forward. Theranostics 2021; 11:6293-6314. [PMID: 33995659 PMCID: PMC8120204 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is FDA-approved for the clinical management of liquid malignancies, however, its use for solid malignancies remains a challenge. The putative benefit of RIT lies in selective targeting of antigens expressed on the tumor surface using monoclonal antibodies, to systemically deliver cytotoxic radionuclides. The past several decades yielded dramatic improvements in the quality, quantity, recent commercial availability of alpha-, beta- and Auger Electron-emitting therapeutic radiometals. Investigators have created new or improved existing bifunctional chelators. These bifunctional chelators bind radiometals and can be coupled to antigen-specific antibodies. In this review, we discuss approaches to develop radiometal-based RITs, including the selection of radiometals, chelators and antibody platforms (i.e. full-length, F(ab')2, Fab, minibodies, diabodies, scFv-Fc and nanobodies). We cite examples of the performance of RIT in the clinic, describe challenges to its implementation, and offer insights to address gaps toward translation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Chelating Agents/administration & dosage
- Chelating Agents/metabolism
- Click Chemistry
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Dose Fractionation, Radiation
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Forecasting
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/therapeutic use
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/radiotherapy
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Neoplasms, Experimental/radiotherapy
- Organ Specificity
- Precision Medicine
- Radiation Tolerance
- Radioimmunotherapy/methods
- Radiopharmaceuticals/administration & dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/therapeutic use
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Single-Chain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Chain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/therapeutic use
- Yttrium Radioisotopes/administration & dosage
- Yttrium Radioisotopes/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. White
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Freddy E. Escorcia
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Nerissa T. Viola
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201
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15
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Vollmar BS, Frantz C, Schutten MM, Zhong F, Del Rosario G, Go MAT, Yu SF, Leipold DD, Kamath AV, Ng C, Xu K, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Kozak KR, Chen J, Xu Z, Wai J, Adhikari P, Erickson HK, Dragovich PS, Polson AG, Pillow TH. Calicheamicin Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Improved Properties. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1112-1120. [PMID: 33722856 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calicheamicin antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are effective therapeutics for leukemias with two recently approved in the United States: Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin) targeting CD33 for acute myeloid leukemia and Besponsa (inotuzumab ozogamicin) targeting CD22 for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Both of these calicheamicin ADCs are heterogeneous, aggregation-prone, and have a shortened half-life due to the instability of the acid-sensitive hydrazone linker in circulation. We hypothesized that we could improve upon the heterogeneity, aggregation, and circulation stability of calicheamicin ADCs by directly attaching the thiol of a reduced calicheamicin to an engineered cysteine on the antibody via a disulfide bond to generate a linkerless and traceless conjugate. We report herein that the resulting homogeneous conjugates possess minimal aggregation and display high in vivo stability with 50% of the drug remaining conjugated to the antibody after 21 days. Furthermore, these calicheamicin ADCs are highly efficacious in mouse models of both solid tumor (HER2+ breast cancer) and hematologic malignancies (CD22+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Safety studies in rats with this novel calicheamicin ADC revealed an increased tolerability compared with that reported for Mylotarg. Overall, we demonstrate that applying novel linker chemistry with site-specific conjugation affords an improved, next-generation calicheamicin ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Frantz
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Yin N, Sun A, Wu Q, Hu W, Hou X, Zeng X, Zhu M, Liao Y. Transient Receptor Potential Channel 6 Knockout Ameliorates Kidney Fibrosis by Inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:602703. [PMID: 33520986 PMCID: PMC7843578 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is generally confirmed to have a significant role in chronic kidney disease, resulting in end-stage kidney failure. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important molecular mechanism contributing to fibrosis. Tubular epithelial cells (TEC), the major component of kidney parenchyma, are vulnerable to different types of injuries and are a significant source of myofibroblast by EMT. Furthermore, TRPC6 knockout plays an anti-fibrotic role in ameliorating kidney damage. However, the relationship between TRPC6 and EMT is unknown. In this study, TRPC6−/− and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to a unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) operation. Primary TEC were treated with TGF-β1. Western blot and immunofluorescence data showed that fibrotic injuries alleviated with the inhibition of EMT in TRPC6−/− mice compared to WT mice. The activation of AKT-mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways was down-regulated in the TRPC6−/− mice, while the loss of Na+/K+-ATPase and APQ1 was partially recovered. We conclude that TRPC6 knockout may ameliorate kidney fibrosis by inhibition of EMT through down-regulating the AKT-mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways. This could contribute to the development of effective therapeutic strategies on chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nina Yin
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Anbang Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifang Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhu Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixi Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanhong Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Xiao D, Zhao L, Xie F, Fan S, Liu L, Li W, Cao R, Li S, Zhong W, Zhou X. A bifunctional molecule-based strategy for the development of theranostic antibody-drug conjugate. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2550-2563. [PMID: 33456559 PMCID: PMC7806464 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are being developed worldwide with the potential to revolutionize current cancer treatment strategies. Developing novel theranostic ADCs with therapeutic utility and imaging capability is an attractive and challenging subject that promises advances in the field of personalized medicine. In this work, we propose a bifunctional molecule-based strategy for the development of theranostic ADCs. Methods: We developed a theranostic ADC consisting of the anti-Her2 antibody Mil40, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as the active payload, and a 7-amino-3-hydroxyethyl-coumarin (7-AHC)-based dipeptide linker, which functions as a novel bifunctional fluorescence probe that allows self-elimination cleavage in the presence of cathepsin B for payload release and fluorophore activation. The on-off fluorescence properties and the antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Results: A 48-fold fluorescence enhancement was observed within 1 h when the 7-AHC-based linker was exposed to cathepsin B. Cleavage upon exposure to cathepsin B allows MMAE and fluorophore intracellular release and the monitoring of MMAE distribution using confocal microscopy. Additionally, the newly developed ADC retains the advantages of traditional p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl-containing ADCs, such as good stability (t1/2 > 7 days) and high activity in vitro (IC50 = 0.09-3.74 nM). Importantly, the theranostic ADC exhibited the equivalent antitumor efficacy to the marketed ADC T-DM1 in the classic breast cancer model. Conclusion: We suggest that the present strategy can be universally applied in all p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl-containing ADCs. Overall, theranostic ADCs may play a role in developing new theranostic systems and promoting personalized medicine research.
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18
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Feng Y, Zhou Z, McDougald D, Meshaw RL, Vaidyanathan G, Zalutsky MR. Site-specific radioiodination of an anti-HER2 single domain antibody fragment with a residualizing prosthetic agent. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:171-183. [PMID: 32448731 PMCID: PMC7657985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a consequence of their small size, high stability and high affinity, single domain antibody fragments (sdAbs) are appealing targeting vectors for radiopharmaceutical development. With sdAbs binding to internalizing receptors like HER2, residualizing prosthetic agents can enhance tumor retention of radioiodine, which until now has been done with random labeling approaches. Herein we evaluate a site-specific strategy utilizing a radioiodinated, residualizing maleimido moiety and the anti-HER2 sdAb 5F7 bearing a GGC tail for conjugation. METHODS Maleimidoethyl 3-(guanidinomethyl)-5-iodobenzoate ([131I]MEGMB) and its N-succinimidyl ester analogue, iso-[125I]SGMIB, were labeled by halodestannylation and conjugated with 5F7GGC and 5F7, respectively. Radiochemical purity, immunoreactivity and binding affinity were determined. Paired-label experiments directly compared iso-[125I]SGMIB-5F7 and [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC with regard to internalization/residualization and affinity on HER2-expressing SKOV-3 ovarian carcinoma cells as well as biodistribution and metabolite distribution in athymic mice with subcutaneous SKOV-3 xenografts. RESULTS [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC had an immunoreactivity of 81.3% and Kd = 0.94 ± 0.27 nM. Internalization assays demonstrated high intracellular trapping for both conjugates, For example, at 1 h, intracellular retention was 50.30 ± 3.36% for [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC and 55.95 ± 3.27% for iso-[125I]SGMIB-5F7, while higher retention was seen for iso-[125I]SGMIB-5F7 at later time points. Peak tumor uptake was similar for both conjugates (8.35 ± 2.66%ID/g and 8.43 ± 2.84%ID/g for iso-[125I]SGMIB-5F7 and [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC at 1 h, respectively); however, more rapid normal tissue clearance was seen for [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC, with a 2-fold higher tumor-to-kidney ratio and a 3-fold higher tumor-to-liver ratio compared with co-injected iso-[125I]SGMIB-5F7. Consisted with this, generation of labeled catabolites in the kidneys was higher for [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC. CONCLUSION [131I]MEGMIB-5F7GGC offers similar tumor targeting as iso-[125I]SGMIB-5F7 but with generally lower normal tissue uptake. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATION FOR PATIENT CARE The site specific nature of the [131I]MEGMIB reagent may facilitate clinical translation, particularly for sdAb with compromised affinity after random labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Feng
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Darryl McDougald
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rebecca L Meshaw
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Michael R Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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19
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Kumar A, Mao S, Dimasi N, Gao C. Design and Validation of Linkers for Site-Specific Preparation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Carrying Multiple Drug Copies Per Cysteine Conjugation Site. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186882. [PMID: 32961794 PMCID: PMC7555909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation cysteine-based site-specific antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are limited to one drug per cysteine. However, certain applications require a high drug to antibody ratio (DAR), such as when low-potency payloads are used. Higher drug load can be achieved using classical cysteine conjugation methods, but these result in heterogeneity, suboptimal efficacy and pharmacokinetics. Here, we describe the design, synthesis and validation of heterobifunctional linkers that can be used for the preparation of ADCs with a DAR of two, three and four in a site-specific manner per single cysteine conjugation site, resulting in site-specific ADCs with a DAR of four, six and eight. The designed linkers carry a sulfhydryl-specific iodoacetyl reactive group, and multiple cyclic diene moieties which can efficiently react with maleimide-carrying payloads through the Diels–Alder reaction. As a proof of concept, we synthesized site-specific DAR four, six and eight ADCs carrying tubulysin (AZ13601508) using engineered antibodies with a cysteine inserted after position 239 in the antibody CH2 domain. We evaluated and compared the in vitro cytotoxicity of ADCs obtained via the site-specific platform described herein, with ADCs prepared using classical cysteine conjugation. Our data validated a novel cysteine-based conjugation platform for the preparation of site-specific ADCs with high drug load for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Shenlan Mao
- AstraZeneca Oncology R&D, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA;
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (A.K.); (N.D.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Graziani EI, Sung M, Ma D, Narayanan B, Marquette K, Puthenveetil S, Tumey LN, Bikker J, Casavant J, Bennett EM, Charati MB, Golas J, Hosselet C, Rohde CM, Hu G, Guffroy M, Falahatpisheh H, Finkelstein M, Clark T, Barletta F, Tchistiakova L, Lucas J, Rosfjord E, Loganzo F, O'Donnell CJ, Gerber HP, Sapra P. PF-06804103, A Site-specific Anti-HER2 Antibody-Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of HER2-expressing Breast, Gastric, and Lung Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2068-2078. [PMID: 32747418 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The approval of ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in HER2+ metastatic breast cancer validated HER2 as a target for HER2-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADC). Despite its demonstrated clinical efficacy, certain inherent properties within T-DM1 hamper this compound from achieving the full potential of targeting HER2-expressing solid tumors with ADCs. Here, we detail the discovery of PF-06804103, an anti-HER2 ADC designed to have a widened therapeutic window compared with T-DM1. We utilized an empirical conjugation site screening campaign to identify the engineered ĸkK183C and K290C residues as those that maximized in vivo ADC stability, efficacy, and safety for a four drug-antibody ratio (DAR) ADC with this linker-payload combination. PF-06804103 incorporates the following novel design elements: (i) a new auristatin payload with optimized pharmacodynamic properties, (ii) a cleavable linker for optimized payload release and enhanced antitumor efficacy, and (iii) an engineered cysteine site-specific conjugation approach that overcomes the traditional safety liabilities of conventional conjugates and generates a homogenous drug product with a DAR of 4. PF-06804103 shows (i) an enhanced efficacy against low HER2-expressing breast, gastric, and lung tumor models, (ii) overcomes in vitro- and in vivo-acquired T-DM1 resistance, and (iii) an improved safety profile by enhancing ADC stability, pharmacokinetic parameters, and reducing off-target toxicities. Herein, we showcase our platform approach in optimizing ADC design, resulting in the generation of the anti-HER2 ADC, PF-06804103. The design elements of identifying novel sites of conjugation employed in this study serve as a platform for developing optimized ADCs against other tumor-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Sung
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York.
| | - Dangshe Ma
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Bitha Narayanan
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | | | | | - L Nathan Tumey
- Pfizer Inc., World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jack Bikker
- Pfizer Inc., World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey Casavant
- Pfizer Inc., World Wide Medicinal Chemistry, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Eric M Bennett
- Pfizer Inc., BioMedicine Design, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manoj B Charati
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jonathon Golas
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - Cynthia M Rohde
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - George Hu
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Magali Guffroy
- Pfizer Inc., Drug Safety Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | | | | | - Tracey Clark
- Pfizer Inc., BioMedicine Design, Groton, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Judy Lucas
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Edward Rosfjord
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | - Frank Loganzo
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York
| | | | | | - Puja Sapra
- Pfizer Inc., Oncology Research & Development, Pearl River, New York.
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21
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Ahn SH, Vaughn BA, Solis WA, Lupher ML, Hallam TJ, Boros E. Site-Specific 89Zr- and 111In-Radiolabeling and In Vivo Evaluation of Glycan-free Antibodies by Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition with a Non-natural Amino Acid. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1177-1187. [PMID: 32138509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a class of targeted therapeutics consisting of a monoclonal antibody coupled to a cytotoxic payload. Various bioconjugation methods for producing site-specific ADCs have been reported recently, in efforts to improve immunoreactivity and pharmacokinetics and minimize batch variance-potential issues associated with first-generation ADCs prepared via stochastic peptide coupling of lysines or reduced cysteines. Recently, cell-free protein synthesis of antibodies incorporating para-azidomethyl phenylalanine (pAMF) at specific locations within the protein sequence has emerged as a means to generate antibody-drug conjugates with strictly defined drug-antibody-ratio, leading to ADCs with markedly improved stability, activity, and specificity. The incorporation of pAMF enables the conjugation of payloads functionalized for strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Here, we introduce two dibenzylcyclooctyne-functionalized bifunctional chelators that enable the incorporation of radioisotopes for positron emission tomography with 89Zr (t1/2 = 78.4 h, β+ = 395 keV (22%), γ = 897 keV) or single photon emission computed tomography with 111In (t1/2 = 67.3 h, γ = 171 keV (91%), 245 keV (94%)) under physiologically compatible conditions. We show that the corresponding radiolabeled conjugates with site-specifically functionalized antibodies targeting HER2 are amenable to targeted molecular imaging of HER2+ expressing tumor xenografts in mice and exhibit a favorable biodistribution profile in comparison with conventional, glycosylated antibody conjugates generated by stochastic bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Willy A Solis
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mark L Lupher
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Trevor J Hallam
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc. 310 Utah Avenue, Suite 150, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
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22
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Huang R, Sheng Y, Wei D, Yu J, Chen H, Jiang B. Bis(vinylsulfonyl)piperazines as efficient linkers for highly homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112080. [PMID: 32018094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide re-bridging strategy has demonstrated significant advantages in the construction of homogeneous antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). However, a major issue that disulfide scrambling at the hinge region of antibody leads to the formation of "half-antibody" has appeared for many re-bridging linkers. We present bis(vinylsulfonyl)piperazines (BVP) as efficient linkers to selectively re-bridge disulfides at the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) regions and produce highly homogeneous conjugates with a loading of two drugs without disulfide scrambling. We also found that optically active (S)-configuration linkers led to more sufficient conjugation compared with (R)-configuration. The BVP-linked ADCs demonstrated superior efficacy and antigen-selectivity in vitro cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianghui Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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23
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Abstract
The prototypical ADC mechanism involving antigen-mediated uptake and lysosomal release is both elegantly simple and scientifically compelling. However, recent clinical-stage failures have prompted a reevaluation of this delivery paradigm and have resulted in an array of new technologies that have the potential to improve the safety and efficacy of up and coming programs. These innovations can generally be categorized into seven areas that will be elaborated on in this chapter: (1) Exploiting new payload mechanisms; (2) Increasing the drug-antibody ratio (DAR); (3) Increasing the antibody penetration; (4) Overcoming ADC resistance mechanisms; (5) Increasing the efficiency of ADC uptake and processing; (6) Mitigating off-target payload exposure; and (7) Employment of noncytotoxic payloads. It is our belief that these seven areas capture the current "landscape" of innovations that are taking place in the design of next-generation ADCs. Together, these advancements are reshaping the ADC field and providing a path forward in the face of the recent clinical setbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nathan Tumey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
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24
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Vivier D, Fung K, Rodriguez C, Adumeau P, Ulaner GA, Lewis JS, Sharma SK, Zeglis BM. The Influence of Glycans-Specific Bioconjugation on the FcγRI Binding and In vivo Performance of 89Zr-DFO-Pertuzumab. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1746-1757. [PMID: 32042334 PMCID: PMC6993239 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The overwhelming majority of radioimmunoconjugates are produced via random conjugation methods predicated on attaching bifunctional chelators to the lysines of antibodies. However, this approach inevitably produces poorly defined and heterogeneous immunoconjugates because antibodies have several lysines distributed throughout their structure. To circumvent this issue, we have previously developed a chemoenzymatic bioconjugation strategy that site-specifically appends cargoes to the biantennary heavy chain glycans attached to CH2 domains of the immunoglobulin's Fc region. In the study at hand, we explore the effects of this approach to site-specific bioconjugation on the Fc receptor binding and in vivo behavior of radioimmunoconjugates. Methods: We synthesized three desferrioxamine (DFO)-labeled immunoconjugates based on the HER2-targeting antibody pertuzumab: one using random bioconjugation methods (DFO-nsspertuzumab) and two using variants of our chemoenzymatic protocol (DFO-sspertuzumab-EndoS and DFO-sspertuzumab-βGal). Subsequently, we characterized these constructs and evaluated their ability to bind HER2, human FcγRI (huFcγRI), and mouse FcγRI (muFcγRI). After radiolabeling the immunoconjugates with zirconium-89, we conducted PET imaging and biodistribution studies in two different mouse models of HER2-expressing breast cancer. Results: MALDI-ToF and SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the site-specific nature of the bioconjugation, and flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that all three immunoconjugates bind HER2 as effectively as native pertuzumab. Critically, however, SPR experiments also illuminated that DFO-sspertuzumab-EndoS possesses an attenuated binding affinity for huFcγRI (17.4 ± 0.3 nM) compared to native pertuzumab (4.7 ± 0.2 nM), DFO-nsspertuzumab (4.1 ± 0.1 nM), and DFO-sspertuzumab-βGal (4.7 ± 0.2 nM). ImmunoPET and biodistribution experiments in athymic nude mice bearing HER2-expressing BT474 human breast cancer xenografts yielded no significant differences in the in vivo behavior of the radioimmunoconjugates. Yet experiments in tumor-bearing humanized NSG mice revealed that 89Zr-DFO-sspertuzumab-EndoS produces higher activity concentrations in the tumor (111.8 ± 39.9 %ID/g) and lower activity concentrations in the liver and spleen (4.7 ± 0.8 %ID/g and 13.1 ± 4.0 %ID/g, respectively) than its non-site-specifically labeled cousin, a phenomenon we believe stems from the altered binding of the former to huFcγRI. Conclusion: These data underscore that this approach to site-specific bioconjugation not only produces more homogeneous and well-defined radioimmunoconjugates than traditional methods but may also improve their in vivo performance in mouse models by reducing binding to FcγRI.
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25
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Bai C, Reid EE, Wilhelm A, Shizuka M, Maloney EK, Laleau R, Harvey L, Archer KE, Vitharana D, Adams S, Kovtun Y, Miller ML, Chari R, Keating TA, Yoder NC. Site-Specific Conjugation of the Indolinobenzodiazepine DGN549 to Antibodies Affords Antibody-Drug Conjugates with an Improved Therapeutic Index as Compared with Lysine Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 31:93-103. [PMID: 31747250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates have elicited great interest recently as targeted chemotherapies for cancer. Recent preclinical and clinical data have continued to raise questions about optimizing the design of these complex therapeutics. Biochemical methods for site-specific antibody conjugation have been a design feature of recent clinical ADCs, and preclinical reports suggest that site-specifically conjugated ADCs generically offer improved therapeutic indices (i.e., the fold difference between efficacious and maximum tolerated doses). Here we present the results of a systematic preclinical comparison of ADCs embodying the DNA-alkylating linker-payload DGN549 generated with both heterogeneous lysine-directed and site-specific cysteine-directed conjugation chemistries. Importantly, the catabolites generated by each ADC are the same regardless of the conjugation format. In two different model systems evaluated, the site-specific ADC showed a therapeutic index benefit. However, the therapeutic index benefit is different in each case: both show evidence of improved tolerability, though with different magnitudes, and in one case significant efficacy improvement is also observed. These results support our contention that conjugation chemistry of ADCs is best evaluated in the context of a particular antibody, target, and linker-payload, and ideally across multiple disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Bai
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Emily E Reid
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Alan Wilhelm
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Manami Shizuka
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Erin K Maloney
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Rassol Laleau
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Lauren Harvey
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Katie E Archer
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Dilrukshi Vitharana
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Sharlene Adams
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Yelena Kovtun
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Michael L Miller
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Ravi Chari
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Thomas A Keating
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
| | - Nicholas C Yoder
- Science, Technology, and Translation , ImmunoGen, Inc. , 830 Winter Street , Waltham , Massachusetts 02451 , United States
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26
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Yoder NC, Bai C, Tavares D, Widdison WC, Whiteman KR, Wilhelm A, Wilhelm SD, McShea MA, Maloney EK, Ab O, Wang L, Jin S, Erickson HK, Keating TA, Lambert JM. A Case Study Comparing Heterogeneous Lysine- and Site-Specific Cysteine-Conjugated Maytansinoid Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Illustrates the Benefits of Lysine Conjugation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3926-3937. [PMID: 31287952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics constructed from monoclonal antibodies conjugated with small molecule effectors. First-generation molecules of this class often employed heterogeneous conjugation chemistry, but many site-specifically conjugated ADCs have been described recently. Here, we undertake a systematic comparison of ADCs made with the same antibody and the same macrocyclic maytansinoid effector but conjugated either heterogeneously at lysine residues or site-specifically at cysteine residues. Characterization of these ADCs in vitro reveals generally similar properties, including a similar catabolite profile, a key element in making a meaningful comparison of conjugation chemistries. In a mouse model of cervical cancer, the lysine-conjugated ADC affords greater efficacy on a molar payload basis. Rather than making general conclusions about ADCs conjugated by a particular chemistry, we interpret these results as highlighting the complexity of ADCs and the interplay between payload class, linker chemistry, target antigen, and other variables that determine efficacy in a given setting.
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27
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Zhang D, Dragovich PS, Yu SF, Ma Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Su D, Wang W, Polson A, Khojasteh SC, Hop CE. Exposure-Efficacy Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Delivering an Excessive Level of Payload to Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1146-1155. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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28
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Yaghoubi S, Karimi MH, Lotfinia M, Gharibi T, Mahi-Birjand M, Kavi E, Hosseini F, Sineh Sepehr K, Khatami M, Bagheri N, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M. Potential drugs used in the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) architecture for cancer therapy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:31-64. [PMID: 31215038 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic small-molecule drugs have a major influence on the fate of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). An ideal cytotoxic agent should be highly potent, remain stable while linked to ADCs, kill the targeted tumor cell upon internalization and release from the ADCs, and maintain its activity in multidrug-resistant tumor cells. Lessons learned from successful and failed experiences in ADC development resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel highly potent small molecules. A better understanding of such small-molecule drugs is important for development of effective ADCs. The present review discusses requirements making a payload appropriate for antitumor ADCs and focuses on the main characteristics of commonly-used cytotoxic payloads that showed acceptable results in clinical trials. In addition, the present study represents emerging trends and recent advances of payloads used in ADCs currently under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Yaghoubi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | | | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Core Research Lab, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Motahare Mahi-Birjand
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Kavi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koushan Sineh Sepehr
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- NanoBioelectrochemistry Research Center, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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29
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Bahou C, Richards DA, Maruani A, Love EA, Javaid F, Caddick S, Baker JR, Chudasama V. Highly homogeneous antibody modification through optimisation of the synthesis and conjugation of functionalised dibromopyridazinediones. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:1359-1366. [PMID: 29405223 PMCID: PMC6058253 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03138f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report novel protocols for the generation and application of dibromopyridazinediones, an exciting class of disulfide bridging reagents.
Due to their exquisite cysteine-selectivity, excellent stability, and ability to functionally rebridge disulfide bonds, dibromopyridazinediones are emerging as an exciting new class of bioconjugation reagents, particularly in the field of antibody conjugation. Despite this, relatively little work has been performed on the optimisation of their synthesis and subsequent reaction with immunoglobulins. Herein we present a novel synthetic route towards functionalised dibromopyridazinediones, proceeding via an isolatable dibromopyridazinedione-NHS ester. Reaction of this activated intermediate with a variety of amines produces functional dibromopyridazinediones in good to excellent yields. The disulfide rebridging capacity of these reagents was optimised on the clinically relevant IgG1 trastuzumab, resulting in a general method which allows for the generation of site-selectively modified native trastuzumab with over 90% homogeneity (no disulfide scrambling) without the need for protein engineering or enzymatic conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calise Bahou
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Antoine Maruani
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Love
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Faiza Javaid
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK. and Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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30
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Davydova M, Dewaele Le Roi G, Adumeau P, Zeglis BM. Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30907883 DOI: 10.3791/59063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maleimide-bearing bifunctional probes have been employed for decades for the site-selective modification of thiols in biomolecules, especially antibodies. Yet maleimide-based conjugates display limited stability in vivo because the succinimidyl thioether linkage can undergo a retro-Michael reaction. This, of course, can lead to the release of the radioactive payload or its exchange with thiol-bearing biomolecules in circulation. Both of these processes can produce elevated activity concentrations in healthy organs as well as decreased activity concentrations in target tissues, resulting in reduced imaging contrast and lower therapeutic ratios. In 2018, we reported the creation of a modular, stable, and easily accessible phenyloxadiazolyl methyl sulfone reagent - dubbed 'PODS' - as a platform for thiol-based bioconjugations. We have clearly demonstrated that PODS-based site-selective bioconjugations reproducibly and robustly create homogenous, well-defined, highly immunoreactive, and highly stable radioimmunoconjugates. Furthermore, preclinical experiments in murine models of colorectal cancer have shown that these site-selectively labeled radioimmunoconjugates exhibit far superior in vivo performance compared to radiolabeled antibodies synthesized via maleimide-based conjugations. In this protocol, we will describe the four-step synthesis of PODS, the creation of a bifunctional PODS-bearing variant of the ubiquitous chelator DOTA (PODS-DOTA), and the conjugation of PODS-DOTA to the HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Davydova
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York
| | - Guillaume Dewaele Le Roi
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Pierre Adumeau
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College;
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31
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White JB, Fleming R, Masterson L, Ruddle BT, Zhong H, Fazenbaker C, Strout P, Rosenthal K, Reed M, Muniz-Medina V, Howard P, Dixit R, Wu H, Hinrichs MJ, Gao C, Dimasi N. Design and characterization of homogenous antibody-drug conjugates with a drug-to-antibody ratio of one prepared using an engineered antibody and a dual-maleimide pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer. MAbs 2019; 11:500-515. [PMID: 30835621 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1578611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most strategies used to prepare homogeneous site-specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) result in ADCs with a drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of two. Here, we report a disulfide re-bridging strategy to prepare homogeneous ADCs with DAR of one using a dual-maleimide pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer (SG3710) and an engineered antibody (Flexmab), which has only one intrachain disulfide bridge at the hinge. We demonstrate that SG3710 efficiently re-bridge a Flexmab targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and the resulting ADC was highly resistant to payload loss in serum and exhibited potent anti-tumor activity in a HER2-positive gastric carcinoma xenograft model. Moreover, this ADC was tolerated in rats at twice the dose compared to a site-specific ADC with DAR of two prepared using a single-maleimide PBD dimer (SG3249). Flexmab technologies, in combination with SG3710, provide a platform for generating site-specific homogenous PBD-based ADCs with DAR of one, which have improved biophysical properties and tolerability compared to conventional site-specific PBD-based ADCs with DAR of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B White
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ryan Fleming
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Ben T Ruddle
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Haihong Zhong
- c Oncology Research , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Patrick Strout
- c Oncology Research , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Molly Reed
- d Biologics Safety Assessment , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Philip Howard
- b Spirogen Ltd , QMB Innovation Center , London , UK
| | - Rakesh Dixit
- d Biologics Safety Assessment , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Herren Wu
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Changshou Gao
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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32
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Cohen DT, Zhang C, Fadzen CM, Mijalis AJ, Hie L, Johnson KD, Shriver Z, Plante O, Miller SJ, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. A chemoselective strategy for late-stage functionalization of complex small molecules with polypeptides and proteins. Nat Chem 2019; 11:78-85. [PMID: 30397320 PMCID: PMC6454892 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates between proteins and small molecules enable access to a vast chemical space that is not achievable with either type of molecule alone; however, the paucity of specific reactions capable of functionalizing proteins and natural products presents a formidable challenge for preparing conjugates. Here we report a strategy for conjugating electron-rich (hetero)arenes to polypeptides and proteins. Our bioconjugation technique exploits the electrophilic reactivity of an oxidized selenocysteine residue in polypeptides and proteins, and the electron-rich character of certain small molecules to provide bioconjugates in excellent yields under mild conditions. This conjugation chemistry enabled the synthesis of peptide-vancomycin conjugates without the prefunctionalization of vancomycin. These conjugates have an enhanced in vitro potency for resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Additionally, we show that a 6 kDa affibody protein and a 150 kDa immunoglobulin-G antibody could be modified without diminishing bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colin M Fadzen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander J Mijalis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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33
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Richards DA. Exploring alternative antibody scaffolds: Antibody fragments and antibody mimics for targeted drug delivery. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:35-46. [PMID: 30553519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The field of targeted therapeutics has benefitted immeasurably from the development of high-affinity antibodies. These important ligands have facilitated the development of effective therapies, particularly when conjugated to potent cytotoxic payloads i.e. in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). The success of ADCs is evidenced by rapid adoption within the pharmaceuticals community; many major companies have dedicated ADC research programmes. However, despite the advantages, the field of ADCs has failed to live up to its full potential. Studies have emerged suggesting that traditional IgG scaffolds may not be the optimal format for targeted payload delivery. In response, the protein engineering community has begun to explore alternative high-binding protein scaffolds as antibody mimics. In this short review I will summarise the generation, modification, and application of emerging antibody fragments and synthetic antibody mimics, with a focus on their use as drug carriers. The review aims to highlight the advantages of antibody mimics, and how they could be employed to overcome the issues and limitations of traditional ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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He J, Yu SF, Yee S, Kaur S, Xu K. Characterization of in vivo biotransformations for trastuzumab emtansine by high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry. MAbs 2018; 10:960-967. [PMID: 29958059 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1494487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed for the treatment of HER2-positive cancers. T-DM1 is composed of the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab connected to a maytansine derivative cytotoxic drug, via a nonreducible thioether linker at random lysine residues, and therefore has a very complex molecular structure. It was anticipated that T-DM1 undergoes biotransformations in circulation. However, there was limited knowledge on these structural changes due to bioanalytical challenges. Here, we have investigated the in vivo biotransformations of T-DM1 using a high-resolution accurate-mass (HR/AM) mass spectrometry approach. Three types of biotransformations were characterized for T-DM1 in circulation in tumor-bearing mice, including cysteine or glutathione adduct formation via maleimide exchange, loss of maytansinol via ester hydrolysis, as well as addition of H2O via linker-drug hydrolysis. These results provide new insights into in vivo catabolism of T-DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintang He
- a Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- a Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Sharon Yee
- a Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Surinder Kaur
- a Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Keyang Xu
- a Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc ., South San Francisco, CA , USA
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Andris S, Wendeler M, Wang X, Hubbuch J. Multi-step high-throughput conjugation platform for the development of antibody-drug conjugates. J Biotechnol 2018; 278:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lee BC, Chalouni C, Doll S, Nalle SC, Darwish M, Tsai SP, Kozak KR, Del-Rosario G, Yu SF, Erickson H, Vandlen R. FRET Reagent Reveals the Intracellular Processing of Peptide-Linked Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2468-2477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Chul Lee
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cecile Chalouni
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sophia Doll
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sam C. Nalle
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Siao Ping Tsai
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey Del-Rosario
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Erickson
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Shao S, Tsai MH, Lu J, Yu T, Jin J, Xiao D, Jiang H, Han M, Wang M, Wang J. Site-specific and hydrophilic ADCs through disulfide-bridged linker and branched PEG. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1363-1370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Koniev O, Dovgan I, Renoux B, Ehkirch A, Eberova J, Cianférani S, Kolodych S, Papot S, Wagner A. Reduction-rebridging strategy for the preparation of ADPN-based antibody-drug conjugates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:827-830. [PMID: 30108971 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The reduction-rebridging strategy is a powerful method for the preparation of stable and homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In this communication, we describe the development of the arylene-dipropiolonitrile (ADPN) functional group for the rebridging of reduced disulphide bonds and its application in the preparation of potent and selective ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Syndivia SAS , 650 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach , 67400 Illkirch , France .
| | - Igor Dovgan
- Laboratory of Functional ChemoSystems (UMR 7199) , Labex Medalis , University of Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
| | - Brigitte Renoux
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers , IC2MP , Université de Poitiers , UMR-CNRS 7285, 4 Rue Michel Brunet , 86022 Poitiers , France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO) , IPHC , Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel , 67087 Strasbourg , France.,IPHC , CNRS , UMR7178 , 67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - Jitka Eberova
- Laboratory of Functional ChemoSystems (UMR 7199) , Labex Medalis , University of Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- BioOrganic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (LSMBO) , IPHC , Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel , 67087 Strasbourg , France.,IPHC , CNRS , UMR7178 , 67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - Sergii Kolodych
- Syndivia SAS , 650 Bd Gonthier d'Andernach , 67400 Illkirch , France .
| | - Sébastien Papot
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers , IC2MP , Université de Poitiers , UMR-CNRS 7285, 4 Rue Michel Brunet , 86022 Poitiers , France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Laboratory of Functional ChemoSystems (UMR 7199) , Labex Medalis , University of Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin , 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden , France
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Aguiar S, Dias J, Manuel AM, Russo R, Gois PMP, da Silva FA, Goncalves J. Chimeric Small Antibody Fragments as Strategy to Deliver Therapeutic Payloads. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:143-182. [PMID: 29680236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of biopharmaceuticals, which aim at achieving a site-specific delivery of cytotoxic agents to the target cell. The use of ADCs represents a promising strategy to overcome the disadvantages of conventional pharmacotherapy of cancer or neurological diseases, based on cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents. ADCs consist of monoclonal antibodies attached to biologically active drugs by means of cleavable chemical linkers. Advances in technologies for the coupling of antibodies to cytotoxic drugs promise to deliver greater control of drug pharmacokinetic properties and to significantly improve pharmacodelivery applications, minimizing exposure of healthy tissue. The clinical success of brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine has led to an extensive expansion of the clinical ADC pipeline. Although the concept of an ADC seems simple, designing a successful ADC is complex and requires careful selection of the receptor antigen, antibody, linker, and payload. In this review, we explore insights in the antibody and antigen requirements needed for optimal payload delivery and support the development of novel and improved ADCs for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aguiar
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Dias
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Manuel
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Russo
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico A da Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Nittoli T, Kelly MP, Delfino F, Rudge J, Kunz A, Markotan T, Spink J, Chen Z, Shan J, Navarro E, Tait M, Provoncha K, Giurleo J, Zhao F, Jiang X, Hylton D, Makonnen S, Hickey C, Kirshner JR, Thurston G, Papadopoulos N. Antibody drug conjugates of cleavable amino-alkyl and aryl maytansinoids. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2271-2279. [PMID: 29605304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been used for many medicinal purposes for centuries. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have utilized this rich source of small molecule therapeutics to produce several clinically useful treatments. ADCs based on the natural product maytansine have been successful clinically. The authors further the utility of the anti-cancer natural product maytansine by developing efficacious payloads and linker-payloads for conjugating to antibodies. The success of our approach was realized in the EGFRvIII targeting ADC EGFRvIII-16. The ADC was able to regress tumors in 2 tumor models (U251/EGFRvIII and MMT/EGFRvIII). When compared to a positive control ADC, the efficacy observed was similar or improved while the isotype control ADCs had no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nittoli
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States.
| | - Marcus P Kelly
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Frank Delfino
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - John Rudge
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Arthur Kunz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Thomas Markotan
- Abzena, 360 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, United States
| | - Jan Spink
- Abzena, 360 George Patterson Blvd, Bristol, PA 19007, United States
| | - Zhaoyuan Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jing Shan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Elizabeth Navarro
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Michele Tait
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Kathleen Provoncha
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jason Giurleo
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Feng Zhao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Xiaobo Jiang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Donna Hylton
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Sosina Makonnen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Carlos Hickey
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Jessica R Kirshner
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Nicholas Papadopoulos
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
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41
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A Polar Sulfamide Spacer Significantly Enhances the Manufacturability, Stability, and Therapeutic Index of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010012. [PMID: 31544864 PMCID: PMC6698870 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the field of targeted cancer therapy with antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), attrition rates have been high. Historically, the priority in ADC development has been the selection of target, antibody, and toxin, with little focus on the nature of the linker. We show here that a short and polar sulfamide spacer (HydraSpace™, Oss, The Netherlands) positively impacts ADC properties in various ways: (a) efficiency of conjugation; (b) stability; and (c) therapeutic index. Different ADC formats are explored in terms of drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR2, DAR4) and we describe the generation of a DAR4 ADC by site-specific attachment of a bivalent linker–payload construct to a single conjugation site in the antibody. A head-to-head comparison of HydraSpace™-containing DAR4 ADCs to marketed drugs, derived from the same antibody and toxic payload components, indicated a significant improvement in both the efficacy and safety of several vivo models, corroborated by in-depth pharmacokinetic analysis. Taken together, HydraSpace™ technology based on a polar sulfamide spacer provides significant improvement in manufacturability, stability, and ADC design, and is a powerful platform to enable next-generation ADCs with enhanced therapeutic index.
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Zhang D, Le H, Cruz-Chuh JD, Bobba S, Guo J, Staben L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Kozak KR, Lewis Phillips GD, Vollmar BS, Sadowsky JD, Vandlen R, Wei B, Su D, Fan P, Dragovich PS, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Pillow TH. Immolation of p-Aminobenzyl Ether Linker and Payload Potency and Stability Determine the Cell-Killing Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates with Phenol-Containing Payloads. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:267-274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa dela Cruz-Chuh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sudheer Bobba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna Staben
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yong Ma
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D. Lewis Phillips
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Breanna S. Vollmar
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D. Sadowsky
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - BinQing Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Fan
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E. C. A. Hop
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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43
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Zhang D, Yu SF, Khojasteh SC, Ma Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Su D, Kozak KR, Xu K, Polson AG, Dragovich PS, Hop CE. Intratumoral Payload Concentration Correlates with the Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:677-685. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Enzyme-Based Labeling Strategies for Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Antibody Mimetics. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7010004. [PMID: 31544857 PMCID: PMC6698867 DOI: 10.3390/antib7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies for site-specific modification of proteins have increased in number, complexity, and specificity over the last years. Such modifications hold the promise to broaden the use of existing biopharmaceuticals or to tailor novel proteins for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. The recent quest for next-generation antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) sparked research into techniques with site selectivity. While purely chemical approaches often impede control of dosage or locus of derivatization, naturally occurring enzymes and proteins bear the ability of co- or post-translational protein modifications at particular residues, thus enabling unique coupling reactions or protein fusions. This review provides a general overview and focuses on chemo-enzymatic methods including enzymes such as formylglycine-generating enzyme, sortase, and transglutaminase. Applications for the conjugation of antibodies and antibody mimetics are reported.
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45
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Zhang X, Li X, You Q, Zhang X. Prodrug strategy for cancer cell-specific targeting: A recent overview. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:542-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Vollmar BS, Wei B, Ohri R, Zhou J, He J, Yu SF, Leipold D, Cosino E, Yee S, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Li G, Phillips GL, Kozak KR, Kamath A, Xu K, Lee G, Lazar GA, Erickson HK. Attachment Site Cysteine Thiol pK a Is a Key Driver for Site-Dependent Stability of THIOMAB Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2538-2548. [PMID: 28885827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of cysteines into antibodies by mutagenesis allows for the direct conjugation of small molecules to specific sites on the antibody via disulfide bonds. The stability of the disulfide bond linkage between the small molecule and the antibody is highly dependent on the location of the engineered cysteine in either the heavy chain (HC) or the light chain (LC) of the antibody. Here, we explore the basis for this site-dependent stability. We evaluated the in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of five different cysteine mutants of trastuzumab conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) via disulfide bonds. A significant correlation was observed between disulfide stability and efficacy for the conjugates. We hypothesized that the observed site-dependent stability of the disulfide-linked conjugates could be due to differences in the attachment site cysteine thiol pKa. We measured the cysteine thiol pKa using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and found that the variants with the highest thiol pKa (LC K149C and HC A140C) were found to yield the conjugates with the greatest in vivo stability. Guided by homology modeling, we identified several mutations adjacent to LC K149C that reduced the cysteine thiol pKa and, thus, decreased the in vivo stability of the disulfide-linked PBD conjugated to LC K149C. We also present results suggesting that the high thiol pKa of LC K149C is responsible for the sustained circulation stability of LC K149C TDCs utilizing a maleimide-based linker. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the site-dependent stability of cys-engineered antibody-drug conjugates may be explained by interactions between the engineered cysteine and the local protein environment that serves to modulate the side-chain thiol pKa. The influence of cysteine thiol pKa on stability and efficacy offers a new parameter for the optimization of ADCs that utilize cysteine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Vollmar
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sharon Yee
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail L Phillips
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Genee Lee
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans K Erickson
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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47
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Malik P, Phipps C, Edginton A, Blay J. Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Antibody-Drug Conjugates against Cancer. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2579-2595. [PMID: 28924691 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are ushering in the next era of targeted therapy against cancer. An ADC for cancer therapy consists of a potent cytotoxic payload that is attached to a tumour-targeted antibody by a chemical linker, usually with an average drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 3.5-4. The theory is to deliver potent cytotoxic payloads directly to tumour cells while sparing healthy cells. However, practical application has proven to be more difficult. At present there are only two ADCs approved for clinical use. Nevertheless, in the last decade there has been an explosion of options for ADC engineering to optimize target selection, Fc receptor interactions, linker, payload and more. Evaluation of these strategies requires an understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of ADC pharmacokinetics. Development of ADCs for use in cancer further requires an understanding of tumour properties and kinetics within the tumour environment, and how the presence of cancer as a disease will impact distribution and elimination. Key pharmacokinetic considerations for the successful design and clinical application of ADCs in oncology are explored in this review, with a focus on the mechanistic determinants of distribution and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Malik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
| | - Colin Phipps
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.,DMPK & Translational Modeling, Abbvie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Andrea Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Blay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 10A Victoria St South, Kitchener, Ontario, N2G 1C5, Canada
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48
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Woitok M, Klose D, Di Fiore S, Richter W, Stein C, Gresch G, Grieger E, Barth S, Fischer R, Kolberg K, Niesen J. Comparison of a mouse and a novel human scFv-SNAP-auristatin F drug conjugate with potent activity against EGFR-overexpressing human solid tumor cells. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:3313-3327. [PMID: 28740407 PMCID: PMC5505605 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) can deliver toxins to specific targets such as tumor cells. They have shown promise in preclinical/clinical development but feature stoichiometrically undefined chemical linkages, and those based on full-size antibodies achieve only limited tumor penetration. SNAP-tag technology can overcome these challenges by conjugating benzylguanine-modified toxins to single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) with 1:1 stoichiometry while preserving antigen binding. Two (human and mouse) scFv-SNAP fusion proteins recognizing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were expressed in HEK 293T cells. The purified fusion proteins were conjugated to auristatin F (AURIF). Binding activity was confirmed by flow cytometry/immunohistochemistry, and cytotoxic activity was confirmed by cell viability/apoptosis and cell cycle arrest assays, and a novel microtubule dynamics disassembly assay was performed. Both ADCs bound specifically to their target cells in vitro and ex vivo, indicating that the binding activity of the scFv-SNAP fusions was unaffected by conjugation to AURIF. Cytotoxic assays confirmed that the ADCs induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at nanomolar concentrations and microtubule disassembly. The SNAP-tag technology provides a platform for the development of novel ADCs with defined conjugation sites and stoichiometry. We achieved the stable and efficient linkage of AURIF to human or murine scFvs using the SNAP-tag technology, offering a strategy to improve the development of personalized medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Woitok
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Diana Klose
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefano Di Fiore
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Stein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Gresch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Elena Grieger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kolberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
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49
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Multivalent peptidic linker enables identification of preferred sites of conjugation for a potent thialanstatin antibody drug conjugate. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178452. [PMID: 28558059 PMCID: PMC5448779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are no longer an unknown entity in the field of cancer therapy with the success of marketed ADCs like ADCETRIS and KADCYLA and numerous others advancing through clinical trials. The pursuit of novel cytotoxic payloads beyond the mictotubule inhibitors and DNA damaging agents has led us to the recent discovery of an mRNA splicing inhibitor, thailanstatin, as a potent ADC payload. In our previous work, we observed that the potency of this payload was uniquely tied to the method of conjugation, with lysine conjugates showing much superior potency as compared to cysteine conjugates. However, the ADC field is rapidly shifting towards site-specific ADCs due to their advantages in manufacturability, characterization and safety. In this work we report the identification of a highly efficacious site-specific thailanstatin ADC. The site of conjugation played a critical role on both the in vitro and in vivo potency of these ADCs. During the course of this study, we developed a novel methodology of loading a single site with multiple payloads using an in situ generated multi-drug carrying peptidic linker that allowed us to rapidly screen for optimal conjugation sites. Using this methodology, we were able to identify a double-cysteine mutant ADC delivering four-loaded thailanstatin that was very efficacious in a gastric cancer xenograft model at 3mg/kg and was also shown to be efficacious against T-DM1 resistant and MDR1 overexpressing tumor cell lines.
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50
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Botzanowski T, Erb S, Hernandez-Alba O, Ehkirch A, Colas O, Wagner-Rousset E, Rabuka D, Beck A, Drake PM, Cianférani S. Insights from native mass spectrometry approaches for top- and middle- level characterization of site-specific antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2017; 9:801-811. [PMID: 28406343 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1316914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a family of compounds with promise as efficient immunotherapies. First-generation ADCs were generated mostly via reactions on either lysine side-chain amines or cysteine thiol groups after reduction of the interchain disulfide bonds, resulting in heterogeneous populations with a variable number of drug loads per antibody. To control the position and the number of drug loads, new conjugation strategies aiming at the generation of more homogeneous site-specific conjugates have been developed. We report here the first multi-level characterization of a site-specific ADC by state-of-the-art mass spectrometry (MS) methods, including native MS and its hyphenation to ion mobility (IM-MS). We demonstrate the versatility of native MS methodologies for site-specific ADC analysis, with the unique ability to provide several critical quality attributes within one single run, along with a direct snapshot of ADC homogeneity/heterogeneity without extensive data interpretation. The capabilities of native IM-MS to directly access site-specific ADC conformational information are also highlighted. Finally, the potential of these techniques for assessing an ADC's heterogeneity/homogeneity is illustrated by comparing the analytical characterization of a site-specific DAR4 ADC to that of first-generation ADCs. Altogether, our results highlight the compatibility, versatility, and benefits of native MS approaches for the analytical characterization of all types of ADCs, including site-specific conjugates. Thus, we envision integrating native MS and IM-MS approaches, even in their latest state-of-the-art forms, into workflows that benchmark bioconjugation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Botzanowski
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Stéphane Erb
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
| | - Olivier Colas
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | - David Rabuka
- c Catalent Biologics West , Emeryville , CA , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF) , Saint-Julien-en-Genevois , France
| | | | - Sarah Cianférani
- a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , Strasbourg , France
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