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Bhagat K, Singh JV, Pagare PP, Kumar N, Sharma A, Kaur G, Kinarivala N, Gandu S, Singh H, Sharma S, Bedi PMS. Rational approaches for the design of various GABA modulators and their clinical progression. Mol Divers 2021; 25:551-601. [PMID: 32170466 PMCID: PMC8422677 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the etiology of several neurological disorders including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, migraine, Parkinson's disease, neuropathic pain, and depression. Increase in the GABAergic activity may be achieved through direct agonism at the GABAA receptors, inhibition of enzymatic breakdown of GABA, or by inhibition of the GABA transport proteins (GATs). These functionalities make GABA receptor modulators and GATs attractive drug targets in brain disorders associated with decreased GABA activity. There have been several reports of development of GABA modulators (GABA receptors, GABA transporters, and GABAergic enzyme inhibitors) in the past decade. Therefore, the focus of the present review is to provide an overview on various design strategies and synthetic approaches toward developing GABA modulators. Furthermore, mechanistic insights, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling inputs for the biologically active derivatives have also been discussed. Summary of the advances made over the past few years in the clinical translation and development of GABA receptor modulators is also provided. This compilation will be of great interest to the researchers working in the field of neuroscience. From the light of detailed literature, it can be concluded that numerous molecules have displayed significant results and their promising potential, clearly placing them ahead as potential future drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Bhagat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Jatinder V Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Piyusha P Pagare
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23219, USA
| | - Nitish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Gurinder Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India
| | - Nihar Kinarivala
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Srinivasa Gandu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Cell and Development Biology Graduate Program, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Harbinder Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
| | - Sahil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
- Program in Chemical Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder S Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, PB, 143005, India.
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Townsend D, Shankland K, Weymouth-Wilson A, Komsta Z, Evans T, Cobb AJ. Synthesis of an intriguing steroidal constitutional isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Solomon VR, Tallapragada VJ, Chebib M, Johnston G, Hanrahan JR. GABA allosteric modulators: An overview of recent developments in non-benzodiazepine modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:434-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chakrabarti S, Qian M, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Mennerick S, Akk G. Comparison of Steroid Modulation of Spontaneous Inhibitory Postsynaptic Currents in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons and Steady-State Single-Channel Currents from Heterologously Expressed α1β2γ2L GABA(A) Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:399-406. [PMID: 26769414 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are efficacious modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA(A)) receptor function. The effects of steroids on the GABA(A) receptor are typically determined by comparing steady-state single-channel open probability or macroscopic peak responses elicited by GABA in the absence and presence of a steroid. Due to differences in activation conditions (exposure duration, concentration of agonist), it is not obvious whether modulation measured using typical experimental protocols can be used to accurately predict the effect of a modulator on native receptors under physiologic conditions. In the present study, we examined the effects of 14 neuroactive steroids and analogs on the properties of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The goal was to determine whether the magnitude of modulation of the decay time course of sIPSCs correlates with the extent of modulation and kinetic properties of potentiation as determined in previous single-channel studies. The steroids were selected to cover a wide range of efficacy on heterologously expressed rat α1β2γ2L GABA(A) receptors, ranging from essentially inert to highly efficacious (strong potentiators of single-channel and macroscopic peak responses). The data indicate a strong correlation between prolongation of the decay time course of sIPSCs and potentiation of single-channel open probability. Furthermore, changes in intracluster closed time distributions were the single best predictor of prolongation of sIPSCs. We infer that the information obtained in steady-state single-channel recordings can be used to forecast modulation of synaptic currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Chakrabarti
- Department of Anesthesiology (S.C., G.A.), Department of Developmental Biology (M.Q., K.K., D.F.C.), and Department of Psychiatry (S.M.), and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research (D.F.C., S.M., G.A.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mingxing Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology (S.C., G.A.), Department of Developmental Biology (M.Q., K.K., D.F.C.), and Department of Psychiatry (S.M.), and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research (D.F.C., S.M., G.A.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Anesthesiology (S.C., G.A.), Department of Developmental Biology (M.Q., K.K., D.F.C.), and Department of Psychiatry (S.M.), and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research (D.F.C., S.M., G.A.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Anesthesiology (S.C., G.A.), Department of Developmental Biology (M.Q., K.K., D.F.C.), and Department of Psychiatry (S.M.), and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research (D.F.C., S.M., G.A.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Department of Anesthesiology (S.C., G.A.), Department of Developmental Biology (M.Q., K.K., D.F.C.), and Department of Psychiatry (S.M.), and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research (D.F.C., S.M., G.A.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gustav Akk
- Department of Anesthesiology (S.C., G.A.), Department of Developmental Biology (M.Q., K.K., D.F.C.), and Department of Psychiatry (S.M.), and the Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research (D.F.C., S.M., G.A.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Qian M, Krishnan K, Kudova E, Li P, Manion BD, Taylor A, Elias G, Akk G, Evers AS, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S, Covey DF. Neurosteroid analogues. 18. Structure-activity studies of ent-steroid potentiators of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and comparison of their activities with those of alphaxalone and allopregnanolone. J Med Chem 2014; 57:171-90. [PMID: 24328079 PMCID: PMC3951241 DOI: 10.1021/jm401577c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A model of the alignment of neurosteroids and ent-neurosteroids at the same binding site on γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors was evaluated for its ability to identify the structural features in ent-neurosteroids that enhance their activity as positive allosteric modulators of this receptor. Structural features that were identified included: (1) a ketone group at position C-16, (2) an axial 4α-OMe group, and (3) a C-18 methyl group. Two ent-steroids were identified that were more potent than the anesthetic steroid alphaxalone in their threshold for and duration of loss of the righting reflex in mice. In tadpoles, loss of righting reflex for these two ent-steroids occurs with EC50 values similar to those found for allopregnanolone. The results indicate that ent-steroids have considerable potential to be developed as anesthetic agents and as drugs to treat brain disorders that are ameliorated by positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Qian
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Eva Kudova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Brad D. Manion
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Amanda Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | | | - Gustav Akk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Alex S. Evers
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Charles F. Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
- Department of Radiology, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
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Akk G, Covey DF, Evers AS, Mennerick S, Zorumski CF, Steinbach JH. Kinetic and structural determinants for GABA-A receptor potentiation by neuroactive steroids. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:18-25. [PMID: 20808543 PMCID: PMC2866458 DOI: 10.2174/157015910790909458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous neurosteroids and synthetic neuroactive steroid analogs are among the most potent and efficacious potentiators of the mammalian GABA-A receptor. The compounds interact with one or more sites on the receptor leading to an increase in the channel open probability through a set of changes in the open and closed time distributions. The endogenous neurosteroid allopregnanolone potentiates the α1β2γ2L GABA-A receptor by enhancing the mean duration and prevalence of the longest-lived open time component and by reducing the prevalence of the longest-lived intracluster closed time component. Thus the channel mean open time is increased and the mean closed time duration is decreased, resulting in potentiation of channel function. Some of the other previously characterized neurosteroids and steroid analogs act through similar mechanisms while others affect a subset of these parameters. The steroids modulate the GABA-A receptor through interactions with the membrane-spanning region of the receptor. However, the number of binding sites that mediate the actions of steroids is unclear. We discuss data supporting the notions of a single site vs. multiple sites mediating the potentiating actions of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Akk
- Departments of Anesthesiology (GA, ASE, JHS), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Qian M, Covey DF. The Efficient and Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of Cyclopenta[b]phenanthrenes Structurally-related to Neurosteroids. Adv Synth Catal 2010; 352:2057-2061. [PMID: 22022301 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient synthesis of cyclopenta[b]phenanthrenes functionalized at C-3 and C-8 from an optically pure Hajos-Parrish ketone. The key step is a neutral alumina catalyzed Michael addition of a Hajos-Parrish ketone derivative (4) to 1,7-octadien-3-one (2) in 98% yield. This Michael addition product went through Krapcho decarbomethoxylation, aldol condensation, lithium liquid ammonia reduction, Wacker oxidation and acid catalyzed cyclization to form cyclopenta[b]phenanthrene (1a) in 37% overall yield for the 7 steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Qian
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missourri 63110
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Li P, Bandyopadhyaya AK, Covey DF, Steinbach JH, Akk G. Hydrogen bonding between the 17beta-substituent of a neurosteroid and the GABA(A) receptor is not obligatory for channel potentiation. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:1322-9. [PMID: 19702782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Potentiating neurosteroids are some of the most efficacious modulators of the mammalian GABA(A) receptor. One of the crucial interactions may be between the C20 ketone group (D-ring substituent at C17) of the neurosteroid, and the N407 and Y410 residues in the M4 domain of the receptor. In this study, we examined the contribution of hydrogen bonding between 17beta-substituents on the steroid D-ring and the GABA(A) receptor to potentiation by neurosteroids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Whole-cell and single-channel recordings were made from HEK 293 cells transiently expressing wild-type and mutant alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. KEY RESULTS A steroid with a 17beta-carbonitrile group (3alpha5alpha18nor17betaCN) was a potent and efficacious potentiator of the GABA(A) receptor. Potentiation was also shown by a cyclosteroid in which C21 and the C18 methyl group of (3alpha,5alpha)-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one are connected within a six-membered ring containing a double bond as a hydrogen bond acceptor (3alpha5alphaCDNC12), a steroid containing a 17beta-ethyl group on the D-ring (3alpha5alpha17betaEt) and a steroid lacking a 17beta-substituent on the D-ring (3alpha5alpha17H). Single-channel kinetic analysis indicates that the kinetic mechanism of action is the same for the neurosteroid 3alpha5alphaP, 3alpha5alpha18nor17betaCN, 3alpha5alphaCDNC12, 3alpha5alpha17betaEt and 3alpha5alpha17H. Interestingly, 3alpha5alpha17betaEt, at up to 3 microM, was incapable of potentiating the alpha1N407A/Y410F double mutant receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hydrogen bonding between the steroid 17beta-substituent and the GABA(A) receptor is not a critical requirement for channel potentiation. The alpha1N407/Y410 residues are important for neurosteroid potentiation for reasons other than hydrogen bonding between steroid and receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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