1
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Sharma S, Singh D, Kumar S, Vaishali, Jamra R, Banyal N, Deepika, Malakar CC, Singh V. An efficient metal-free and catalyst-free C-S/C-O bond-formation strategy: synthesis of pyrazole-conjugated thioamides and amides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:231-244. [PMID: 36895429 PMCID: PMC9989676 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An operationally simple and metal-free approach is described for the synthesis of pyrazole-tethered thioamide and amide conjugates. The thioamides were generated by employing a three-component reaction of diverse pyrazole C-3/4/5 carbaldehydes, secondary amines, and elemental sulfur in a single synthetic operation. The advantages of this developed protocol refer to the broad substrate scope, metal-free and easy to perform reaction conditions. Moreover, the pyrazole C-3/5-linked amide conjugates were also synthesized via an oxidative amination of pyrazole carbaldehydes and 2-aminopyridines using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India
| | - Dharmender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India.,Central Revenues Control Laboratory, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Sunit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India
| | - Vaishali
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Jamra
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India.,Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Naveen Banyal
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India.,Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Deepika
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India
| | - Chandi C Malakar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Manipur, Imphal, 795004, India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar, 144027, Punjab, India.,Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
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2
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Zhong Z, He X, Ge J, Zhu J, Yao C, Cai H, Ye XY, Xie T, Bai R. Discovery of small-molecule compounds and natural products against Parkinson's disease: Pathological mechanism and structural modification. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro bioactivity for polysubstituted N-arylpyrazole derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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4
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Li X, Zhou K, He H, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Hou L, Shen L, Wang X, Zhou Y, Gong Z, He S, Jin H, Gu Z, Zhao S, Zhang L, Sun C, Zheng S, Cheng Z, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Li J, Chen S. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2- c]pyrimidines as Capsid Assembly Inhibitors for HBV Treatment. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:969-974. [PMID: 28947946 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of novel tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines derivatives from Bay41_4109 as hepatitis B virus (HBV) inhibitors is herein reported. The structure-activity relationship optimization led to one highly efficacious compound 28a (IC50 = 10 nM) with good PK profiles and the favorite L/P ratio. The hydrodynamic injection model in mice clearly demonstrated the efficacy of 28a against HBV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhou
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Haiying He
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Ya Sun
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Hou
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Yuedong Zhou
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Gong
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shibo He
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Huangtao Jin
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxian Gu
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shuyong Zhao
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shansong Zheng
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Zhu
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Shandong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Targeted Drugs, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 243 Gong Ye Bei Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- WuXi AppTec (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 288 FuTe Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, P. R. China
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5
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Yang Z, Li L, Zheng J, Ma H, Tian S, Li J, Zhang H, Zhen X, Zhang X. Identification of a New Series of Potent Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists Based on 4-Amino-5-carbonitrile Pyrimidine Template for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1575-1584. [PMID: 27569066 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor A2A antagonists have emerged as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease in the past decade. We have recently reported a series of adenosine receptor antagonists using heterocycles as bioisosteres for a potentially unstable acetamide. These compounds, while showing excellent potency and ligand efficiency, suffered from moderate cytochrome P450 inhibition and high clearance. Here we report a new series of adenosine receptor A2A antagonists based on a 4-amino-5-carbonitrile pyrimidine template. Compounds from this new template exhibit excellent potency and ligand efficiency with low cytochrome P450 inhibition. Although the clearance remains moderate to high, the leading compound, when dosed orally as low as 3 mg/kg, demonstrated excellent efficacy in the haloperidol induced catalepsy rat model for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Linlang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
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6
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Khanfar MA, Al-Qtaishat S, Habash M, Taha MO. Discovery of potent adenosine A2a antagonists as potential anti-Parkinson disease agents. Non-linear QSAR analyses integrated with pharmacophore modeling. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Zheng J, Yang Z, Li X, Li L, Ma H, Wang M, Zhang H, Zhen X, Zhang X. Optimization of 6-heterocyclic-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine as potent adenosine A2A receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:674-82. [PMID: 24922583 DOI: 10.1021/cn5000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the motor symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. Current therapies are based mainly on dopaminergic replacement strategies by administration of either dopamine agonists or dopamine precursor levodopa (L-Dopa). These treatments provide symptomatic relief without slowing or stopping the disease progression, and long-term usage of these drugs is associated with diminished efficacy, motor fluctuation, and dyskinisia. Unfortunately, there had been few novel treatments developed in the past decades. Among nondopaminergic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, antagonism of the adenosine A2A receptor has emerged to show great potential. Here we report the optimization of a new chemical scaffold, which achieved exceptional receptor binding affinity and ligand efficiency against adenosine A2A receptor. The leading compounds demonstrated excellent efficacy in the haloperidol induced catalepsy model for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Linlang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
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9
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Yang Z, Li X, Ma H, Zheng J, Zhen X, Zhang X. Replacement of amide with bioisosteres led to a new series of potent adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:152-5. [PMID: 24332624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines as potent A2A receptor antagonists. The leading compounds often feature a potentially labile acetamide functional group which tends to hydrolyze under acidic conditions. Here we report the replacement of the acetamide functional group with bioisosteres. This effort led us to a new series of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists with improved potency and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China.
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10
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Dadiboyena S, Nefzi A. Synthesis of functionalized tetrasubstituted pyrazolyl heterocycles – A review. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:5258-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Sams AG, Mikkelsen GK, Larsen M, Langgård M, Howells ME, Schrøder TJ, Brennum LT, Torup L, Jørgensen EB, Bundgaard C, Kreilgård M, Bang-Andersen B. Discovery of Phosphoric Acid Mono-{2-[(E/Z)-4-(3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-3,5-difluoro-benzoylimino]-thiazol-3-ylmethyl} Ester (Lu AA47070): A Phosphonooxymethylene Prodrug of a Potent and Selective hA2A Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2011; 54:751-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1008659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anette G. Sams
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Gitte K. Mikkelsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Mogens Larsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Langgård
- Computational Chemistry, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Mark E. Howells
- Process Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Tenna J. Schrøder
- Molecular Pharmacology, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Lise T. Brennum
- In vivo Neuropharmacology, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Lars Torup
- In vivo Neuropharmacology, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Erling B. Jørgensen
- Preformulation, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Discovery ADME, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Mads Kreilgård
- Discovery ADME, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Benny Bang-Andersen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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12
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Martyn DC, Nijjar A, Celatka CA, Mazitschek R, Cortese JF, Tyndall E, Liu H, Fitzgerald MM, O’Shea TJ, Danthi S, Clardy J. Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of novel 2,4-diaminopyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:228-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Guo D, Klaasse E, de Vries H, Brussee J, Nalos L, Rook MB, Vos MA, van der Heyden MAG, Ijzerman AP. Exploring chemical substructures essential for HERG k(+) channel blockade by synthesis and biological evaluation of dofetilide analogues. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1722-32. [PMID: 19725081 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study we followed a new approach to analyze molecular substructures required for hERG channel blockade. We designed and synthesized 40 analogues of dofetilide (1), a potent hERG potassium channel blocker, and established structure-activity relationships (SAR) for their interaction with this important cardiotoxicity-related off-target. Structural modifications to dofetilide were made by diversifying the substituents on the phenyl rings and the protonated nitrogen and by varying the carbon chain length. The analogues were evaluated in a radioligand binding assay and SAR data were derived with the aim to specify structural features that give rise to hERG toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
-
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden (The Netherlands)
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14
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Coon T, Moree WJ, Li B, Yu J, Zamani-Kord S, Malany S, Santos MA, Hernandez LM, Petroski RE, Sun A, Wen J, Sullivan S, Haelewyn J, Hedrick M, Hoare SJ, Bradbury MJ, Crowe PD, Beaton G. Brain-penetrating 2-aminobenzimidazole H(1)-antihistamines for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4380-4. [PMID: 19553115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The benzimidazole core of the selective non-brain-penetrating H(1)-antihistamine mizolastine was used to identify a series of brain-penetrating H(1)-antihistamines for the potential treatment of insomnia. Using cassette PK studies, brain-penetrating H(1)-antihistamines were identified and in vivo efficacy was demonstrated in a rat EEG/EMG model. Further optimization focused on strategies to attenuate an identified hERG liability, leading to the discovery of 4i with a promising in vitro profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Coon
- Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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15
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Lanier MC, Moorjani M, Luo Z, Chen Y, Lin E, Tellew JE, Zhang X, Williams JP, Gross RS, Lechner SM, Markison S, Joswig T, Kargo W, Piercey J, Santos M, Malany S, Zhao M, Petroski R, Crespo MI, Díaz JL, Saunders J, Wen J, O’Brien Z, Jalali K, Madan A, Slee DH. N-[6-Amino-2-(heteroaryl)pyrimidin-4-yl]acetamides as A2A Receptor Antagonists with Improved Drug Like Properties and in Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2009; 52:709-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800908d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion C. Lanier
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manisha Moorjani
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily Lin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John E. Tellew
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P. Williams
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond S. Gross
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra M. Lechner
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stacy Markison
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanya Joswig
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Kargo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Piercey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Santos
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siobhan Malany
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilyn Zhao
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Petroski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María I. Crespo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Luis Díaz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Saunders
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Wen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhihong O’Brien
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kayvon Jalali
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ajay Madan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah H. Slee
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Manlove A, Groziak MP. Chapter 6.2: Six-Membered Ring Systems: Diazines and Benzo Derivatives. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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17
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Devery JJ, Mohanta PK, Casey BM, Flowers RA. Facile Route to Tetrasubstituted Pyrazoles Utilizing Ceric Ammonium Nitrate. Synlett 2009:1490-1494. [PMID: 21151843 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1217163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A convenient approach for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted pyrazoles is described. The method involves the treatment of 1,3-diketones and allyltrimethylsilane with CAN followed by cerium-catalyzed addition of substituted hydrazines to construct pyrazoles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Devery
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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18
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Abstract
The development of potent and selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors (ARs) has been a target of medicinal chemistry research for several decades, and recently the US Food and Drug Administration has approved Lexiscan, an adenosine derivative substituted at the 2 position, for use as a pharmacologic stress agent in radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Currently, some other adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)AR) agonists and antagonists are undergoing preclinical testing and clinical trials. While agonists are potent antiinflammatory agents also showing hypotensive effects, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.However, since there are still major problems in this field, including side effects, low brain penetration (for the targeting of CNS diseases), short half-life, or lack of in vivo effects, the design and development of new AR ligands is a hot research topic.This review presents an update on the medicinal chemistry of A(2A)AR agonists and antagonists, and stresses the strong need for more selective ligands at the human A(2A)AR subtype, in particular in the case of agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy.
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19
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Neustadt BR, Liu H, Hao J, Greenlee WJ, Stamford AW, Foster C, Arik L, Lachowicz J, Zhang H, Bertorelli R, Fredduzzi S, Varty G, Cohen-Williams M, Ng K. Potent and selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists: 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:967-71. [PMID: 19109019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the adenosine A(2a) receptor offers great promise in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In the course of exploring pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine A(2A) antagonists, which led to clinical candidate SCH 420814, we prepared 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines with potent and selective (vs A(1)) A(2a) antagonist activity, including oral activity in the rat haloperidol-induced catalepsy model. Structure-activity relationships and plasma levels are described for this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard R Neustadt
- Department of Chemical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-1310, USA.
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20
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Zhang X, Tellew JE, Luo Z, Moorjani M, Lin E, Lanier MC, Chen Y, Williams JP, Saunders J, Lechner SM, Markison S, Joswig T, Petroski R, Piercey J, Kargo W, Malany S, Santos M, Gross RS, Wen J, Jalali K, O’Brien Z, Stotz CE, Crespo MI, Díaz JL, Slee DH. Lead Optimization of 4-Acetylamino-2-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-pyridylpyrimidines as A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. J Med Chem 2008; 51:7099-110. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800851u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - John E. Tellew
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manisha Moorjani
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily Lin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marion C. Lanier
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P. Williams
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Saunders
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra M. Lechner
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stacy Markison
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanya Joswig
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Petroski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Piercey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Kargo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siobhan Malany
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Santos
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond S. Gross
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Wen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kayvon Jalali
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhihong O’Brien
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carol E. Stotz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María I. Crespo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Luis Díaz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah H. Slee
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, Preclinical Development, and Pharmaceutical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, 408-410 Barcelona, Spain
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