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Mahon N, Slater K, O'Brien J, Alvarez Y, Reynolds A, Kennedy B. Discovery and Development of the Quininib Series of Ocular Drugs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2022; 38:33-42. [PMID: 35089801 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The quininib series is a novel collection of small-molecule drugs with antiangiogenic, antivascular permeability, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activity. Quininib was initially identified as a drug hit during a random chemical library screen for determinants of developmental ocular angiogenesis in zebrafish. To enhance drug efficacy, novel quininib analogs were designed by applying medicinal chemistry approaches. The resulting quininib drug series has efficacy in in vitro and ex vivo models of angiogenesis utilizing human cell lines and tissues. In vivo, quininib drugs reduce pathological angiogenesis and retinal vascular permeability in rodent models. Quininib acts as a cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) receptor antagonist, revealing new roles of these G-protein-coupled receptors in developmental angiogenesis of the eye and unexpectedly in uveal melanoma (UM). The quininib series highlighted the potential of CysLT receptors as therapeutic targets for retinal vasculopathies (e.g., neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic macular edema) and ocular cancers (e.g., UM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Mahon
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kayleigh Slater
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justine O'Brien
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yolanda Alvarez
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Reynolds
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Center, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kumar D, Sharma P, Mahajan A, Dhawan R, Dua K. Pharmaceutical interest of in-silico approaches. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The virtual environment within the computer using software performed on the computer is known as in-silico studies. These drugs designing software play a vital task in discovering new drugs in the field of pharmaceuticals. These designing programs and software are employed in gene sequencing, molecular modeling, and in assessing the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, which can further be used in drug designing and development. Drug development and discovery is not only a powerful, extensive, and an interdisciplinary system but also a very complex and time-consuming method. This book chapter mainly focused on different types of in-silico approaches along with their pharmaceutical applications in numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy , Manawala , Amritsar 143001 , Punjab , India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research , Punjabi University , Patiala 147002 , Punjab , India
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy , Amritsar 143001 , Punjab , India
| | - Ayush Mahajan
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy , Manawala , Amritsar 143001 , Punjab , India
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Khalsa College of Pharmacy , Amritsar 143001 , Punjab , India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo 2007 , NSW , Australia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney , Ultimo 2007 , New South Wales , Australia
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Ul-Haq Z, Usmani S, Iqbal S, Zia SR. In silico based investigation of dynamic variations in neprilysin (NEP and NEP2) proteins for extracting the point of specificity. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1024-36. [PMID: 26846903 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00727e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neprilysin-2 (NEP2) in the central nervous system controls Alzheimer's protein (amyloid-β) deposition, and prevents its occurrence. However, in the peripheral system, its closest homolog, neutral endopeptidase (NEP), regulates hypertension and heart related diseases. Inhibitors of NEP with a lesser degree of specificity can treat hypertension with an increased risk of cerebral deposition of amyloid-β. In order to rationalize the point of selectivity, the dynamic behavior of human NEP and NEP2 proteins was monitored by conducting molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A computationally reliable model of NEP2 was achieved with 79.9%, 19.1% and 0.2% residues in the allowed, additionally allowed and disallowed regions respectively, using as a reference protein. Additionally, molecular docking studies were carried out for a set of five already known inhibitors of NEP and modeled NEP2 to obtain the comparative behaviors of the complexes. MD results highlighted their different responses along with important residues having a part in ligand-protein binding. For substrate and inhibitor binding, Arg664/661 and Zn697/694 were identified as the most conserved residues. High degree flexible transitions during the MD simulations were also observed in loop areas along with active site residues. Energy calculations, hydrogen bonds and their occupancy rates helped to conclude each ligand's potency towards a particular target. In most complexes of hNEP2, the ligands showed weak interactions which might be due to its larger pocket size or huge conformational variations in active site residues upon complexation. In the case of inhibitors of a small size like thiorphan, Arg49 and Arg664 are found to be acting to support the ligand binding in NEP while only Arg661 is acting in NEP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - Saman Usmani
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
| | - Sadaf Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Rehana Zia
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
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Reynolds AL, Alvarez Y, Sasore T, Waghorne N, Butler CT, Kilty C, Smith AJ, McVicar C, Wong VHY, Galvin O, Merrigan S, Osman J, Grebnev G, Sjölander A, Stitt AW, Kennedy BN. Phenotype-based Discovery of 2-[(E)-2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl]phenol as a Novel Regulator of Ocular Angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7242-55. [PMID: 26846851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.710665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal angiogenesis is tightly regulated to meet oxygenation and nutritional requirements. In diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration, uncontrolled angiogenesis can lead to blindness. Our goal is to better understand the molecular processes controlling retinal angiogenesis and discover novel drugs that inhibit retinal neovascularization. Phenotype-based chemical screens were performed using the ChemBridge Diverset(TM)library and inhibition of hyaloid vessel angiogenesis in Tg(fli1:EGFP) zebrafish. 2-[(E)-2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl]phenol, (quininib) robustly inhibits developmental angiogenesis at 4-10 μmin zebrafish and significantly inhibits angiogenic tubule formation in HMEC-1 cells, angiogenic sprouting in aortic ring explants, and retinal revascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice. Quininib is well tolerated in zebrafish, human cell lines, and murine eyes. Profiling screens of 153 angiogenic and inflammatory targets revealed that quininib does not directly target VEGF receptors but antagonizes cysteinyl leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLT1-2) at micromolar IC50values. In summary, quininib is a novel anti-angiogenic small-molecule CysLT receptor antagonist. Quininib inhibits angiogenesis in a range of cell and tissue systems, revealing novel physiological roles for CysLT signaling. Quininib has potential as a novel therapeutic agent to treat ocular neovascular pathologies and may complement current anti-VEGF biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Reynolds
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yolanda Alvarez
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Temitope Sasore
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nora Waghorne
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Clare T Butler
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire Kilty
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew J Smith
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carmel McVicar
- the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom, and
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom, and
| | - Orla Galvin
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Merrigan
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Janina Osman
- the Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gleb Grebnev
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anita Sjölander
- the Division of Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alan W Stitt
- the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Building, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom, and
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- From the University College Dublin School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland,
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Gupta A, Fujita W, Gomes I, Bobeck E, Devi LA. Endothelin-converting enzyme 2 differentially regulates opioid receptor activity. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:704-19. [PMID: 24990314 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioid receptor function is modulated by post-activation events such as receptor endocytosis, recycling and/or degradation. While it is generally understood that the peptide ligand gets co-endocytosed with the receptor, relatively few studies have investigated the role of the endocytosed peptide and peptide processing enzymes in regulating receptor function. In this study, we focused on endothelin-converting enzyme 2 (ECE2), a member of the neprilysin family of metallopeptidases that exhibits an acidic pH optimum, localizes to an intracellular compartment and selectively processes neuropeptides including opioid peptides in vitro, and examined its role in modulating μ receptor recycling and resensitization. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of ECE2 inhibition on hydrolysis of the endocytosed peptide was examined using thin-layer chromatography and on μ opioid receptor trafficking using either elisa or microscopy. The effect of ECE2 inhibition on receptor signalling was measured using a cAMP assay and, in vivo, on antinociception induced by intrathecally administered opioids by the tail-flick assay. KEY RESULTS The highly selective ECE2 inhibitor, S136492, significantly impaired μ receptor recycling and signalling by only those ligands that are ECE2 substrates and this was seen both in heterologous cells and in cells endogenously co-expressing μ receptors with ECE2. We also found that ECE2 inhibition attenuated antinociception mediated only by opioid peptides that are ECE2 substrates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that ECE2, by selectively processing endogenous opioid peptides in the endocytic compartment, plays a role in modulating opioid receptor activity. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Sherwi N, Pellicori P, Joseph AC, Buga L. Old and newer biomarkers in heart failure: from pathophysiology to clinical significance. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2014; 14:690-7. [PMID: 23846675 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328361d1ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex disease in which a careful clinical examination and the measurement of cardiac function may not always be sufficient for making a correct diagnosis. Measuring plasma levels of natriuretic peptides may assist in this process, also offering a good tool for accurate risk stratification. Other alternative biomarkers may give insight into the different pathways of heart failure genesis and pathophysiology, and may help to identify those patients with overt heart failure and a more adverse outcome, or distinguish between those at risk of developing heart failure. Despite a high number of potentially useful biomarkers, only a few will likely be introduced routinely into clinical practice. However, a multi-marker approach might increase the diagnostic accuracy and it might identify different phenotypes of heart failure patients who might benefit from individualized therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Sherwi
- Department of Academic Cardiology, Hull and East Yorkshire Medical Research and Teaching Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, Kingston upon Hull, UK
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Gupta A, Gomes I, Wardman J, Devi LA. Opioid receptor function is regulated by post-endocytic peptide processing. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19613-26. [PMID: 24847082 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neuroendocrine peptides are generated in the secretory compartment by proteolysis of the precursors at classical cleavage sites consisting of basic residues by well studied endopeptidases belonging to the subtilisin superfamily. In contrast, a subset of bioactive peptides is generated by processing at non-classical cleavage sites that do not contain basic residues. Neither the peptidases responsible for non-classical cleavages nor the compartment involved in such processing has been well established. Members of the endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) family are considered good candidate enzymes because they exhibit functional properties that are consistent with such a role. In this study we have explored a role for ECE2 in endocytic processing of δ opioid peptides and its effect on modulating δ opioid receptor function by using selective inhibitors of ECE2 that we had identified previously by homology modeling and virtual screening of a library of small molecules. We found that agonist treatment led to intracellular co-localization of ECE2 with δ opioid receptors. Furthermore, selective inhibitors of ECE2 and reagents that increase the pH of the acidic compartment impaired receptor recycling by protecting the endocytosed peptide from degradation. This, in turn, led to a substantial decrease in surface receptor signaling. Finally, we showed that treatment of primary neurons with the ECE2 inhibitor during recycling led to increased intracellular co-localization of the receptors and ECE2, which in turn led to decreased receptor recycling and signaling by the surface receptors. Together, these results support a role for differential modulation of opioid receptor signaling by post-endocytic processing of peptide agonists by ECE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achla Gupta
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and
| | - Ivone Gomes
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and
| | - Jonathan Wardman
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and the Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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Miller LK, Hou X, Rodriguiz RM, Gagnidze K, Sweedler JV, Wetsel WC, Devi LA. Mice deficient in endothelin-converting enzyme-2 exhibit abnormal responses to morphine and altered peptide levels in the spinal cord. J Neurochem 2011; 119:1074-85. [PMID: 21972895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that endothelin-converting enzyme-2 (ECE-2) is a non-classical neuropeptide processing enzyme. Similar to other neuropeptide processing enzymes, ECE-2 exhibits restricted neuroendocrine distribution, intracellular localization, and an acidic pH optimum. However, unlike classical neuropeptide processing enzymes, ECE-2 exhibits a non-classical cleavage site preference for aliphatic and aromatic residues. We previously reported that ECE-2 cleaves a number of neuropeptides at non-classical sites in vitro; however its role in peptide processing in vivo is poorly understood. Given the recognized roles of neuropeptides in pain and opiate responses, we hypothesized that ECE-2 knockout (KO) mice might show altered pain and morphine responses compared with wild-type mice. We find that ECE-2 KO mice show decreased response to a single injection of morphine in hot-plate and tail-flick tests. ECE-2 KO mice also show more rapid development of tolerance with prolonged morphine treatment and fewer signs of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Peptidomic analyses revealed changes in the levels of a number of spinal cord peptides in ECE-2 KO as compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, our findings suggest a role for ECE-2 in the non-classical processing of spinal cord peptides and morphine responses; however, the precise mechanisms through which ECE-2 influences morphine tolerance and withdrawal remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York, USA
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Ouimet T, Orng SV, Poras H, Gagnidze K, Devi LA, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. Identification of an endothelin-converting enzyme-2-specific fluorigenic substrate and development of an in vitro and ex vivo enzymatic assay. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34390-400. [PMID: 20807771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.120576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 (ECE-2) is a membrane-bound zinc-dependent metalloprotease that shares a high degree of sequence homology with ECE-1, but displays an acidic pH optimum characteristic of maturing enzymes acting late in the secretory pathway. Although ECE-2, like ECE-1, can cleave the big endothelin intermediate to produce the vasoconstrictive endothelin peptide, its true physiological function remains to be elucidated, a task that is hampered by the lack of specific tools to study and discriminate ECE-2 from ECE-1, i.e. specific substrates and/or specific inhibitors. To fill this gap, we searched for novel ECE-specific peptide substrates. To this end, peptides derived from the big endothelin intermediate were tested using ECE-1 and ECE-2, leading to the identification of an ECE-1-specific substrate. Moreover, screening of our proprietary fluorigenic peptide Fluofast® libraries using ECE-1 and ECE-2 allowed the identification of Ac-SKG-Pya-F-W-Nop-GGK-NH(2) (PL405), as a specific and high affinity ECE-2 substrate. Indeed, ECE-2 cleaved PL405 at the Pya-F amide bond with a specificity constant (k(cat)/K(m)) of 8.1 ± 0.9 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1). Using this novel substrate, we also characterized the first potent (K(i) = 7.7 ± 0.3 nM) and relatively selective ECE-2 inhibitor and developed a quantitative fluorigenic ECE-2 assay. The assay was used to study the ex vivo ECE-2 activity in wild type and ECE-2 knock-out tissues and was found to truly reflect ECE-2 expression patterns. The PL405 assay is thus the first tool to study ECE-2 inhibition using high throughput screening or for ex vivo ECE-2 quantification.
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Dockres: a computer program that analyzes the output of virtual screening of small molecules. SOURCE CODE FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 5:2. [PMID: 20205801 PMCID: PMC2823743 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0473-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background This paper describes a computer program named Dockres that is designed to analyze and summarize results of virtual screening of small molecules. The program is supplemented with utilities that support the screening process. Foremost among these utilities are scripts that run the virtual screening of a chemical library on a large number of processors in parallel. Methods Dockres and some of its supporting utilities are written Fortran-77; other utilities are written as C-shell scripts. They support the parallel execution of the screening. The current implementation of the program handles virtual screening with Autodock-3 and Autodock-4, but can be extended to work with the output of other programs. Results Analysis of virtual screening by Dockres led to both active and selective lead compounds. Conclusions Analysis of virtual screening was facilitated and enhanced by Dockres in both the authors' laboratories as well as laboratories elsewhere.
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The interaction between thymine DNA glycosylase and nuclear receptor coactivator 3 is required for the transcriptional activation of nuclear hormone receptors. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 333:221-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cavasotto CN, Phatak SS. Homology modeling in drug discovery: current trends and applications. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:676-83. [PMID: 19422931 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As structural genomics (SG) projects continue to deposit representative 3D structures of proteins, homology modeling methods will play an increasing role in structure-based drug discovery. Although computational structure prediction methods provide a cost-effective alternative in the absence of experimental structures, developing accurate enough models still remains a big challenge. In this contribution, we report the current developments in this field, discuss in silico modeling limitations, and review the successful application of this technique to different stages of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio N Cavasotto
- School of Health Information Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin, Suite 860B, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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