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Li Z, Di Vagno L, Chawla H, Ni Cheallaigh A, Critcher M, Sammon D, Briggs DC, Chung N, Chang V, Mahoney KE, Cioce A, Murphy LD, Chen YH, Narimatsu Y, Miller RL, Willems LI, Malaker SA, Huang ML, Miller GJ, Hohenester E, Schumann B. Xylosyltransferase Bump-and-hole Engineering to Chemically Manipulate Proteoglycans in Mammalian Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.20.572522. [PMID: 38979271 PMCID: PMC11230170 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian cells orchestrate signalling through interaction events on their surfaces. Proteoglycans are an intricate part of these interactions, carrying large glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides that recruit signalling molecules. Despite their importance in development, cancer and neurobiology, a relatively small number of proteoglycans have been identified. In addition to the complexity of glycan extension, biosynthetic redundancy in the first protein glycosylation step by two xylosyltransferase isoenzymes XT1 and XT2 complicates annotation of proteoglycans. Here, we develop a chemical genetic strategy that manipulates the glycan attachment site of cellular proteoglycans. By employing a tactic termed bump- and-hole engineering, we engineer the two isoenzymes XT1 and XT2 to specifically transfer a chemically modified xylose analogue to target proteins. The chemical modification contains a bioorthogonal tag, allowing the ability to visualise and profile target proteins modified by both transferases in mammalian cells. The versatility of our approach allows pinpointing glycosylation sites by tandem mass spectrometry, and exploiting the chemical handle to manufacture proteoglycans with defined GAG chains for cellular applications. Engineered XT enzymes permit a view into proteoglycan biology that is orthogonal to conventional techniques in biochemistry.
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2
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Mao X, Chen J, Yao Y, Liu D, Wang H, Chen Y. Progress in phosphorylation of natural products. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:697. [PMID: 38802698 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Natural medicines are a valuable resource for the development of new drugs. However, factors such as low solubility and poor bioavailability of certain constituents have hindered their efficacy and potential as pharmaceuticals. Structural modification of natural products has emerged as an important research area for drug development. Phosphorylation groups, as crucial endogenous active groups, have been extensively utilized for structural modification and development of new drugs based on natural molecules. Incorporating phosphate groups into natural molecules not only enhances their stability, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties, but also improves their biological activity by altering their charge, hydrogen bonding, and spatial structure. This review summarizes the phosphorylation mechanism, modification approaches, and biological activity enhancement of natural medicines. Notably, compounds such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and coumarins exhibit increased antioxidation, anticancer, antiviral, immune regulatory, Antiaging, enzyme inhibition, bacteriostasis, liver protection, and lipid-lowering effects following phosphorylation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Mao
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingrui Yao
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Defu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Characteristic Medical Center of PAP, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yuzhou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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3
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Jiang L, Pan T, Lv Q, Yuan W, Liu X, Qu X, Luo D, Wan S, Cui S. Novel ProTide prodrugs of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine for the treatment of liver cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115763. [PMID: 37659196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
ProTide prodrug technology has emerged as a promising way for the development of anti-viral and anti-tumor drugs, whereas, there are fewer applications for the treatment of liver cancer. Herein, a series of distinct 3'-ester ProTide prodrugs of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FdUR) were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-liver cancer activity. The most efficient prodrug 11b reached a sub-micromolar activity (IC50 = 0.42 ± 0.13 μM) against HepG2 and over 100-fold and 200-fold improvements compared to 5-FU, respectively. 11b also demonstrated favorable selectivity towards normal liver cells L-02 (IC50 > 100 μM). In vitro metabolic stability studies revealed that 11b is stable in the plasma and could be activated rapidly in the liver, which supported that 11b is liver-targeted. Importantly, to more accurately evaluate the anti-HCC activity of 11b, the liver orthotopic model was built and 11b significantly suppressed tumor growth (TGI = 75.5%) at a dose of 60 mg/kg/2d in vivo without obvious toxicity. Overall, these promising results indicated that 11b could serve as a safe and effective prodrug of 5-FU nucleoside for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xianjun Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dongdong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shengbiao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Shuxiang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Pertusati F, Morewood J. Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-1,3,4-Tri-O-Acetyl-2-Deoxy-D-Mannopyranose -6-Phosphate Prodrugs as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e500. [PMID: 35976612 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugar phosphates are emerging as potential therapeutic candidates for certain diseases. However, their high polarity makes them poorly absorbed by the body and their penetration inside the cell is even more difficult without a proper transporter. Amino sugar phosphates (n-amino-n-deoxy-sugars, carbohydrates in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group), such as N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNac)-6-phosphate have shown potential as a treatment for a muscular disease called GNE myopathy caused by a deficiency in the production of sialic acid. However, its high polarity leads to poor absorption and consequent high dosage in humans, causing unwanted side effects. Herein, we describe the application of phosphoramidate prodrug chemistry to 1,3,4-O-acetylated N-acetylmannosamine (Ac3ManNAc) to deliver ManNAc-6-phosphate (ManNAc-6-P), a critical intermediate in sialic acid biosynthesis. Sialic acid deficiency is a hallmark of GNE myopathy, a rare congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG), caused by mutations in the gene "GNE," that limit the production of ManNAc-6-P. Synthetic methods were developed to provide a library of Ac3ManNAc-6-phosphoramidates that were evaluated in a series of studies for their potential as a treatment for GNE myopathy. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 2-Acetamido-1,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-D-mannopyranose. Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of 3-acetamido-6-((((((S)-1-ethoxy-4-methyl-1-oxo-pentan-2-yl) amino) (phenoxy)phosphoryl) oxy) methyl) tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate (5). Support Protocol: Preparation of ethyl (chloro(phenoxy)phosphoryl)-l-leucinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF103NB, United Kingdom
| | - James Morewood
- School of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF103NB, United Kingdom
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5
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Ying H, Yao J, Wu F, Zhao Y, Ni F. A mild and concise synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols via transesterification reaction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13111-13115. [PMID: 35497010 PMCID: PMC9052952 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01995g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols enabled by a transesterification strategy is described here. This reaction operates under mild conditions and thus has excellent functional group tolerance. This method provides an efficient and practical solution to the rapid construction of the aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs library for potential SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglu Ying
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Feng Ni
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
- Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
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6
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Zhu YY, Niu Y, Niu YN, Yang SD. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of phosphoramides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10296-10313. [PMID: 34812834 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01566d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoramide, as an important framework of many biologically active molecules, has attracted widespread attention in recent decades. It is not only widely used in pharmaceuticals because of its excellent biological activities, but it also shows good performance in organic dyes, flame retardants and extractors. Thus, it is of great significance to develop effective and convenient methods for the synthesis of phosphoramides. In this review, the recent advancements made in the synthesis routes and applications of phosphoramides are discussed. The synthetic strategies of phosphoramides can be separated into five categories: phosphorus halides as the substrate, phosphates as the substrate, phosphorus hydrogen as the substrate, azides as the substrate and other methods. The latest examples of these methods are provided and some representative mechanisms are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan-Ning Niu
- Department of Teaching and Research, Nanjing Forestry University, Huaian 223003, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Ghazaly E, Kariuki BM, McGuigan C, Pepper C. Single Diastereomers of the Clinical Anticancer ProTide Agents NUC-1031 and NUC-3373 Preferentially Target Cancer Stem Cells In Vitro. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8179-8193. [PMID: 34085825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 3'-protected route toward the synthesis of the diastereomers of clinically active ProTides, NUC-1031 and NUC-3373, is described. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the individual diastereomers were found to be similar to their diastereomeric mixtures. In the KG1a cell line, NUC-1031 and NUC-3373 have preferential cytotoxic effects on leukemic stem cells (LSCs). These effects were not diastereomer-specific and were not observed with the parental nucleoside analogues gemcitabine and FUDR, respectively. In addition, NUC-1031 preferentially targeted LSCs in primary AML samples and cancer stem cells in the prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. Although the mechanism for this remains incompletely resolved, NUC-1031-treated cells showed increased levels of triphosphate in both LSC and bulk tumor fractions. As ProTides are not dependent on nucleoside transporters, it seems possible that the LSC targeting observed with ProTides may be caused, at least in part, by preferential accumulation of metabolized nucleos(t)ide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Slusarczyk
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood Building, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Michaela Serpi
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Essam Ghazaly
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, U.K
| | - Benson M Kariuki
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Christopher McGuigan
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood Building, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Chris Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Medical Teaching Building, Brighton BN1 9PX, U.K
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8
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Serpi M, Pertusati F. An overview of ProTide technology and its implications to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1149-1161. [PMID: 33985395 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1922385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ProTide technology is a phosphate (or phosphonate) prodrug method devised to deliver nucleoside monophosphate (or monophosphonate) intracellularly bypassing the key challenges of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogs. Three new antiviral drugs, exploiting this technology, have been approved by the FDA while others are in clinical studies as anticancer agents.Areas covered: The authors describe the origin and development of this technology and its incredible success in transforming the drug discovery of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogues. As evidence, discussion on the antiviral ProTides on the market, and those currently in clinical development are included. The authors focus on how the proven capacity of this technology to generate new drug candidates has stimulated its application to non-nucleoside-based molecules.Expert opinion: The ProTide approach has been extremely successful in delivering blockbuster antiviral medicines and it seems highly promising in oncology. Its application to non-nucleoside-based small molecules is recently emerging and proving effective in other therapeutic areas. However, investigations to explain the lack of activity of certain ProTide series and comprehensive structure activity relationship studies to identify the appropriate phosphoramidate motifs depending on the parent molecule are in our opinion mandatory for the future development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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9
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Morozzi C, Sedláková J, Serpi M, Avigliano M, Carbajo R, Sandoval L, Valles-Ayoub Y, Crutcher P, Thomas S, Pertusati F. Targeting GNE Myopathy: A Dual Prodrug Approach for the Delivery of N-Acetylmannosamine 6-Phosphate. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8178-8193. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Morozzi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Jana Sedláková
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Marialuce Avigliano
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Rosangela Carbajo
- FirmaLab Bio-Diagnostics, 21053 Devonshire Street, Suite 106, Chatsworth, California 91311, United States
| | - Lucia Sandoval
- FirmaLab Bio-Diagnostics, 21053 Devonshire Street, Suite 106, Chatsworth, California 91311, United States
| | - Yadira Valles-Ayoub
- FirmaLab Bio-Diagnostics, 21053 Devonshire Street, Suite 106, Chatsworth, California 91311, United States
| | - Patrick Crutcher
- Cerecor Inc., 540 Gaither Road, Suite 400, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Stephen Thomas
- Cerecor Inc., 540 Gaither Road, Suite 400, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
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10
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
The ProTide technology is a prodrug approach developed for the efficient intracellular delivery of nucleoside analogue monophosphates and monophosphonates. In this approach, the hydroxyls of the monophosphate or monophosphonate groups are masked by an aromatic group and an amino acid ester moiety, which are enzymatically cleaved-off inside cells to release the free nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate species. Structurally, this represents the current end-point of an extensive medicinal chemistry endeavor that spans almost three decades. It started from the masking of nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate groups by simple alkyl groups and evolved into the sophisticated ProTide system as known today. This technology has been extensively employed in drug discovery, and it has already led to the discovery of two FDA-approved (antiviral) ProTides. In this work, we will review the development of the ProTide technology, its application in drug discovery, and its role in the improvement of drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Redwood Building , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Hardeep S Rattan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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12
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Schüller A, Matzner D, Lünse CE, Wittmann V, Schumacher C, Unsleber S, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Mayer C, Bierbaum G, Mayer G. Activation of the glmS Ribozyme Confers Bacterial Growth Inhibition. Chembiochem 2017; 18:435-440. [PMID: 28012261 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ever-growing number of pathogenic bacteria resistant to treatment with antibiotics call for the development of novel compounds with as-yet unexplored modes of action. Here, we demonstrate the in vivo antibacterial activity of carba-α-d-glucosamine (CGlcN). In this mode of action study, we provide evidence that CGlcN-mediated growth inhibition is due to glmS ribozyme activation, and we demonstrate that CGlcN hijacks an endogenous activation pathway, hence utilizing a prodrug mechanism. This is the first report describing antibacterial activity mediated by activating the self-cleaving properties of a ribozyme. Our results open the path towards a compound class with an entirely novel and distinct molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schüller
- University of Bonn, LIMES Institute, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Matzner
- University of Bonn, LIMES Institute, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina E Lünse
- University of Bonn, LIMES Institute, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Institute for Biochemistry, Brüderstrasse 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- University of Konstanz, Chemistry Department, Universitaetsstrasse 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Catherine Schumacher
- University of Düsseldorf, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, Universitätsstrasse 1, Bld. 26.23, Room 00.44, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Unsleber
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Mayer
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- University of Bonn, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter Mayer
- University of Bonn, LIMES Institute, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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13
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Cao T, Li Y, Jiang L, Yuan L, Dong L, Li Y, Yin S. Novel biologically active series of N-acetylglucosamine derivatives for the suppressive activities on GAG release. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:73-9. [PMID: 27454655 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
(d)-Glucosamine and other nutritional supplements have emerged as safe alternative therapies for osteoarthritis, a chronic and degenerative articular joint disease. N-acetyl-(d)-glucosamine, a compound that can be modified at the N position, is considered to improve the oral bioavailability of (d)-glucosamine and has been proven to possess greater in vitro chondroprotective activity compared with the parent agent. In this study, to further utilize these properties, we focus on the modification of the N position with a benzenesulfonyl and different isoxazole formyl groups. Among these compounds, the 3-(2-chlorobenzene)-5-methyl-isoxazole formyl chloride and p-methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride modifying structures proved to be the most active of the series and efficiently processed the chondrocytes in vitro. These novel N-position substitution compounds may represent promising leads for osteoarthritis drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shufan Yin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan Province, China.
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14
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Serpi M, Madela K, Pertusati F, Slusarczyk M. Synthesis of phosphoramidate prodrugs: ProTide approach. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2013; Chapter 15:15.5.1-15.5.15. [PMID: 23775807 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc1505s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ProTide (pronucleotide) approach is a prodrug strategy elaborated to deliver nucleoside monophosphate into the cell, circumventing the first and inefficient rate-limiting phosphorylation step of nucleosides and improving the cellular penetration of nucleotides. The ProTide of a nucleoside phosphate is a phosphoramidate prodrug consisting of an amino acid ester promoiety linked via P-N bond to a nucleoside aryl phosphate. Such prodrugs have increased lipophilicity and thus are capable of altering cell and tissue distribution. The ProTide technology was successfully and extensively applied to a wide variety of nucleoside phosphates, endowed with antiviral and anticancer activity. This unit describes two different synthetic strategies allowing the preparation of phosphoramidates of 6-O-methyl-2'-β-C-methylguanosine as model compounds for nucleosides having only the 5'-OH as reactive hydroxyl group, and phosphoramidates of 2'-β-D-arabinouridine (AraU) as model compounds for nucleosides containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Madela
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Slusarczyk
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Progress in the development of anti-hepatitis C virus nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:625-50. [PMID: 22458682 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutics continues as the current treatment, consisting of PEGylated IFN-α and ribavirin, is of limited efficacy, nonspecific and can cause significant side effects. Modified nucleoside analogues with improved efficacy and selectivity, may become the backbone of the future standard of care for anti-HCV therapies. Several families of modified nucleoside are known to inhibit HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a vital enzyme for viral replication. Ongoing efforts are focused on improvement of potency, selectivity and delivery of antiviral nucleoside analogues, with several recent promising advances into clinical trials. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of new anti-HCV nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs.
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Serpi M, Bibbo R, Rat S, Roberts H, Hughes C, Caterson B, Alcaraz MJ, Gibert AT, Verson CRA, McGuigan C. Novel phosphoramidate prodrugs of N-acetyl-(D)-glucosamine with antidegenerative activity on bovine and human cartilage explants. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4629-39. [PMID: 22501024 DOI: 10.1021/jm300074y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
(D)-Glucosamine and other nutritional supplements have emerged as safe alternative therapies for osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic and degenerative articular joint disease. In our preceding paper, a series of novel O-6 phosphate N-acetyl (d)-glucosamine prodrugs aimed at improving the oral bioavailability of N-acetyl-(d)-glucosamine as its putative bioactive phosphate form were shown to have greater chondroprotective activity in vitro when compared to the parent agent. In order to extend the SAR studies, this work focuses on the O-3 and O-4 phosphate prodrugs of N-acetyl-(d)-glucosamine bearing a 4-methoxy phenyl group and different amino acid esters on the phosphate moiety. Among the compounds, the (l)-proline amino acid-containing prodrugs proved to be the most active of the series, more effective than the prior O-6 compounds, and well processed in chondrocytes in vitro. Data on human cartilage support the notion that these novel O-3 and O-4 regioisomers may represent novel promising leads for drug discovery for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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Hayashi M, Kadomatsu K, Kojima T, Ishiguro N. Keratan sulfate and related murine glycosylation can suppress murine cartilage damage in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:732-7. [PMID: 21624346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Keratan sulfate (KS) proteoglycan side chains are abundant in the human cartilage matrix, but these chains have been said to be absent in murine skeletal tissues. We previously showed that KS suppresses cartilage damage and ameliorates inflammation in mice arthritis model. Because mice deficient of N-acetylglucosamine 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (GlcNAc6ST-1) (KS biosynthesis enzyme) are now available, we decided to do further examinations. We examined, in culture, the difference between GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice for interleukin (IL)-1α-induced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release from the articular cartilage. Arthritis was induced by intravenous administration of an anti-type II collagen antibody cocktail and subsequent intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. We examined the differences in arthritis severities in the two genotypes. After intraperitoneal KS administration in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or PBS alone, we evaluated the potential of KS in ameliorating arthritis and protecting against cartilage damage in deficient mice. GAG release induced by IL-1α in the explants, and severity of arthritis were greater in GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice than their WT littermates. Intraperitoneal KS administration effectively suppressed arthritis induction in GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice. Thus, GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice cartilage is more fragile than WT mice cartilage, and exogenous KS can suppress arthritis induction in GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice. Vestigial KS chain or altered glycosylation in articular cartilage in GlcNAc6ST-1(-/-) mice may be protective against arthritis and associated cartilage damage as well as cartilage damage in culture. KS may offer therapeutic opportunities for chondroprotection and suppression of joint damage in inflammatory arthritis and may become a therapeutic agent for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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18
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Hayashi M, Kadomatsu K, Ishiguro N. Keratan sulfate suppresses cartilage damage and ameliorates inflammation in an experimental mice arthritis model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:463-8. [PMID: 20875399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans bearing keratan sulfate (KS), such as aggrecan, are components of the human cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). However, the role of KS in influencing cartilage degradation associated with arthritis remains to be completely understood. KS side chains of the length found in human cartilage are not found in murine skeletal tissues. Using a murine model of inflammatory polyarthritis and cartilage explants exposed to interleukin-1α (IL-1α), we examined whether administering KS could influence intraarticular inflammation and cartilage degradation. Acute arthritis was induced by intravenous administration of an anti-type II collagen antibody cocktail, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. This treatment was followed by an intraperitoneal KS administration in half of the total mice to evaluate the therapeutic potential of KS for ameliorating arthritis. To investigate the therapeutic potential ex vivo, we examined cartilage fragility by measuring IL-1α-induced aggrecan release from cartilage explants treated with or without KS. Intraperitoneal KS administration ameliorated arthritis in DBA/1J mice. The aggrecan release induced by IL-1α was less in cartilage explants containing media with KS than in those without KS. Our data indicate that exogenous KS ameliorated arthritis in vivo and suppressed cartilage degradation ex vivo. KS may have important therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. The mechanism responsible for this requires further investigation, but KS may become a novel therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Mehellou Y, Valente R, Mottram H, Walsby E, Mills KI, Balzarini J, McGuigan C. Phosphoramidates of 2'-beta-D-arabinouridine (AraU) as phosphate prodrugs; design, synthesis, in vitro activity and metabolism. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2439-46. [PMID: 20299228 PMCID: PMC7125968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
2′-β-d-Arabinouridine (AraU), the uridine analogue of the anticancer agent AraC, was synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. In addition, a series of AraU monophosphate prodrugs in the form of triester phosphoramidates (ProTides) were also synthesized and tested against a range of viruses, leukaemia and solid tumour cell lines. Unfortunately, neither the parent compound (AraU) nor any of its ProTides showed antiviral activity, nor potent inhibitory activity against any of the cancer cell lines. Therefore, the metabolism of AraU phosphoramidates to release AraU monophosphate was investigated. The results showed carboxypeptidase Y, hog liver esterase and crude CEM tumor cell extracts to hydrolyse the ester motif of phosphoramidates with subsequent loss of the aryl group, while molecular modelling studies suggested that the AraU l-alanine aminoacyl phosphate derivative might not be a good substrate for the phosphoramidase enzyme Hint-1. These findings are in agreement with the observed disappearance of intact prodrug and concomitant appearance of the corresponding phosphoramidate intermediate derivative in CEM cell extracts without measurable formation of araU monophosphate. These findings may explain the poor antiviral/cytostatic potential of the prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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Mehellou Y, Balzarini J, McGuigan C. Aryloxy phosphoramidate triesters: a technology for delivering monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars into cells. ChemMedChem 2010; 4:1779-91. [PMID: 19760699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug technologies aimed at delivering nucleoside monophosphates into cells (protides) have proved to be effective in improving the therapeutic potential of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides. In these cases, the nucleoside monophosphates are delivered into the cell, where they may then be further converted (phosphorylated) to their active species. Herein, we describe one of these technologies developed in our laboratories, known as the phosphoramidate protide method. In this approach, the charges of the phosphate group are fully masked to provide efficient passive cell-membrane penetration. Upon entering the cell, the masking groups are enzymatically cleaved to release the phosphorylated biomolecule. The application of this technology to various therapeutic nucleosides has resulted in improved antiviral and anticancer activities, and in some cases it has transformed inactive nucleosides to active ones. Additionally, the phosphoramidate technology has also been applied to numerous antiviral nucleoside phosphonates, and has resulted in at least three phosphoramidate-based nucleotides progressing to clinical investigations. Furthermore, the phosphoramidate technology has been recently applied to sugars (mainly glucosamine) in order to improve their therapeutic potential. The development of the phosphoramidate technology, mechanism of action and the application of the technology to various monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars will be reviewed.
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