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Zhong Z, He X, Ge J, Zhu J, Yao C, Cai H, Ye XY, Xie T, Bai R. Discovery of small-molecule compounds and natural products against Parkinson's disease: Pathological mechanism and structural modification. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Lu W, Liu Y, Ma H, Zheng J, Tian S, Sun Z, Luo L, Li J, Zhang H, Yang ZJ, Zhang X. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent Smoothened Antagonists with in Vivo Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1980-1994. [PMID: 28618224 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is one of the most prevalent brain tumors in children. Aberrant hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling is thought to be involved in the initiation and development of medulloblastoma. Vismodegib, the first FDA-approved cancer therapy based on inhibition of aberrant hedgehog signaling, targets smoothened (Smo), a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) central to the Hh pathway. Although vismodegib exhibits promising therapeutic efficacy in tumor treatment, concerns have been raised from its nonlinear pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles at high doses partly due to low aqueous solubility. Many patients experience adverse events such as muscle spasms and weight loss. In addition, drug resistance often arises among tumor cells during treatment with vismodegib. There is clearly an urgent need to explore novel Smo antagonists with improved potency and efficacy. Through a scaffold hopping strategy, we have identified a series of novel tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, which exhibited effective inhibition of Hh signaling. Among them, compound 24 is three times more potent than vismodegib in the NIH3T3-GRE-Luc reporter gene assay. Compound 24 has a lower melting point and much greater solubility compared with vismodegib, resulting in linear PK profiles when dosed orally at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg in rats. Furthermore, compound 24 showed excellent PK profiles with a 72% oral bioavailability in beagle dogs. Compound 24 demonstrated overall favorable in vitro safety profiles with respect to CYP isoform and hERG inhibition. Finally, compound 24 led to significant regression of subcutaneous tumor generated by primary Ptch1-deficient medulloblastoma cells in SCID mouse. In conclusion, tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives represent a novel set of Smo inhibitors that could potentially be utilized to treat medulloblastoma and other Hh pathway related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Sun
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Lusong Luo
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 30 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
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3
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Tian S, Wang X, Li L, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhu F, Hou T, Zhen X. Discovery of Novel and Selective Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists for Treating Parkinson's Disease through Comparative Structure-Based Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1474-1487. [PMID: 28463561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among non-dopaminergic strategies for combating Parkinson's disease (PD), antagonism of the A2A adenosine receptor (AR) has emerged to show great potential. In this study, on the basis of two crystal structures of the A2A AR with the best capability to distinguish known antagonists from decoys, docking-based virtual screening (VS) was conducted to identify novel A2A AR antagonists. A total of 63 structurally diverse compounds identified by VS were submitted to experimental testing, and 11 of them exhibited substantial activity against the A2A AR (Ki < 10 μM), including two compounds with Ki below 1 μM (compound 43, 0.42 μM; compound 51, 0.27 μM) and good A2A/A1 selectivity (fold < 0.1). Compounds 43 and 51 demonstrated antagonistic activity according to the results of cAMP measurements (cAMP IC50 = 1.67 and 1.80 μM, respectively) and showed good efficacy in the haloperidol-induced catalepsy (HIC) rat model for PD at doses of up to 30 mg/kg. Further lead optimization based on a substructure searching strategy led to the discovery of compound 84 as an excellent A2A AR antagonist (A2A Ki = 54 nM, A2A/A1 fold < 0.1, cAMP IC50 = 0.3 μM) that exhibited significant improvement in anti-PD efficacy in the HIC rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Linlang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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4
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Vakuliuk O, Purc A, Clermont G, Blanchard-Desce M, Gryko DT. The Impact of the Interplay between Steric and Electronic Effects on the Synthesis and Optical Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrroles Bearing Pyridine Moieties. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52. 00-901 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Purc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52. 00-901 Warsaw Poland
| | - Guillaume Clermont
- Université de Bordeaux; Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255); Bâtiment A12 33000 Talence cedex Bordeaux France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Université de Bordeaux; Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255); Bâtiment A12 33000 Talence cedex Bordeaux France
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52. 00-901 Warsaw Poland
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5
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Yang Z, Li L, Zheng J, Ma H, Tian S, Li J, Zhang H, Zhen X, Zhang X. Identification of a New Series of Potent Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists Based on 4-Amino-5-carbonitrile Pyrimidine Template for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1575-1584. [PMID: 27569066 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor A2A antagonists have emerged as potential treatment for Parkinson's disease in the past decade. We have recently reported a series of adenosine receptor antagonists using heterocycles as bioisosteres for a potentially unstable acetamide. These compounds, while showing excellent potency and ligand efficiency, suffered from moderate cytochrome P450 inhibition and high clearance. Here we report a new series of adenosine receptor A2A antagonists based on a 4-amino-5-carbonitrile pyrimidine template. Compounds from this new template exhibit excellent potency and ligand efficiency with low cytochrome P450 inhibition. Although the clearance remains moderate to high, the leading compound, when dosed orally as low as 3 mg/kg, demonstrated excellent efficacy in the haloperidol induced catalepsy rat model for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Linlang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psychiatric-Diseases
and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
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6
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Khanfar MA, Al-Qtaishat S, Habash M, Taha MO. Discovery of potent adenosine A2a antagonists as potential anti-Parkinson disease agents. Non-linear QSAR analyses integrated with pharmacophore modeling. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:93-101. [PMID: 27216633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Ma H, Lu W, Sun Z, Luo L, Geng D, Yang Z, Li E, Zheng J, Wang M, Zhang H, Yang S, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, and structure–activity-relationship of tetrahydrothiazolopyridine derivatives as potent smoothened antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:721-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Dalvie D, Kalgutkar AS, Chen W. Practical approaches to resolving reactive metabolite liabilities in early discovery. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 47:56-70. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.984813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Zheng J, Yang Z, Li X, Li L, Ma H, Wang M, Zhang H, Zhen X, Zhang X. Optimization of 6-heterocyclic-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine as potent adenosine A2A receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:674-82. [PMID: 24922583 DOI: 10.1021/cn5000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the motor symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. Current therapies are based mainly on dopaminergic replacement strategies by administration of either dopamine agonists or dopamine precursor levodopa (L-Dopa). These treatments provide symptomatic relief without slowing or stopping the disease progression, and long-term usage of these drugs is associated with diminished efficacy, motor fluctuation, and dyskinisia. Unfortunately, there had been few novel treatments developed in the past decades. Among nondopaminergic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, antagonism of the adenosine A2A receptor has emerged to show great potential. Here we report the optimization of a new chemical scaffold, which achieved exceptional receptor binding affinity and ligand efficiency against adenosine A2A receptor. The leading compounds demonstrated excellent efficacy in the haloperidol induced catalepsy model for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Linlang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of
Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Su Zhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
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11
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Yang Z, Li X, Ma H, Zheng J, Zhen X, Zhang X. Replacement of amide with bioisosteres led to a new series of potent adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:152-5. [PMID: 24332624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidines as potent A2A receptor antagonists. The leading compounds often feature a potentially labile acetamide functional group which tends to hydrolyze under acidic conditions. Here we report the replacement of the acetamide functional group with bioisosteres. This effort led us to a new series of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists with improved potency and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Haikuo Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Experimental Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P. R. China.
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12
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de Lera Ruiz M, Lim YH, Zheng J. Adenosine A2A Receptor as a Drug Discovery Target. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3623-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4011669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel de Lera Ruiz
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yeon-Hee Lim
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Junying Zheng
- Department
of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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13
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Bacilieri M, Ciancetta A, Paoletta S, Federico S, Cosconati S, Cacciari B, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Klotz KN, Spalluto G, Moro S. Revisiting a receptor-based pharmacophore hypothesis for human A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1620-37. [PMID: 23705857 DOI: 10.1021/ci300615u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of both structure- and ligand-based design approaches represents to date one of the most useful strategies in the discovery of new drug candidates. In the present paper, we investigated how the application of docking-driven conformational analysis can improve the predictive ability of 3D-QSAR statistical models. With the use of the crystallographic structure in complex with the high affinity antagonist ZM 241385 (4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]-triazolo[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)phenol), we revisited a general pharmacophore hypothesis for the human A(2A) adenosine receptor of a set of 751 known antagonists, by applying an integrated ligand- and structure-based approach. Our novel pharmacophore hypothesis has been validated by using an external test set of 29 newly synthesized human adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bacilieri
- Molecular Modeling Section-MMS, Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
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14
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Leach AG. Tactics to Avoid Inhibition of Cytochrome P450s. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- David J St Jean
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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16
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Mustyala KK, Chitturi AR, Naikal James PS, Vuruputuri U. Pharmacophore mapping and in silico screening to identify new potent leads for A2Aadenosine receptor as antagonists. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2012; 32:102-13. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2012.660532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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17
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Hessler G, Matter H, Schmidt F, Giegerich C, Wang LH, Güssregen S, Baringhaus KH. Identification and Application of Antitarget Activity Hotspots to Guide Compound Optimization. Mol Inform 2011; 30:996-1008. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Lauria A, Tutone M, Almerico AM. Virtual lock-and-key approach: the in silico revival of Fischer model by means of molecular descriptors. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:4274-80. [PMID: 21775029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last years the application of computational methodologies in the medicinal chemistry fields has found an amazing development. All the efforts were focused on the searching of new leads featuring a close affinity on a specific biological target. Thus, different molecular modeling approaches in simulation of molecular behavior for a specific biological target were employed. In spite of the increasing reliability of computational methodologies, not always the designed lead, once synthesized and screened, are suitable for the chosen biological target. To give another chance to these compounds, this work tries to resume the old concept of Fischer lock-and-key model. The same can be done for the "re-purposing" of old drugs. In fact, it is known that drugs may have many physiological targets, therefore it may be useful to identify them. This aspect, called "polypharmacology", is known to be therapeutically essential in the different treatments. The proposed protocol, the virtual lock-and-key approach (VLKA), consists in the "virtualization" of biological targets through the respectively known inhibitors. In order to release a real lock it is necessary the key fits the pins of the lock. The molecular descriptors could be considered as pins. A tested compound can be considered a potential inhibitor of a biological target if the values of its molecular descriptors fall in the calculated range values for the set of known inhibitors. The proposed protocol permits to transform a biological target in a "lock model" starting from its known inhibitors. To release a real lock all pins must fit. In the proposed protocol, it was supposed that the higher is the number of fit pins, the higher will be the affinity to the considered biological target. Therefore, each biological target was converted in a sequence of "weighted" molecular descriptor range values (locks) by using the structural features of the known inhibitors. Each biological target lock was tested by performing a molecular descriptors "fitting" on known inhibitors not used in the model construction (keys or test set). The results showed a good predictive capability of the protocol (confidence level 80%). This method gives interesting and convenient results because of the user-defined descriptors and biological targets choice in the process of new inhibitors discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Lauria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari STEMBIO, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Biologica, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123 Palermo, Italy.
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Harris JM, Neustadt BR, Zhang H, Lachowicz J, Cohen-Williams M, Varty G, Hao J, Stamford AW. Potent and selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists: [1,2,4]-triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidin-3-ones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2497-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Barlaam B, Ducray R, Brempt CLVD, Plé P, Bardelle C, Brooks N, Coleman T, Cross D, Kettle JG, Read J. Inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase EphB4. Part 4: Discovery and optimization of a benzylic alcohol series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2207-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Sams AG, Mikkelsen GK, Larsen M, Langgård M, Howells ME, Schrøder TJ, Brennum LT, Torup L, Jørgensen EB, Bundgaard C, Kreilgård M, Bang-Andersen B. Discovery of Phosphoric Acid Mono-{2-[(E/Z)-4-(3,3-dimethyl-butyrylamino)-3,5-difluoro-benzoylimino]-thiazol-3-ylmethyl} Ester (Lu AA47070): A Phosphonooxymethylene Prodrug of a Potent and Selective hA2A Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2011; 54:751-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1008659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anette G. Sams
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Gitte K. Mikkelsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Mogens Larsen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Morten Langgård
- Computational Chemistry, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Mark E. Howells
- Process Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Tenna J. Schrøder
- Molecular Pharmacology, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Lise T. Brennum
- In vivo Neuropharmacology, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Lars Torup
- In vivo Neuropharmacology, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Erling B. Jørgensen
- Preformulation, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Discovery ADME, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Mads Kreilgård
- Discovery ADME, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Benny Bang-Andersen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Lundbeck Research Denmark, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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22
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Yaziji V, Rodríguez D, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Coelho A, Caamaño O, García-Mera X, Brea J, Loza MI, Cadavid MI, Sotelo E. Pyrimidine derivatives as potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 54:457-71. [PMID: 21186795 DOI: 10.1021/jm100843z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two regioisomeric series of diaryl 2- or 4-amidopyrimidines have been synthesized and their adenosine receptor affinities were determined in radioligand binding assays at the four human adenosine receptors (hARs). Some of the ligands prepared herein exhibit remarkable affinities (K(i) < 10 nm) and, most noticeably, the absence of activity at the A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) receptors. The structural determinants that support the affinity and selectivity profiles of the series were highlighted through an integrated computational approach, combining a 3D-QSAR model built on the second generation of GRid INdependent Descriptors (GRIND2) with a novel homology model of the hA(3) receptor. The robustness of the computational model was subsequently evaluated by the design of new derivatives exploring the alkyl substituent of the exocyclic amide group. The synthesis and evaluation of the novel compounds validated the predictive power of the model, exhibiting excellent agreement between predicted and experimental activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Yaziji
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit (COMBIOMED), Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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23
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Facile microwave-assisted synthesis of bis-pyrazol pyrimidine derivatives via an N-alkylation reaction. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-010-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Yaziji V, Coelho A, El Maatougui A, Brea J, Loza MI, Garcia-Mera X, Sotelo E. Divergent solution-phase synthesis of diarylpyrimidine libraries as selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:519-22. [PMID: 19472983 DOI: 10.1021/cc900044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A practical and divergent solution-phase synthetic strategy has been optimized to prepare a highly diverse library of 2,4-diaryl- and 2,6-diarylpyrimidines. Structural elaboration of the starting heterocyclic scaffolds was accomplished by exploiting the potential for diversity offered by the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. These studies enabled the identification of structurally simple, highly potent, and selective A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Yaziji
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit and Screening Unit, Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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25
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Saku O, Saki M, Kurokawa M, Ikeda K, Takizawa T, Uesaka N. Synthetic studies on selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonists: Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of novel benzofuran derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1090-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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27
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Coon T, Moree WJ, Li B, Yu J, Zamani-Kord S, Malany S, Santos MA, Hernandez LM, Petroski RE, Sun A, Wen J, Sullivan S, Haelewyn J, Hedrick M, Hoare SJ, Bradbury MJ, Crowe PD, Beaton G. Brain-penetrating 2-aminobenzimidazole H(1)-antihistamines for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4380-4. [PMID: 19553115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The benzimidazole core of the selective non-brain-penetrating H(1)-antihistamine mizolastine was used to identify a series of brain-penetrating H(1)-antihistamines for the potential treatment of insomnia. Using cassette PK studies, brain-penetrating H(1)-antihistamines were identified and in vivo efficacy was demonstrated in a rat EEG/EMG model. Further optimization focused on strategies to attenuate an identified hERG liability, leading to the discovery of 4i with a promising in vitro profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Coon
- Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
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28
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Lanier MC, Moorjani M, Luo Z, Chen Y, Lin E, Tellew JE, Zhang X, Williams JP, Gross RS, Lechner SM, Markison S, Joswig T, Kargo W, Piercey J, Santos M, Malany S, Zhao M, Petroski R, Crespo MI, Díaz JL, Saunders J, Wen J, O’Brien Z, Jalali K, Madan A, Slee DH. N-[6-Amino-2-(heteroaryl)pyrimidin-4-yl]acetamides as A2A Receptor Antagonists with Improved Drug Like Properties and in Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2009; 52:709-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800908d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion C. Lanier
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manisha Moorjani
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emily Lin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John E. Tellew
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John P. Williams
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond S. Gross
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra M. Lechner
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stacy Markison
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tanya Joswig
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - William Kargo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Piercey
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Santos
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Siobhan Malany
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilyn Zhao
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Petroski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María I. Crespo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José-Luis Díaz
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Saunders
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Wen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhihong O’Brien
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kayvon Jalali
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ajay Madan
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah H. Slee
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Neuroscience, Chemical Development, and Preclinical Development, Neurocrine Biosciences, 12780 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, and Almirall Research Center, Almirall, Ctra. Laureà Miró, 408-410, E-08980 St. Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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