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Helliwell MV, Zhang Y, El Harchi A, Dempsey CE, Hancox JC. Inhibition of the hERG Potassium Channel by a Methanesulphonate-Free E-4031 Analogue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1204. [PMID: 37765012 PMCID: PMC10536391 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
hERG (human Ether-à-go-go Related Gene)-encoded potassium channels underlie the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier (IKr) potassium current, which is a major target for antiarrhythmic agents and diverse non-cardiac drugs linked to the drug-induced form of long QT syndrome. E-4031 is a high potency hERG channel inhibitor from the methanesulphonanilide drug family. This study utilized a methanesulphonate-lacking E-4031 analogue, "E-4031-17", to evaluate the role of the methanesulphonamide group in E-4031 inhibition of hERG. Whole-cell patch-clamp measurements of the hERG current (IhERG) were made at physiological temperature from HEK 293 cells expressing wild-type (WT) and mutant hERG constructs. For E-4031, WT IhERG was inhibited by a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15.8 nM, whilst the comparable value for E-4031-17 was 40.3 nM. Both compounds exhibited voltage- and time-dependent inhibition, but they differed in their response to successive applications of a long (10 s) depolarisation protocol, consistent with greater dissociation of E-4031-17 than the parent compound between applied commands. Voltage-dependent inactivation was left-ward voltage shifted for E-4031 but not for E-4031-17; however, inhibition by both compounds was strongly reduced by attenuated-inactivation mutations. Mutations of S6 and S5 aromatic residues (F656V, Y652A, F557L) greatly attenuated actions of both drugs. The S624A mutation also reduced IhERG inhibition by both molecules. Overall, these results demonstrate that the lack of a methanesulphonate in E-4031-17 is not an impediment to high potency inhibition of IhERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. Helliwell
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (M.V.H.); (C.E.D.)
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (Y.Z.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Yihong Zhang
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (Y.Z.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Aziza El Harchi
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (Y.Z.); (A.E.H.)
| | - Christopher E. Dempsey
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (M.V.H.); (C.E.D.)
| | - Jules C. Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; (Y.Z.); (A.E.H.)
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2
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Asai T, Adachi N, Moriya T, Oki H, Maru T, Kawasaki M, Suzuki K, Chen S, Ishii R, Yonemori K, Igaki S, Yasuda S, Ogasawara S, Senda T, Murata T. Cryo-EM Structure of K +-Bound hERG Channel Complexed with the Blocker Astemizole. Structure 2021; 29:203-212.e4. [PMID: 33450182 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The hERG channel is a voltage-gated potassium channel involved in cardiac repolarization. Off-target hERG inhibition by drugs has become a critical issue in the pharmaceutical industry. The three-dimensional structure of the hERG channel was recently reported at 3.8-Å resolution using cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). However, the drug inhibition mechanism remains unclear because of the scarce structural information regarding the drug- and potassium-bound hERG channels. In this study, we obtained the cryo-EM density map of potassium-bound hERG channel complexed with astemizole, a well-known hERG inhibitor that increases risk of potentially fatal arrhythmia, at 3.5-Å resolution. The structure suggested that astemizole inhibits potassium conduction by binding directly below the selectivity filter. Furthermore, we propose a possible binding model of astemizole to the hERG channel and provide insights into the unusual sensitivity of hERG to several drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Adachi
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Toshio Moriya
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Oki
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Maru
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Masato Kawasaki
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kano Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishii
- Structure-Based Drug Design Group, Organic Synthesis Department, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-13 Kitakasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yonemori
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeru Igaki
- Drug Safety Research and Evaluation, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogasawara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Toshiya Senda
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1, Oho, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Sekhar Pagadala N. Computational prediction of hERG blockers using homology modelling, molecular docking and QuaSAR studies. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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A structure-based computational workflow to predict liability and binding modes of small molecules to hERG. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16262. [PMID: 33004839 PMCID: PMC7530726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Off-target interactions of drugs with the human ether-à-go-go related gene 1 (hERG1) channel have been associated with severe cardiotoxic conditions leading to the withdrawal of many drugs from the market over the last decades. Consequently, predicting drug-induced hERG-liability is now a prerequisite in any drug discovery campaign. Understanding the atomic level interactions of drug with the channel is essential to guide the efficient development of safe drugs. Here we utilize the recent cryo-EM structure of the hERG channel and describe an integrated computational workflow to characterize different drug-hERG interactions. The workflow employs various structure-based approaches and provides qualitative and quantitative insights into drug binding to hERG. Our protocol accurately differentiated the strong blockers from weak and revealed three potential anchoring sites in hERG. Drugs engaging in all these sites tend to have high affinity towards hERG. Our results were cross-validated using a fluorescence polarization kit binding assay and with electrophysiology measurements on the wild-type (WT-hERG) and on the two hERG mutants (Y652A-hERG and F656A-hERG), using the patch clamp technique on HEK293 cells. Finally, our analyses show that drugs binding to hERG disrupt and hijack certain native—structural networks in the channel, thereby, gaining more affinity towards hERG.
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Qile M, Ji Y, Golden TD, Houtman MJ, Romunde F, Fransen D, van Ham WB, IJzerman AP, January CT, Heitman LH, Stary-Weinzinger A, Delisle BP, van der Heyden MA. LUF7244 plus Dofetilide Rescues Aberrant Kv11.1 Trafficking and Produces Functional IKv11.1. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 97:355-364. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Butler A, Helliwell MV, Zhang Y, Hancox JC, Dempsey CE. An Update on the Structure of hERG. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1572. [PMID: 32038248 PMCID: PMC6992539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human voltage-sensitive K+ channel hERG plays a fundamental role in cardiac action potential repolarization, effectively controlling the QT interval of the electrocardiogram. Inherited loss- or gain-of-function mutations in hERG can result in dangerous “long” (LQTS) or “short” QT syndromes (SQTS), respectively, and the anomalous susceptibility of hERG to block by a diverse range of drugs underlies an acquired LQTS. A recent open channel cryo-EM structure of hERG should greatly advance understanding of the molecular basis of hERG channelopathies and drug-induced LQTS. Here we describe an update of recent research that addresses the nature of the particular gated state of hERG captured in the new structure, and the insight afforded by the structure into the molecular basis for high affinity drug block of hERG, the binding of hERG activators and the molecular basis of hERG's peculiar gating properties. Interpretation of the pharmacology of natural SQTS mutants in the context of the structure is a promising approach to understanding the molecular basis of hERG inactivation, and the structure suggests how voltage-dependent changes in the membrane domain may be transmitted to an extracellular “turret” to effect inactivation through aromatic side chain motifs that are conserved throughout the KCNH family of channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Butler
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew V Helliwell
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Yihong Zhang
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jules C Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Helliwell MV, Zhang Y, El Harchi A, Du C, Hancox JC, Dempsey CE. Structural implications of hERG K + channel block by a high-affinity minimally structured blocker. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7040-7057. [PMID: 29545312 PMCID: PMC5936838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac potassium channels encoded by human ether-à-go-go–related gene (hERG) are major targets for structurally diverse drugs associated with acquired long QT syndrome. This study characterized hERG channel inhibition by a minimally structured high-affinity hERG inhibitor, Cavalli-2, composed of three phenyl groups linked by polymethylene spacers around a central amino group, chosen to probe the spatial arrangement of side chain groups in the high-affinity drug-binding site of the hERG pore. hERG current (IhERG) recorded at physiological temperature from HEK293 cells was inhibited with an IC50 of 35.6 nm with time and voltage dependence characteristic of blockade contingent upon channel gating. Potency of Cavalli-2 action was markedly reduced for attenuated inactivation mutants located near (S620T; 54-fold) and remote from (N588K; 15-fold) the channel pore. The S6 Y652A and F656A mutations decreased inhibitory potency 17- and 75-fold, respectively, whereas T623A and S624A at the base of the selectivity filter also decreased potency (16- and 7-fold, respectively). The S5 helix F557L mutation decreased potency 10-fold, and both F557L and Y652A mutations eliminated voltage dependence of inhibition. Computational docking using the recent cryo-EM structure of an open channel hERG construct could only partially recapitulate experimental data, and the high dependence of Cavalli-2 block on Phe-656 is not readily explainable in that structure. A small clockwise rotation of the inner (S6) helix of the hERG pore from its configuration in the cryo-EM structure may be required to optimize Phe-656 side chain orientations compatible with high-affinity block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Helliwell
- From the Schools of Biochemistry and.,Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Yihong Zhang
- Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Aziza El Harchi
- Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Chunyun Du
- Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Jules C Hancox
- Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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8
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Vaz RJ, Kang J, Luo Y, Rampe D. Molecular determinants of loperamide and N-desmethyl loperamide binding in the hERG cardiac K+ channel. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:446-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Identification of a novel fluoropyrrole derivative as a potassium-competitive acid blocker with long duration of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3298-3314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Yamasaki T, Hirose H, Yamashita T, Takakura N, Morimoto S, Nakahata T, Kina A, Nakano Y, Okano Tamura Y, Sugama J, Odani T, Shimizu Y, Iwasaki S, Watanabe M, Maekawa T, Kasai S. Discovery of novel somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) antagonists: Pharmacological studies and design to improve pharmacokinetic profiles and human Ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28622905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a peptide hormone comprising 14 or 28 amino acids that inhibits endocrine and exocrine secretion via five distinct G-protein-coupled receptors (SSTR1-5). SSTR5 has an important role in inhibiting the secretion of pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., insulin, GLP-1, PYY) through the binding of SSTs; hence, SSTR5 antagonists are expected to be novel anti-diabetic drugs. In the course of our lead generation program of SSTR5 antagonists, we have discovered a novel spiroazetidine derivative 3a. However, pharmacological evaluation of 3a revealed that it had to be administered at a high dose (100mg/kg) to show a persistent glucose-lowering effect in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We therefore initiated an optimization study based on 3a aimed at improving the antagonistic activity and mean residence time (MRT), resulting in the identification of 2-cyclopropyl-5-methoxybiphenyl derivative 3k. However, 3k did not show a sufficient persistent glucose-lowering effect in an OGTT; moreover, hERG inhibition was observed. Hence, further optimization study of the biphenyl moiety of compound 3k, focused on improving the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and hERG inhibition, was conducted. Consequently, the introduction of a chlorine atom at the 6-position on the biphenyl moiety addressed a putative metabolic soft spot and increased the dihedral angle of the biphenyl moiety, leading to the discovery of 3p with an improved PK profile and hERG inhibition. Furthermore, 3p successfully exhibited a persistent glucose-lowering effect in an OGTT at a dose of 3mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamasaki
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Hideki Hirose
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamashita
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sachie Morimoto
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahata
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakano
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan; Global Procurement, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okano Tamura
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Odani
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Hirose H, Yamasaki T, Ogino M, Mizojiri R, Tamura-Okano Y, Yashiro H, Muraki Y, Nakano Y, Sugama J, Hata A, Iwasaki S, Watanabe M, Maekawa T, Kasai S. Discovery of novel 5-oxa-2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]oct-6-ene derivatives as potent, selective, and orally available somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) antagonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28642028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) has emerged as a novel attractive drug target for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Starting from N-benzyl azetidine derivatives 1 and 2 as in-house hit compounds, we explored the introduction of a carboxyl group into the terminal benzene of 1 to enhance SSTR5 antagonistic activity by the combination of the substituents at the 3-position of the isoxazoline. Incorporation of a carboxyl group at the 4-position of the benzene ring resulted in a significant enhancement in potency, however, the 4-benzoic acid derivative 10c exhibited moderate human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) inhibitory activity. A subsequent optimization study revealed that replacement of the 4-benzoic acid with an isonipecotic acid dramatically reduced hERG inhibition (5.6% inhibition at 30μM) by eliminating π-related interaction with hERG K+ channel, which resulted in the identification of 1-(2-((2,6-diethoxy-4'-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-5-oxa-2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]oct-6-en-7-yl)piperidin-4-carboxylic acid 25a (hSSTR5/mSSTR5 IC50=9.6/57nM). Oral administration of 25a in high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice augmented insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and lowered blood glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hirose
- Research Division Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yamasaki
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Ogino
- Research Division Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Mizojiri
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yumiko Tamura-Okano
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yashiro
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yo Muraki
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakano
- Global Procurement, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jun Sugama
- Research Division Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Hata
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Research Division Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, SCOHIA PHARMA, Inc., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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12
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Kalyaanamoorthy S, Barakat KH. Development of Safe Drugs: The hERG Challenge. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:525-555. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subha Kalyaanamoorthy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Khaled H. Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University Of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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13
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Pharmacoinformatics study of Piperolactam A from Piper betle root as new lead for non steroidal anti fertility drug development. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 67:213-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, Colenso CK, El Harchi A, Cheng H, Witchel HJ, Dempsey CE, Hancox JC. Interactions between amiodarone and the hERG potassium channel pore determined with mutagenesis and in silico docking. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 113:24-35. [PMID: 27256139 PMCID: PMC4959829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone delays cardiac repolarisation through inhibition of hERG-encoded potassium channels responsible for the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr). This study aimed to elucidate molecular determinants of amiodarone binding to the hERG channel. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made at 37 °C of ionic current (IhERG) carried by wild-type (WT) or mutant hERG channels expressed in HEK293 cells. Alanine mutagenesis and ligand docking were used to investigate the roles of pore cavity amino-acid residues in amiodarone binding. Amiodarone inhibited WT outward IhERG tails with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼45 nM, whilst inward IhERG tails in a high K+ external solution ([K+]e) of 94 mM were blocked with an IC50 of 117.8 nM. Amiodarone’s inhibitory action was contingent upon channel gating. Alanine-mutagenesis identified multiple residues directly or indirectly involved in amiodarone binding. The IC50 for the S6 aromatic Y652A mutation was increased to ∼20-fold that of WT IhERG, similar to the pore helical mutant S624A (∼22-fold WT control). The IC50 for F656A mutant IhERG was ∼17-fold its corresponding WT control. Computational docking using a MthK-based hERG model differentiated residues likely to interact directly with drug and those whose Ala mutation may affect drug block allosterically. The requirements for amiodarone block of aromatic residues F656 and Y652 within the hERG pore cavity are smaller than for other high affinity IhERG inhibitors, with relative importance to amiodarone binding of the residues investigated being S624A ∼ Y652A > F656A > V659A > G648A > T623A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhang
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Charlotte K Colenso
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Aziza El Harchi
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Harry J Witchel
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Chris E Dempsey
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Jules C Hancox
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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15
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New potential binding determinant for hERG channel inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24182. [PMID: 27067805 PMCID: PMC4828713 DOI: 10.1038/srep24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ether-à-go-go related gene (hERG) 1 channels conduct the rapid delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) and are essential for the repolarization of the cardiac action potential. hERG1 inhibition by structurally diverse drugs may lead to life threatening arrhythmia. Putative binding determinants of hERG1 channel blockers include T623, S624 and V625 on the pore helix, and residues G648, Y652 and F656, located on segment S6. We and others have previously hypothesized that additional binding determinants may be located on helix S5, which is in close contact with the S6 segments. In order to test this hypothesis, we performed a detailed investigation combining ionic current measurements with two-microelectrode voltage clamp and molecular modeling techniques. We identified a novel aromatic high affinity binding determinant for blockers located in helix S5, F557, which is equally potent as Y652. Modeling supports a direct interaction with the outer pore helix.
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16
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Sakauchi N, Kohara Y, Sato A, Suzaki T, Imai Y, Okabe Y, Imai S, Saikawa R, Nagabukuro H, Kuno H, Fujita H, Kamo I, Yoshida M. Discovery of 5-Chloro-1-(5-chloro-2-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)-2-imino-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide (TAK-259) as a Novel, Selective, and Orally Active α1D Adrenoceptor Antagonist with Antiurinary Frequency Effects: Reducing Human Ether-a-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) Liabilities. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2989-3002. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuki Sakauchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kohara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumu Sato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Suzaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yumi Imai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Okabe
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigemitsu Imai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Reiko Saikawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagabukuro
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kuno
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Fujita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Izumi Kamo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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17
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van Loevezijn A, Venhorst J, Iwema Bakker WI, Lange JH, de Looff W, Henzen R, de Vries J, van de Woestijne RP, den Hartog AP, Verhoog S, van der Neut MA, de Bruin NM, Kruse CG. Optimization of N ′-(arylsulfonyl)pyrazoline-1-carboxamidines by exploiting a novel interaction site in the 5-HT 6 antagonistic binding pocket. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1605-1611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Melgari D, Brack KE, Zhang C, Zhang Y, El Harchi A, Mitcheson JS, Dempsey CE, Ng GA, Hancox JC. hERG potassium channel blockade by the HCN channel inhibitor bradycardic agent ivabradine. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3927. [PMID: 25911606 PMCID: PMC4579960 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Ivabradine is a specific bradycardic agent used in coronary artery disease and heart failure, lowering heart rate through inhibition of sinoatrial nodal HCN‐channels. This study investigated the propensity of ivabradine to interact with KCNH2‐encoded human Ether‐à‐go‐go–Related Gene (hERG) potassium channels, which strongly influence ventricular repolarization and susceptibility to torsades de pointes arrhythmia. Methods and Results Patch clamp recordings of hERG current (IhERG) were made from hERG expressing cells at 37°C. IhERG was inhibited with an IC50 of 2.07 μmol/L for the hERG 1a isoform and 3.31 μmol/L for coexpressed hERG 1a/1b. The voltage and time‐dependent characteristics of IhERG block were consistent with preferential gated‐state‐dependent channel block. Inhibition was partially attenuated by the N588K inactivation‐mutant and the S624A pore‐helix mutant and was strongly reduced by the Y652A and F656A S6 helix mutants. In docking simulations to a MthK‐based homology model of hERG, the 2 aromatic rings of the drug could form multiple π‐π interactions with the aromatic side chains of both Y652 and F656. In monophasic action potential (MAP) recordings from guinea‐pig Langendorff‐perfused hearts, ivabradine delayed ventricular repolarization and produced a steepening of the MAPD90 restitution curve. Conclusions Ivabradine prolongs ventricular repolarization and alters electrical restitution properties at concentrations relevant to the upper therapeutic range. In absolute terms ivabradine does not discriminate between hERG and HCN channels: it inhibits IhERG with similar potency to that reported for native If and HCN channels, with S6 binding determinants resembling those observed for HCN4. These findings may have important implications both clinically and for future bradycardic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Melgari
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom (D.M., Y.Z., A.E.H., J.C.H.)
| | - Kieran E Brack
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Group, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (K.E.B., C.Z., A.N.)
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Group, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (K.E.B., C.Z., A.N.)
| | - Yihong Zhang
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom (D.M., Y.Z., A.E.H., J.C.H.)
| | - Aziza El Harchi
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom (D.M., Y.Z., A.E.H., J.C.H.)
| | - John S Mitcheson
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, Leicester, United Kingdom (J.S.M.)
| | | | - G André Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Group, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, United Kingdom (K.E.B., C.Z., A.N.) NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.N.)
| | - Jules C Hancox
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Building, Bristol, United Kingdom (D.M., Y.Z., A.E.H., J.C.H.)
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19
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Wu W, Gardner A, Sanguinetti MC. The Link between Inactivation and High-Affinity Block of hERG1 Channels. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:1042-50. [PMID: 25855787 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Block of human ether-à-go-go-related gene 1 (hERG1) K(+) channels by many drugs delays cardiac repolarization, prolongs QT interval, and is associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Preferential block of hERG1 channels in an inactivated state has been assumed because inactivation deficient mutant channels can exhibit dramatically reduced drug sensitivity. Here we reexamine the link between inactivation gating and potency of channel block using concatenated hERG1 tetramers containing a variable number (0-4) of subunits harboring a point mutation (S620T or S631A) that disrupts inactivation. Concatenated hERG1 tetramers containing four wild-type subunits exhibited high-affinity block by cisapride, dofetilide, and MK-499, similar to wild-type channels formed from hERG1 monomers. A single S620T subunit within a tetramer was sufficient to fully disrupt inactivation gating, whereas S631A suppressed inactivation as a graded function of the number of mutant subunits present in a concatenated tetramer. Drug potency was positively correlated to the number of S620T subunits contained within a tetramer but unrelated to mutation-induced disruption of channel inactivation. Introduction of a second point mutation (Y652W) into S620T hERG1 partially rescued drug sensitivity. The potency of cisapride was not altered for tetramers containing 0 to 3 S631A subunits, whereas the potency of dofetilide was a graded function of the number of S631A subunits contained within a tetramer. Together these findings indicate that S620T or S631A substitutions can allosterically disrupt drug binding by a mechanism that is independent of their effects on inactivation gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute (W.W., A.G., M.C.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alison Gardner
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute (W.W., A.G., M.C.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael C Sanguinetti
- Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute (W.W., A.G., M.C.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C.S.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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20
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Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel encoded by hERG carries a delayed rectifying potassium current (IKr) underlying repolarization of the cardiac action potential. Pharmacological blockade of the hERG channel results in slowed repolarization and therefore prolongation of action potential duration and an increase in the QT interval as measured on an electrocardiogram. Those are possible to cause sudden death, leading to the withdrawals of many drugs, which is the reason for hERG screening. Computational in silico prediction models provide a rapid, economic way to screen compounds during early drug discovery. In this review, hERG prediction models are classified as 2D and 3D quantitative structure–activity relationship models, pharmacophore models, classification models, and structure based models (using homology models of hERG).
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21
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Linder T, Saxena P, Timin E, Hering S, Stary-Weinzinger A. Structural Insights into Trapping and Dissociation of Small Molecules in K+ Channels. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:3218-28. [DOI: 10.1021/ci500353r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Linder
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Priyanka Saxena
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Timin
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Stary-Weinzinger
- Department for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Janesko BG, Ams MR. Dispersion-corrected DFT study of methano and ethano bridged Wilcox torsion balances. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Wu W, Sachse FB, Gardner A, Sanguinetti MC. Stoichiometry of altered hERG1 channel gating by small molecule activators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 143:499-512. [PMID: 24638994 PMCID: PMC3971662 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201311038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Agonists bind to sites on all four subunits to activate human ether-a-go-go–related gene 1 (hERG1) K+ channels. Voltage-gated K+ channels are tetramers formed by coassembly of four identical or highly related subunits. All four subunits contribute to formation of the selectivity filter, the narrowest region of the channel pore which determines K+ selective conductance. In some K+ channels, the selectivity filter can undergo a conformational change to reduce K+ flux by a mechanism called C-type inactivation. In human ether-a-go-go–related gene 1 (hERG1) K+ channels, C-type inactivation is allosterically inhibited by ICA-105574, a substituted benzamide. PD-118057, a 2-(phenylamino) benzoic acid, alters selectivity filter gating to enhance open probability of channels. Both compounds bind to a hydrophobic pocket located between adjacent hERG1 subunits. Accordingly, a homotetrameric channel contains four identical activator binding sites. Here we determine the number of binding sites required for maximal drug effect and determine the role of subunit interactions in the modulation of hERG1 gating by these compounds. Concatenated tetramers were constructed to contain a variable number (zero to four) of wild-type and mutant hERG1 subunits, either L646E to inhibit PD-118057 binding or F557L to inhibit ICA-105574 binding. Enhancement of hERG1 channel current magnitude by PD-118057 and attenuated inactivation by ICA-105574 were mediated by cooperative subunit interactions. Maximal effects of the both compounds required the presence of all four binding sites. Understanding how hERG1 agonists allosterically modify channel gating may facilitate mechanism-based drug design of novel agents for treatment of long QT syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 2 Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, and 3 Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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24
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Dempsey CE, Wright D, Colenso CK, Sessions RB, Hancox JC. Assessing hERG pore models as templates for drug docking using published experimental constraints: the inactivated state in the context of drug block. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:601-12. [PMID: 24471705 PMCID: PMC3977586 DOI: 10.1021/ci400707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many
structurally and therapeutically diverse drugs interact with
the human heart K+ channel hERG by binding within the K+ permeation pathway of the open channel, leading to drug-induced
‘long QT syndrome’. Drug binding to hERG is often stabilized
by inactivation gating. In the absence of a crystal structure, hERG
pore homology models have been used to characterize drug interactions.
Here we assess potentially inactivated states of the bacterial K+ channel, KcsA, as templates for inactivated state hERG pore
models in the context of drug binding using computational docking.
Although Flexidock and GOLD docking produced low energy score poses
in the models tested, each method selected a MthK K+ channel-based
model over models based on the putative inactivated state KcsA structures
for each of the 9 drugs tested. The variety of docking poses found
indicates that an optimal arrangement for drug binding of aromatic
side chains in the hERG pore can be achieved in several different
configurations. This plasticity of the drug “binding site”
is likely to be a feature of the hERG inactivated state. The results
demonstrate that experimental data on specific drug interactions can
be used as structural constraints to assess and refine hERG homology
models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Dempsey
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol , University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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25
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The synergic modeling for the binding of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to the hERG potassium channel. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3848-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Colenso CK, Sessions RB, Zhang YH, Hancox JC, Dempsey CE. Interactions between voltage sensor and pore domains in a hERG K+ channel model from molecular simulations and the effects of a voltage sensor mutation. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1358-70. [PMID: 23672495 DOI: 10.1021/ci4000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The hERG K(+) channel is important for establishing normal electrical activity in the human heart. The channel's unique gating response to membrane potential changes indicates specific interactions between voltage sensor and pore domains that are poorly understood. In the absence of a crystal structure we constructed a homology model of the full hERG membrane domain and performed 0.5 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in a hydrated membrane. The simulations identify potential interactions involving residues at the extracellular surface of S1 in the voltage sensor and at the N-terminal end of the pore helix in the hERG model. In addition, a diffuse interface involving hydrophobic residues on S4 (voltage sensor) and pore domain S5 of an adjacent subunit was stable during 0.5 μs of simulation. To assess the ability of the model to give insight into the effects of channel mutation we simulated a hERG mutant that contains a Leu to Pro substitution in the voltage sensor S4 helical segment (hERG L532P). Consistent with the retention of gated K(+) conductance, the L532P mutation was accommodated in the S4 helix with little disruption of helical structure. The mutation reduced the extent of interaction across the S4-S5 interface, suggesting a structural basis for the greatly enhanced deactivation rate in hERG L532P. The study indicates that pairwise comparison of wild-type and mutated channel models is a useful approach to interpreting functional data where uncertainty in model structures exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Colenso
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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27
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Gemma S, Camodeca C, Brindisi M, Brogi S, Kukreja G, Kunjir S, Gabellieri E, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Gualdani R, Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Bartolommei G, Moncelli MR, Martin RE, Summers RL, Lamponi S, Savini L, Fiorini I, Valoti M, Novellino E, Campiani G, Butini S. Mimicking the Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling of Benzoxazines and Quinazolines as Potential Antimalarial Agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10387-404. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300831b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gagan Kukreja
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sanil Kunjir
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gabellieri
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco
e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, 62032
Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco
e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, 62032
Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Gualdani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Bartolommei
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Moncelli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research School of Biology,
The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research School of Biology,
The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Savini
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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28
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Broccatelli F, Mannhold R, Moriconi A, Giuli S, Carosati E. QSAR modeling and data mining link Torsades de Pointes risk to the interplay of extent of metabolism, active transport, and HERG liability. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2290-301. [PMID: 22742658 DOI: 10.1021/mp300156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We collected 1173 hERG patch clamp (PC) data (IC50) from the literature to derive twelve classification models for hERG inhibition, covering a large variety of chemical descriptors and classification algorithms. Models were generated using 545 molecules and validated through 258 external molecules tested in PC experiments. We also evaluated the suitability of the best models to predict the activity of 26 proprietary compounds tested in radioligand binding displacement (RBD). Results proved the necessity to use multiple validation sets for a true estimation of model accuracy and demonstrated that using various descriptors and algorithms improves the performance of ligand-based models. Intriguingly, one of the most accurate models uncovered an unexpected link between extent of metabolism and hERG liability. This hypothesis was fairly reinforced by using the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) that recognized 94% of the hERG inhibitors as extensively metabolized in vivo. Data mining suggested that high Torsades de Pointes (TdP) risk results from an interplay of hERG inhibition, extent of metabolism, active transport, and possibly solubility. Overall, these new findings might improve both the decision making skills of pharmaceutical scientists to mitigate hERG liability during the drug discovery process and the TdP risk assessment during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Broccatelli
- Laboratory for Chemometrics and Cheminformatics, Chemistry Department, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 10, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Vandenberg JI, Perry MD, Perrin MJ, Mann SA, Ke Y, Hill AP. hERG K+ Channels: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1393-478. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) encodes the pore-forming subunit of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier K+ channel, Kv11.1, which are expressed in the heart, various brain regions, smooth muscle cells, endocrine cells, and a wide range of tumor cell lines. However, it is the role that Kv11.1 channels play in the heart that has been best characterized, for two main reasons. First, it is the gene product involved in chromosome 7-associated long QT syndrome (LQTS), an inherited disorder associated with a markedly increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Second, blockade of Kv11.1, by a wide range of prescription medications, causes drug-induced QT prolongation with an increase in risk of sudden cardiac arrest. In the first part of this review, the properties of Kv11.1 channels, including biogenesis, trafficking, gating, and pharmacology are discussed, while the second part focuses on the pathophysiology of Kv11.1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie I. Vandenberg
- Mark Cowley Lidwill Research Programme in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Perry
- Mark Cowley Lidwill Research Programme in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mark J. Perrin
- Mark Cowley Lidwill Research Programme in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stefan A. Mann
- Mark Cowley Lidwill Research Programme in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ying Ke
- Mark Cowley Lidwill Research Programme in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Adam P. Hill
- Mark Cowley Lidwill Research Programme in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; and University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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30
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Kasai S, Kamata M, Masada S, Kunitomo J, Kamaura M, Okawa T, Takami K, Ogino H, Nakano Y, Ashina S, Watanabe K, Kaisho T, Imai YN, Ryu S, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Takekawa S, Kato K, Murata T, Suzuki N, Ishihara Y. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and pharmacological studies of novel melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists 3-aminomethylquinolines: reducing human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) associated liabilities. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4336-51. [PMID: 22490048 DOI: 10.1021/jm300167z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we discovered 3-aminomethylquinoline derivative 1, a selective, highly potent, centrally acting, and orally bioavailable human MCH receptor 1 (hMCHR1) antagonist, that inhibited food intake in F344 rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Subsequent investigation of 1 was discontinued because 1 showed potent hERG K(+) channel inhibition in a patch-clamp study. To decrease hERG K(+) channel inhibition, experiments with ligand-based drug designs based on 1 and a docking study were conducted. Replacement of the terminal p-fluorophenyl group with a cyclopropylmethoxy group, methyl group introduction on the benzylic carbon at the 3-position of the quinoline core, and employment of a [2-(acetylamino)ethyl]amino group as the amine portion eliminated hERG K(+) channel inhibitory activity in a patch-clamp study, leading to the discovery of N-{3-[(1R)-1-{[2-(acetylamino)ethyl]amino}ethyl]-8-methylquinolin-7-yl}-4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzamide (R)-10h. The compound (R)-10h showed potent inhibitory activity against hMCHR1 and dose-dependently suppressed food intake in a 2-day study on DIO-F344 rats. Furthermore, practical chiral synthesis of (R)-10h was performed to determine the molecule's absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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31
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Zhou J, Hu G. Effect of lead ion on the function of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene K+ channel. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 143:131-42. [PMID: 20890732 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8856-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a trace metal element in the human body. In order to understand the hazard mechanism of the elevated blood lead level on the human body, the effect of Pb(2+) on the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) K(+) channel in the HEK 293 cell was investigated for the first time using whole-cell patch clamp technique, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantum chemistry calculation methods. We found that Pb(2+) obviously inhibits the current of the hERG K(+) channel, and delays the "activation" and "deactivation" of the hERG K(+) channel, indicating that Pb(2+) evidently decreases the function of the K(+) channel in the cell. The effect is increased with increasing the concentration of Pb(2+). When the concentration of Pb(2+) is 400 μg L(-1), the function of the K(+) channel is entirely lost. The results from the molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry calculation indicated that Pb(2+) can coordinate with the oxygen/sulfur atoms in the K(+) channel protein, leading to the decrease in the function of the K(+) channel. According to the experimental results, we suggested that once the K(+) channel in the human body was irreversibly inactivated by Pb(2+), it would affect the treatment and prognosis of Pb(2+) intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemin Zhou
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210097, People's Republic of China
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32
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van Loevezijn A, Venhorst J, Iwema Bakker WI, de Korte CG, de Looff W, Verhoog S, van Wees JW, van Hoeve M, van de Woestijne RP, van der Neut MAW, Borst AJM, van Dongen MJP, de Bruin NMWJ, Keizer HG, Kruse CG. N′-(Arylsulfonyl)pyrazoline-1-carboxamidines as Novel, Neutral 5-Hydroxytryptamine 6 Receptor (5-HT6R) Antagonists with Unique Structural Features. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7030-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200466r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold van Loevezijn
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Venhorst
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter I. Iwema Bakker
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Cor G. de Korte
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Looff
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Verhoog
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Wees
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Hoeve
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Rob P. van de Woestijne
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Martina A. W. van der Neut
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Alice J. M. Borst
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. P. van Dongen
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M. W. J. de Bruin
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Hiskias G. Keizer
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Chris G. Kruse
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V. (formerly Solvay Pharmaceuticals B.V.), C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
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Tan Y, Chen Y, You Q, Sun H, Li M. Predicting the potency of hERG K+ channel inhibition by combining 3D-QSAR pharmacophore and 2D-QSAR models. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1023-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Choi KH, Song C, Shin D, Park S. hERG channel blockade by externally applied quaternary ammonium derivatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1560-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Marchese Robinson RL, Glen RC, Mitchell JBO. Development and Comparison of hERG Blocker Classifiers: Assessment on Different Datasets Yields Markedly Different Results. Mol Inform 2011; 30:443-58. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Jang JW, Song CM, Choi KH, Cho YS, Baek DJ, Shin KJ, Pae AN. In silico Analysis on hERG Channel Blocking Effect of a Series of T-type Calcium Channel Blockers. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Chemical inhibitors of the calcium entry channel TRPV6. Pharm Res 2010; 28:322-30. [PMID: 21057859 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Calcium entry channels in the plasma membrane are thought to play a major role in maintaining cellular Ca(2+) levels, crucial for growth and survival of normal and cancer cells. The calcium-selective channel TRPV6 is expressed in prostate, breast, and other cancer cells. Its expression coincides with cancer progression, suggesting that it drives cancer cell growth. However, no specific inhibitors for TRPV6 have been identified thus far. METHODS To develop specific TRPV6 inhibitors, we synthesized molecules based on the lead compound TH-1177, reported to inhibit calcium entry channels in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We found that one of our compounds (#03) selectively inhibited TRPV6 over five times better than TRPV5, whereas TH-1177 and the other synthesized compounds preferentially inhibited TRPV5. The IC(50) value for growth inhibition by blocking endogenous Ca(2+) entry channels in the LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line was 0.44 ± 0.07 μM compared to TH-1177 (50 ± 0.4 μM). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that compound #03 is a relatively selective and potent inhibitor for TRPV6 and that it is an interesting lead compound for the treatment of prostate cancer and other cancers of epithelial origin.
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38
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Perry M, Sanguinetti M, Mitcheson J. Revealing the structural basis of action of hERG potassium channel activators and blockers. J Physiol 2010; 588:3157-67. [PMID: 20643767 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.194670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ether-á-go-go related gene (hERG) potassium (K(+)) channels play a critical role in cardiac action potential repolarization. This is due, in large part, to the unique gating properties of these channels, which are characterized by relatively slow activation and an unusually fast and voltage-dependent inactivation. A large number of structurally diverse compounds bind to hERG and carry an unacceptably high risk of causing arrhythmias. On the other hand, drugs that increase hERG current may, at least in principle, prove useful for treatment of long QT syndrome. A few blockers have been shown to increase hERG current at potentials close to the threshold for channel activation--a process referred to as facilitation. More recently, a novel group of hERG channel activators have been identified that slow deactivation and/or attenuate inactivation. Structural determinants for the action of two different types of activators have been identified. These compounds bind at sites that are distinct from each other and also separate from the binding site of high affinity blockers. They reveal not only novel ways of chemically manipulating hERG channel function, but also interactions between structural domains that are critical to normal activation and inactivation gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Perry
- University of Utah, Department of Physiology, Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research & Training Institute, 95 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City,UT 84112, USA
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39
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Stary A, Wacker SJ, Boukharta L, Zachariae U, Karimi-Nejad Y, Aqvist J, Vriend G, de Groot BL. Toward a consensus model of the HERG potassium channel. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:455-67. [PMID: 20104563 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Malfunction of hERG potassium channels, due to inherited mutations or inhibition by drugs, can cause long QT syndrome, which can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. A three-dimensional structure of hERG is a prerequisite to understand the molecular basis of hERG malfunction. To achieve a consensus model, we carried out an extensive analysis of hERG models based on various alignments of helix S5. We analyzed seven models using a combination of conventional geometry/packing/normality validation methods as well as molecular dynamics simulations and molecular docking. A synthetic test set with the X-ray crystal structure of K(v)1.2 with artificially shifted S5 sequences modeled into the structure served as a reference case. We docked the known hERG inhibitors (+)-cisapride, (S)-terfenadine, and MK-499 into the hERG models and simulation snapshots. None of the single analyses unambiguously identified a preferred model, but the combination of all three revealed that there is only one model that fulfils all quality criteria. This model is confirmed by a recent mutation scanning experiment (P. Ju, G. Pages, R. P. Riek, P. C. Chen, A. M. Torres, P. S. Bansal, S. Kuyucak, P. W. Kuchel, J. I. Vandenberg, J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284, 1000-1008). We expect the modeled structure to be useful as a basis both for computational studies of channel function and kinetics as well as the design of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stary
- Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Quinazolin-4-piperidin-4-methyl sulfamide PC-1 inhibitors: alleviating hERG interactions through structure based design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3339-43. [PMID: 19435660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PC-1 (NPP-1) inhibitors may be useful as therapeutics for the treatment of CDDP (calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate) deposition disease and osteoarthritis. We have identified a series of potent quinazolin-4-piperidin-4-ethyl sulfamide PC-1 inhibitors. The series, however, suffers from high affinity binding to hERG potassium channels, which can cause drug-induced QT prolongation. We used a hERG homology model to identify potential key interactions between our compounds and hERG, and the information gained was used to design and prepare a series of quinazolin-4-piperidin-4-methyl sulfamides that retain PC-1 activity but lack binding affinity for hERG.
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