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Zhang W, Zou Q, Wang Q, Jin D, Jiang S, Qian P. Electrocatalytic C-H/S-H Coupling of Amino Pyrazoles and Thiophenols: Synthesis of Amino Pyrazole Thioether Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5434-5441. [PMID: 38581391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
A mild method for the C-H/S-H coupling of pyrazol-5-amines and thiophenols was developed via electrochemistry, giving diverse amino pyrazole thioether derivatives in 37-98% yields. This electrochemical reaction is sustainable and an atom-efficient approach with good functional group tolerance and scalability by avoiding metal and external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-derived Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
- Experimental and Training Management Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
| | - Quan Zou
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-derived Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-derived Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Jin
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-derived Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Experimental and Training Management Center, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
| | - Peng Qian
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-derived Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, P. R. China
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2
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Ahmed A, Trezza A, Gentile M, Paccagnini E, Panti A, Lupetti P, Spiga O, Bova S, Fusi F. Dynamin-independent Ca V1.2 and K Ca1.1 channels regulation and vascular tone modulation by the mitochondrial fission inhibitors dynasore and dyngo-4a. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175786. [PMID: 37179045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A role for mitochondrial fission in vascular contraction has been proposed based on the vasorelaxant activity of the dynamin (and mitochondrial fission) inhibitors mdivi-1 and dynasore. However, mdivi-1 is capable to inhibit Ba2+ currents through CaV1.2 channels (IBa1.2), stimulate KCa1.1 channel currents (IKCa1.1), and modulate pathways key to the maintenance of vessel active tone in a dynamin-independent manner. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the present study demonstrates that dynasore, like mdivi-1, is a bi-functional vasodilator, blocking IBa1.2 and stimulating IKCa1.1 in rat tail artery myocytes, as well as promoting relaxation of rat aorta rings pre-contracted by either high K+ or phenylephrine. Conversely, its analogue dyngo-4a, though inhibiting mitochondrial fission triggered by phenylephrine and stimulating IKCa1.1, did not affect IBa1.2 but potentiated both high K+- and phenylephrine-induced contractions. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations identified the molecular basis supporting the different activity of dynasore and dyngo-4a at CaV1.2 and KCa1.1 channels. Mito-tempol only partially counteracted the effects of dynasore and dyngo-4a on phenylephrine-induced tone. In conclusion, the present data, along with previous observations (Ahmed et al., 2022) rise caution for the use of dynasore, mdivi-1, and dyngo-4a as tools to investigate the role of mitochondrial fission in vascular contraction: to this end, a selective dynamin inhibitor and/or a different experimental approach are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Ahmed
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariangela Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Eugenio Paccagnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alice Panti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Lupetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sergio Bova
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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3
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Carullo G, Falbo F, Ahmed A, Trezza A, Gianibbi B, Nicolotti O, Campiani G, Aiello F, Saponara S, Fusi F. Artificial intelligence-driven identification of morin analogues acting as Ca V1.2 channel blockers: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106326. [PMID: 36563413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Morin is a vasorelaxant flavonoid, whose activity is ascribable to CaV1.2 channel blockade that, however, is weak as compared to that of clinically used therapeutic agents. A conventional strategy to circumvent this drawback is to synthesize new derivatives differently decorated and, in this context, morin-derivatives able to interact with CaV1.2 channels were found by employing the potential of PLATO in target fishing and reverse screening. Three different derivatives (5a-c) were selected as promising tools, synthesized, and investigated in in vitro functional studies using rat aorta rings and rat tail artery myocytes. 5a-c were found more effective vasorelaxant agents than the naturally occurring parent compound and antagonized both electro- and pharmaco-mechanical coupling in an endothelium-independent manner. 5a, the series' most potent, reduced also Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular store sites. Furthermore, 5a≈5c > 5b inhibited Ba2+ current through CaV1.2 channels. However, compound 5a caused also a concentration-dependent inhibition of KCa1.1 channel currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Falbo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gianibbi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Orazio Nicolotti
- Department of Pharmacy- Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Ed. Polifunzionale, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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4
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Carullo G, Saponara S, Ahmed A, Gorelli B, Mazzotta S, Trezza A, Gianibbi B, Campiani G, Fusi F, Aiello F. Novel Labdane Diterpenes-Based Synthetic Derivatives: Identification of a Bifunctional Vasodilator That Inhibits Ca V1.2 and Stimulates K Ca1.1 Channels. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080515. [PMID: 36005518 PMCID: PMC9410420 DOI: 10.3390/md20080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes such as leucodin and the labdane-type diterpene manool are natural compounds endowed with remarkably in vitro vasorelaxant and in vivo hypotensive activities. Given their structural similarity with the sesquiterpene lactone (+)-sclareolide, this molecule was selected as a scaffold to develop novel vasoactive agents. Functional, electrophysiology, and molecular dynamics studies were performed. The opening of the five-member lactone ring in the (+)-sclareolide provided a series of labdane-based small molecules, promoting a significant in vitro vasorelaxant effect. Electrophysiology data identified 7 as a CaV1.2 channel blocker and a KCa1.1 channel stimulator. These activities were also confirmed in the intact vascular tissue. The significant antagonism caused by the CaV1.2 channel agonist Bay K 8644 suggested that 7 might interact with the dihydropyridine binding site. Docking and molecular dynamic simulations provided the molecular basis of the CaV1.2 channel blockade and KCa1.1 channel stimulation produced by 7. Finally, 7 reduced coronary perfusion pressure and heart rate, while prolonging conduction and refractoriness of the atrioventricular node, likely because of its Ca2+ antagonism. Taken together, these data indicate that the labdane scaffold represents a valuable starting point for the development of new vasorelaxant agents endowed with negative chronotropic properties and targeting key pathways involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension and ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sarah Mazzotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gianibbi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Edif. Polifunzionale, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (F.A.)
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5
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Li B, Chen C, Jia J, He L. Research progress on antineoplastic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of seven-membered heterocyclic derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5076-5096. [PMID: 35345989 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220328123953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Seven-membered heterocyclic compounds are important drug scaffolds, because of their unique chemical structures. They widely exist in natural products and show a variety of biological activities. They have commonly been used in central nervous system drugs in the past 30 years. In the past decade, there are many studies on the activities of antitumor, antibacterial, etc. Herein, we summarize the research advances in different kinds of seven-membered heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur heteroatoms with antitumor, antisepsis, and anti-inflammation activities in the past ten years, which is expected to be beneficial to the development and design of novel drugs for the corresponding indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingjing Jia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Annes SB, Saritha R, Chandru K, Mandali PK, Ramesh S. Metal- and Solvent-Free Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Amino Pyrazole Thioether Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16473-16484. [PMID: 34747592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed an iodine-mediated cascade strategy to synthesize amino pyrazole thioether derivatives (11) in the absence of metals as well as solvents. The present approach provides amino pyrazole thioethers in a highly selective manner without the formation of diaryl sulfide and sulfenyl-enaminonitrile with broad substrate scope. The reactivity of nine sulfenylation sources and synthetic applications of the synthesized compounds have been demonstrated. Thus, the overall iodine-mediated multicomponent reaction (MCR) is more economically feasible, efficient, and environmentally benign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesuraj Babiola Annes
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendhiran Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppusamy Chandru
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Mandali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subburethinam Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Carullo G, Ahmed A, Trezza A, Spiga O, Brizzi A, Saponara S, Fusi F, Aiello F. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of ester-based quercetin derivatives as selective vascular K Ca1.1 channel stimulators. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104404. [PMID: 33142229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin represents one of the most studied dietary flavonoids; it exerts a panel of pharmacological activities particularly on the cardiovascular system. Stimulation of vascular KCa1.1 channels contributes to its vasorelaxant activity, which is, however, counteracted in part by its concomitant stimulation of CaV1.2 channels. Therefore, several quercetin hybrid derivatives were designed and synthesized to produce a more selective KCa1.1 channel stimulator, then assessed both in silico and in vitro. All the derivatives interacted with the KCa1.1 channel with similar binding energy values. Among the selected derivatives, 1E was a weak vasodilator, though displaying an interesting CaV1.2 channel blocking activity. The lipoyl derivatives 1F and 3F, though showing pharmacological and electrophysiological features similar to those of quercetin, seemed to be more effective as KCa1.1 channel stimulators as compared to the parent compound. The strategy pursued demonstrated how different chemical substituents on the quercetin core can change/invert its effect on CaV1.2 channels or enhance its KCa1.1 channel stimulatory activity, thus opening new avenues for the synthesis of efficacious vasorelaxant quercetin hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, DoE 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Trezza
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella Brizzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Saponara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Fabio Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE 2018-2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, DoE 2018-2022, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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8
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Fusi F, Mugnai P, Trezza A, Spiga O, Sgaragli G. Fine tuning by protein kinases of Ca V1.2 channel current in rat tail artery myocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114263. [PMID: 33035505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen compounds, rather selective, direct or indirect inhibitors and activators of PKA, PKG, and PKC, were analysed for effects on vascular CaV1.2 channel current (ICa1.2) by using the patch-clamp technique in single rat tail artery myocytes. The aim was to investigate how PKs regulate ICa1.2 and disclose any unexpected modulation of CaV1.2 channel function by these agents. The cAMP analogues 8-Br-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP partially reduced ICa1.2 in dialysed cells, while weakly increasing it under the perforated configuration. The β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin concentration-dependently increased ICa1.2; this effect was reversed by PKA inhibitors H-89 and KT5720, but not by PKI 6-22. The cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP, similarly to the NO-donor SNP, moderately reduced ICa1.2, this effect being reversed to a slight stimulation under the perforated configuration. Among PKG inhibitors, Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS decreased current amplitude in a concentration-dependent manner while Rp-8-Br-cGMPS was ineffective. The non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX increased ICa1.2, while H-89, KT5720, and PKI 6-22 antagonized this effect. The PKC activator PMA, but not the diacylglycerol analogue OAG, stimulated ICa1.2 in a concentration-dependent manner; conversely, the PKCα inhibitor Gö6976 markedly reduced basal ICa1.2 and, similarly to the PKCδ (rottlerin) and PKCε translocation inhibitors antagonised PMA-induced current stimulation. The ensemble of findings indicates that the stimulation of cAMP/PKA, in spite of the paradoxical effect of both 8-Br-cAMP and 6-Bnz-cAMP, or PKC pathways enhanced, while that of cGMP/PKG weakly inhibited ICa1.2 in rat tail artery myocytes. Since Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS and Gö6976 appeared to block directly CaV1.2 channel, their docking to the channel protein was investigated. Both compounds appeared to bind the α1C subunit in a region involved in CaV1.2 channel inactivation, forming an interaction network comparable to that of CaV1.2 channel blockers. Therefore, caution should accompany the use of these agents as pharmacological tools to elucidate the mechanism of action of drugs on vascular preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fusi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Mugnai
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - A Trezza
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - O Spiga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - G Sgaragli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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9
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Geng X, Liu S, Wang W, Qu J, Wang B. tert-Amino Effect-Promoted Rearrangement of Aryl Isothiocyanate: A Versatile Approach to Benzimidazothiazepines and Benzimidazothioethers. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12635-12643. [PMID: 32875799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical approach to benzimidazothiazepine and benzimidazothioether derivatives via an intramolecular nucleophilic addition/ring expansion rearrangement of aryl isothiocyanates promoted by the tert-amino effect has been developed. This reaction is catalyzed by low-cost camphorsulfonic acid and tolerates a broad substrate scope with complete atom economy. Structurally intriguing benzimidazothiazepine and benzimidazothioether products could be easily obtained by a simple operation in good to excellent yield (up to 98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, P. R. China
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10
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He FS, Wu Y, Zhang J, Xia H, Wu J. Thiosulfonylation of alkenes with the insertion of sulfur dioxide under non-metallic conditions. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00824h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of 1-(2-allylaryl)thioureas, sulfur dioxide, and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under mild conditions is realized, leading to sulfonated [3,1]-benzothiazepines in good yields. High efficiency is observed for this non-metallic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng He
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Youqian Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Hongguang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center of Clinical Pharmacy of The First Affiliated Hospital
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
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11
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Jiang KM, Luesakul U, Zhao SY, An K, Muangsin N, Neamati N, Jin Y, Lin J. Tautomeric-Dependent Lactam Cycloaddition with Nitrile Oxide: Facile Synthesis of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole[4,5- a]indolone Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3123-3134. [PMID: 30023685 PMCID: PMC6044867 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A concise, metal-free, and gram-scale strategy to convert indoline-2,3-diones to 1,2,4-oxadiazole[4,5-a]indolones through an improved [3 + 2] cycloaddition of α-ketone-lactam with nitrile oxides has been developed. The lactim form of the resonance structure of isatin in protic solvents is the key active dipolarophile that shows chemo- and regioselectivity under experimental and theoretical conditions. This strategy conveniently enabled the assembly of several 1,2,4-oxadiazole[4,5-a]indolines with a broad range of functional groups. Compounds 3a and 4b exhibit cytotoxicity in the NCI/ADR-RES, SKOV3, and OVCAR8 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Jiang
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Urarika Luesakul
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Translational Oncology
Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Shu-Yue Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Kun An
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Nongnuj Muangsin
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Translational Oncology
Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yi Jin
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Translational Oncology
Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jun Lin
- Key
Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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12
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Modem S, Kankala S, Balaboina R, Thirukovela NS, Jonnalagadda SB, Vadde R, Vasam CS. Decarbonylation of Salicylaldehyde Activated byp-Cymene Ruthenium(II) Dimer: Implication for Catalytic Alkyne Hydrothiolation. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarangapani Modem
- Department of Chemistry; Kakatiya University; 506009 Warangal Telangana State India
| | - Shravankumar Kankala
- Department of Chemistry; Kakatiya University; 506009 Warangal Telangana State India
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of Kwazulu-Natal; Westville Compus, Chiltern Hills 4000 Durban South Africa
| | - Ramesh Balaboina
- Department of Chemistry; Kakatiya University; 506009 Warangal Telangana State India
| | | | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of Kwazulu-Natal; Westville Compus, Chiltern Hills 4000 Durban South Africa
| | - Ravinder Vadde
- Department of Chemistry; Kakatiya University; 506009 Warangal Telangana State India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Vasam
- Department of Chemistry; Satavahana University; Karimnagar Telangana State India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Telangana University; Nizamabad Telangana State India
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13
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Young LM, Geldenhuys WJ, Domingo OC, Malan SF, Van der Schyf CJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pentacycloundecylamines and Triquinylamines as Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:252-67. [PMID: 26892182 PMCID: PMC5482218 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies for neurodegenerative diseases have shown a multi-targeted approach to be successful in the treatment of these complex disorders with several pathoetiological pathways. Polycyclic compounds, such as NGP1-01 (7a), have demonstrated the ability to target multiple mechanisms of the complex etiology and are referred to as multifunctional compounds. These compounds have served as scaffolds with the ability to attenuate Ca(2+) overload and excitotoxicity through several pathways. In this study, our focus was on mitigating Ca(2+) overload through the L-type calcium channels (LTCC). Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of several novel polycyclic compounds. We determined the IC50 values for both the pentacycloundecylamines and the triquinylamines by means of a high-throughput fluorescence calcium flux assay utilizing Fura-2/AM. The potential of these compounds to offer protection against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was also evaluated. Overall, 8-benzylamino-8,11-oxapentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2,6) .0(3,10) .0(5,9) ]undecane (NGP1-01, 7a) had the most favorable pharmacological profile with an IC50 value of 86 µM for LTCC inhibition and significant reduction of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. In general, the triquinylamines were more active as LTCC blockers than the oxa-pentacycloundecylamines. The aza-pentacycloundecylamines were potent LTCC inhibitors, with 8-hydroxy-N-phenylethyl-8,11-azapentacyclo[5.4.0.0(2,6) .0(3,10) .0(5,9) ]undecane (8b) also able to offer significant protection in the cell viability assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois-May Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Werner J. Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Olwen C. Domingo
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Sarel F. Malan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Cornelis J. Van der Schyf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
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14
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Mirza B. An efficient mEthod for the One-Pot Tandem Synthesis of 3,5-Disubstituted-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles from Benzyl Halides. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14353363823928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a one-pot tandem approach for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives from benzyl halides and amidoxime is reported. Derivatives of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole were obtained in excellent yields under mild conditions using DMSO in the absence of an additional oxidant. Benzyl bromides bearing a range of substituents proved to be suitable substrates for this method which provides a very efficient and convenient application of the Kornblum oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Mirza
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Bottoni A, Calvaresi M, Cosimelli B, Mazzanti A, Rambaldi M, Spinelli D. An Unexpected Pathway to Enantiomerization of Hemithioketals in Toluene Involving a Dimeric Transition State: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Elucidating chemical reactivity and transition state of mononuclear rearrangement of heterocycles through the use of compartimentalized micellar media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Cosimelli B, Frenna V, Rambaldi M, Severi E, Spinelli D. On the reactivity of nitrosoimidazoles with acids (the Cusmano–Ruccia reaction): a continuous source of new ring-into-ring interconversion. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Martínez WR, Militão GCG, da Silva TG, Silva RO, Menezes PH. Synthesis of novel [3,1]-benzothiazepine and [3,1]-benzoxazepine derivatives with antitumoral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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19
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Martínez WR, Militão GCG, da Silva TG, Silva RO, Menezes PH. Synthesis of novel [3,1]-benzothiazepine and [3,1]-benzoxazepine derivatives with antitumoral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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20
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Martínez WR, Militão GCG, da Silva TG, Silva RO, Menezes PH. Synthesis of novel [3,1]-benzothiazepine and [3,1]-benzoxazepine derivatives with antitumoral activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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New linezolid-like 1,2,4-oxadiazoles active against Gram-positive multiresistant pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 65:533-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Kandre S, Bhagat PR, Sharma R, Gupte A. Microwave assisted synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from substituted amidoximes and benzoyl cyanides. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Ioan P, Ciogli A, Sirci F, Budriesi R, Cosimelli B, Pierini M, Severi E, Chiarini A, Cruciani G, Gasparrini F, Spinelli D, Carosati E. Absolute configuration and biological profile of two thiazinooxadiazol-3-ones with L-type calcium channel activity: a study of the structural effects. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8994-9003. [PMID: 23073236 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25946j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the framework of our interest in racemic thiazinooxadiazol-3-ones we determined the absolute configuration and the biological activity as L-type calcium channel blockers of two compounds that differ in the length of the acetal chain, which could affect the pharmacological profile. We observed an interesting inversion of the stereoselectivity, with the activity residing on the R-form for a short chain compound (n = 1) and on the S-form for a long chain one (n = 12). The length of the linear acetal chain appears to be able to invert the stereoselectivity of such a class of compounds, and in silico simulations suggested that this different behaviour might be explained by different hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierfranco Ioan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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24
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D’Anna F, Frenna V, Ghelfi F, Marullo S, Spinelli D. Acid- and Base-Catalysis in the Mononuclear Rearrangement of Some (Z)-Arylhydrazones of 5-Amino-3-benzoyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole in Toluene: Effect of Substituents on the Course of Reaction. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2672-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200066n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D’Anna
- Dipartimento STEMBIO, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Frenna
- Dipartimento STEMBIO, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Franco Ghelfi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marullo
- Dipartimento STEMBIO, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Brincat JP, Carosati E, Sabatini S, Manfroni G, Fravolini A, Raygada JL, Patel D, Kaatz GW, Cruciani G. Discovery of novel inhibitors of the NorA multidrug transporter of Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Chem 2010; 54:354-65. [PMID: 21141825 DOI: 10.1021/jm1011963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Four novel inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus, discovered through a virtual screening process, are reported. The four compounds belong to different chemical classes and were tested for their in vitro ability to block the efflux of a well-known NorA substrate, as well as for their ability to potentiate the effect of ciprofloxacin (CPX) on several strains of S. aureus, including a NorA overexpressing strain. Additionally, the MIC values of each of the compounds individually are reported. A structure-activity relationship study was also performed on these novel chemotypes, revealing three new compounds that are also potent NorA inhibitors. The virtual screening procedure employed FLAP, a new methodology based on GRID force field descriptors.
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26
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D'Anna F, Fontana G, Frenna V, Macaluso G, Marullo S, Spinelli D. A deep insight into the mechanism of the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of the Z-phenylhydrazone of 5-amino-3-benzoyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole in a non-polar solvent. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Ciogli A, Fioravanti S, Gasparrini F, Pellacani L, Rizzato E, Spinelli D, Tardella PA. An Unexpected Highly Stereoselective Bisaziridination of (E,E)-1,4-Dialkyl-2,3-dinitrobutadienes Followed by a Nitro Group Driven Ring Enlargement. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9314-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Egon Rizzato
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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28
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A possible correlation between the correction of endothelial dysfunction and normalization of high blood pressure levels by 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative, an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker in deoxycorticosterone acetate and N(G)-nitro-l-arginine hypertensive rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 183:327-31. [PMID: 19912999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the vasorelaxant activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative (NOX-1) through L-type Ca2+ channel blockage. In the present study, we investigated whether the correction of endothelial dysfunction is dependent on the normalization of high blood pressure levels by 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative (NOX-1) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA-salt) and N(G)-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) hypertensive rats. In DOCA-salt and L-NNA hypertensive rats, the mean systolic blood pressure (MSBB) was 185.3+/-4.7 and 170.2+/-4.1 mmHg, whereas after administration of NOX-1 to hypertensive rats, MSBB was 127.8+/-4.5 and 120.2+/-5.1 mmHg, respectively. To study the endothelial dysfunction, concentration-response curves of norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach) were constructed in rat aortic rings isolated from normotensive, hypertensive (DOCA and L-NNA) and NOX-1 treated rats. NE-induced contractions and Ach-induced relaxations were significantly (p<0.05) decreased and increased, respectively in the aorta of NOX-1 treated rats. Vasorelaxant activity of NOX-1 was not abolished by pretreatment of aortic rings with L-NNA, 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-A] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), indomethacin or glibenclamide. The results suggest that the endothelial dysfunction can be corrected by the L-type Ca2+ channel blocker with endothelium-independent action and that is dependent on the normalization of high blood pressure levels. The antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of NOX-1 are mainly endothelial-independent and it can be used to treat hypertension, a state associated with endothelial dysfunction.
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29
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Bankar GR, Nandakumar K, Nayak PG, Thakur A, Chamallamudi MR, Nampurath GK. Vasorelaxant effect in rat aortic rings through calcium channel blockage: A preliminary in vitro assessment of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:377-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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