1
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Uba AI, Paradis NJ, Wu C, Zengin G. Phenolic compounds as potential adenosine deaminase inhibitors: molecular docking and dynamics simulation coupled with MM-GBSA calculations. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1729-1743. [PMID: 37517044 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a Zn2+-containing enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine to inosine or deoxyadenosine to deoxyinosine. In addition to this enzymatic function, ADA mediates cell-to-cell interactions involved in lymphocyte co-stimulation or endothelial activation. ADA is implicated in cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and certain types of cancers, including lymphoma and leukemia. To date, only two drugs (pentostatin and cladribine) have been approved for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia. In search of natural ADA inhibitors, we demonstrated the binding of selected phenolic compounds to the active site of ADA using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Our results show that phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and hyperoside) stabilized the ADA complex by forming persistent interactions with the catalytically essential Zn2+ ion. Furthermore, MM-GBSA ligand binding affinity calculations revealed that hyperoside had a comparable binding energy score (ΔG = - 46.56 ± 8.26 kcal/mol) to that of the cocrystal ligand in the ADA crystal structure (PDB ID: 1O5R) (ΔG = - 51.97 ± 4.70 kcal/mol). Similarly, chlorogenic acid exhibited a binding energy score (ΔG = - 18.76 ± 4.60 kcal/mol) comparable to those of the two approved ADA inhibitor drugs pentostatin (ΔG = - 14.54 ± 2.25 kcal/mol) and cladribine (ΔG = - 25.52 ± 4.10 kcal/mol) while quercetin was found to have modest binding affinity (ΔG = - 8.85 ± 7.32 kcal/mol). This study provides insights into the possible inhibitory potential of these phenolic compounds against ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, 34537, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Chun Wu
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA.
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42300, Konya, Turkey.
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2
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Shaban RM, Samir N, Nissan YM, Abouzid KAM. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation with molecular dynamics study of novel pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives as anti-cancer agents. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17074-17096. [PMID: 37293475 PMCID: PMC10245091 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00446e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In continuation of our efforts to discover new structural chemotypes with significant chemotherapeutic activities, a novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-based compounds linked to a piperazine ring, bearing different aromatic moieties, through different linkages was designed and synthesized as FLT3 inhibitors. All of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity on 60-NCI cell lines. Compounds with the piperazine acetamide linkage XIIa-f & XVI exhibited a remarkable anticancer activity among all of the tested compounds, especially against non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, leukemia and renal cancer models. Furthermore, compound XVI (NSC no - 833644) was further screened with a 5-dose assay on nine subpanels and exhibited a GI50 between 1.17 and 18.40 μM. On the other hand, molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed to predict the binding mode of the newly synthesized compounds in the FLT3 binding domain. Finally, through a predictive kinetic study, several ADME descriptors were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Shaban
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) Giza Egypt
| | - Nermin Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Yassin M Nissan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) Giza Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Khaled A M Abouzid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Abbassia Cairo 11566 Egypt
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3
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Egbewande FA, Schwartz BD, Duffy S, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis and Antimalarial Evaluation of Halogenated Analogues of Thiaplakortone A. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050317. [PMID: 37233511 DOI: 10.3390/md21050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of bromine, iodine or fluorine into the tricyclic core structure of thiaplakortone A (1), a potent antimalarial marine natural product, is reported. Although yields were low, it was possible to synthesise a small nine-membered library using the previously synthesised Boc-protected thiaplakortone A (2) as a scaffold for late-stage functionalisation. The new thiaplakortone A analogues (3-11) were generated using N-bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide or a Diversinate™ reagent. The chemical structures of all new analogues were fully characterised by 1D/2D NMR, UV, IR and MS data analyses. All compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (drug-sensitive) and Dd2 (drug-resistant) strains. Incorporation of halogens at positions 2 and 7 of the thiaplakortone A scaffold was shown to reduce antimalarial activity compared to the natural product. Of the new compounds, the mono-brominated analogue (compound 5) displayed the best antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 0.559 and 0.058 μM against P. falciparum 3D7 and Dd2, respectively, with minimal toxicity against a human cell line (HEK293) observed at 80 μM. Of note, the majority of the halogenated compounds showed greater efficacy against the P. falciparum drug-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake A Egbewande
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Brett D Schwartz
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Sandra Duffy
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Centre for Cellular Phenomics, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Discovery Biology, Centre for Cellular Phenomics, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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4
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Kassab AE. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold: A review on synthetic approaches and EGFR and VEGFR inhibitory activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200424. [PMID: 36192144 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine core has received a lot of interest from the medicinal chemistry community as a promising framework for drug design and discovery. It is an isostere of the adenine ring of adenosine triphosphate, which allows it to mimic kinase active site hinge region binding contacts. This scaffold has a wide pharmacological and biological value, one of which is as an anticancer agent. Many successful anticancer medicines have been designed and synthesized using pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine as a key pharmacophore. The main synthetic routes of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as well as their recent developments as promising anticancer agents acting as endothelial growth factor receptors and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors, published in the time frame from 1999 to 2022, are summarized in this review to set the direction for the design and synthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives for clinical deployment in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa E Kassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Pasquini S, Contri C, Borea PA, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7685. [PMID: 34299305 PMCID: PMC8304851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect through the interaction with four G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes referred as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), each of which has a unique pharmacological profile and tissue distribution. Adenosine is a potent modulator of inflammation, and for this reason the adenosinergic system represents an excellent pharmacological target for the myriad of diseases in which inflammation represents a cause, a pathogenetic mechanism, a consequence, a manifestation, or a protective factor. The omnipresence of ARs in every cell of the immune system as well as in almost all cells in the body represents both an opportunity and an obstacle to the clinical use of AR ligands. This review offers an overview of the cardinal role of adenosine in the modulation of inflammation, showing how the stimulation or blocking of its receptors or agents capable of regulating its extracellular concentration can represent promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
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6
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Pellegrini C, Bertani L, Nemeth ZH, Blandizzi C. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: It's Time for the Adenosine System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1310. [PMID: 32849492 PMCID: PMC7403190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Bertani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zoltan H Nemeth
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Ludford PT, Tor Y. Ascertaining the activity and inhibition of adenosine deaminase via fluorescence-based assays. Methods Enzymol 2020; 639:71-90. [PMID: 32475413 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence-based assay for adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and inhibition, which may also be formatted as an inhibitor discovery assay, is described. It relies on differences in fluorescence between an isothiazolo-based adenosine analogs (tzA) and its deaminated product, the corresponding inosine derivative (tzI), which facilitates a real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity. Inhibitors are added to the enzyme-substrate reaction mixture at various concentrations and the fluorescence signal is recorded over 10min. The percent inhibition is calculated from the signal change at 10min relative to the uninhibited reaction. The percent inhibition is plotted against inhibitor concentration and fitted to a Hill curve. IC50 values are then calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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8
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Egbewande FA, Coster MJ, Jenkins ID, Davis RA. Reaction of Papaverine with Baran Diversinates TM. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213938. [PMID: 31683610 PMCID: PMC6864744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction of papaverine with a series of Baran DiversinatesTM is reported. Although the yields were low, it was possible to synthesize a small biodiscovery library using this plant alkaloid as a scaffold for late-stage C–H functionalization. Ten papaverine analogues (2–11), including seven new compounds, were synthesized. An unexpected radical-induced exchange reaction is reported where the dimethoxybenzyl group of papaverine was replaced by an alkyl group. This side reaction enabled the synthesis of additional novel fragments based on the isoquinoline scaffold, which is present in numerous natural products. Possible reasons for the poor yields in the DiversinateTM reactions with this particular scaffold are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folake A Egbewande
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Mark J Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Ian D Jenkins
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia.
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9
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Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Haskó G. The Purinergic System as a Pharmacological Target for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:345-382. [PMID: 31235653 PMCID: PMC6592405 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite differing etiologies, these diseases share common inflammatory pathways, which lead to damage in primary target organs and frequently to a plethora of systemic effects as well. The purinergic signaling complex comprising extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and their receptors, the P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively, as well as catabolic enzymes and nucleoside transporters is a major regulatory system in the body. The purinergic signaling complex can regulate the development and course of IMIDs. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the role of purinergic signaling in controlling immunity, inflammation, and organ function in IMIDs. In addition, we discuss the possible therapeutic applications of drugs acting on purinergic pathways, which have been entering clinical development, to manage patients suffering from IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Pál Pacher
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
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10
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Immobilized Enzyme Reactors: an Overview of Applications in Drug Discovery from 2008 to 2018. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Dal Ben D, Antonioli L, Lambertucci C, Fornai M, Blandizzi C, Volpini R. Purinergic Ligands as Potential Therapeutic Tools for the Treatment of Inflammation-Related Intestinal Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:212. [PMID: 29593540 PMCID: PMC5861216 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation-related intestinal diseases are a set of various conditions presenting an overactive enteric immune system. A continuous overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a decreased production of anti-inflammatory modulators are generally observed, while morpho-functional alterations of the enteric nervous system lead to intestinal secretory and motor dysfunctions. The factors at the basis of these conditions are still to be totally identified and current therapeutic strategies are aimed only at achieving and maintaining remission states, by using therapeutic tools like aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biological drugs (i.e., monoclonal antibodies), and eventually surgery. Recent reports described a key role of purinergic mediators (i.e., adenosine and its nucleotides ATP and ADP) in the regulation of the activity of immune cells and enteric nervous system, showing also that alterations of the purinergic signaling are linked to pathological conditions of the intestinal tract. These data prompted to a series of investigations to test the therapeutic potential for inflammation-related intestinal conditions of compounds able to restore or modulate an altered purinergic signaling within the gut. This review provides an overview on these investigations, describing the results of preclinical and/or clinical evaluation of compounds able to stimulate or inhibit specific P2 (i.e., P2X7) or P1 (i.e., A2A or A3) receptor signaling and to modify the adenosine levels through the modulation of enzymes activity (i.e., Adenosine Deaminase) or nucleoside transporters. Recent developments in the field are also reported and the most promising purine-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammation-related gastrointestinal disorders are schematically summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Dal Ben
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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12
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Bagheri S, Squitti R, Haertlé T, Siotto M, Saboury AA. Role of Copper in the Onset of Alzheimer's Disease Compared to Other Metals. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 29472855 PMCID: PMC5810277 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by amyloid plaques in patients' brain tissue. The plaques are mainly made of β-amyloid peptides and trace elements including Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+. Some studies have shown that AD can be considered a type of metal dyshomeostasis. Among metal ions involved in plaques, numerous studies have focused on copper ions, which seem to be one of the main cationic elements in plaque formation. The involvement of copper in AD is controversial, as some studies show a copper deficiency in AD, and consequently a need to enhance copper levels, while other data point to copper overload and therefore a need to reduce copper levels. In this paper, the role of copper ions in AD and some contradictory reports are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Thomas Haertlé
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- UR 1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Equipe Fonctions et Interactions des Protéines, Nantes, France
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Ali A. Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Zhang XG, Liu JW, Tang P, Liu ZY, Guo GJ, Sun QY, Yin JJ. Identification of a New Uncompetitive Inhibitor of Adenosine Deaminase from Endophyte Aspergillus niger sp. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:565-573. [PMID: 29243069 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme widely distributed from bacteria to humans. ADA is known as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders and cancer. Endophytes are endosymbionts, often bacteria or fungi, which live within plant tissues and internal organs or intercellular space. Endophytes have a broad variety of bioactive metabolites that are used for the identification of novel natural compounds. Here, 54 morphologically distinct endophyte strains were isolated from six plants such as Peganum harmala Linn., Rheum officinale Baill., Gentiana macrophylla Pall., Radix stephaniae tetrandrae, Myrrha, and Equisetum hyemale Linn. The isolated strains were used for the search of ADA inhibitors that resulted in the identification of the strain with the highest inhibition activity, Aspergillus niger sp. Four compounds were isolated from this strain using three-step chromatography procedure, and compound 2 was determined as the compound with the highest inhibition activity of ADA. Based on the results of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, compound 2 was identified as 3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl isoxazole. We showed that compound 2 was a new uncompetitive inhibitor of ADA with high cytotoxic effect on HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells (the IC50 values were 0.347 and 0.380 mM, respectively). These results suggest that endophyte strains serve as promising sources for the identification of ADA inhibitors, and compound 2 could be an effective drug in the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Jin-Wen Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Peng Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Guang-Jun Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Herbal-Tebitan Drug Screening and Deep Processing of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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14
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Schejbal J, Glatz Z. Immobilized-enzyme reactors integrated with capillary electrophoresis for pharmaceutical research. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:323-335. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schejbal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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15
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Oruganti M, Nechipadappu SK, Khade PA, Trivedi DR. Solid-State Versatility of the Molecular Salts/Cocrystals of 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic Acid: A Case Study on Halogen Bonds. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:7146-7162. [PMID: 31457294 PMCID: PMC6645404 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid (2c4n) is an antiviral agent used for the treatment of HIV infection and to boost the immune response in immune deficiency diseases. In the present study, a series of eight molecular salts of 2c4n with pyridyl and benzoic acid derivatives have been synthesized by a crystal engineering approach and were characterized structurally by various spectroscopic, thermal, and X-ray diffraction techniques. Crystal structures of all synthesized molecular salts were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. In all synthesized molecular salts, the charge-assisted acid···pyridine/amine heterosynthon was found to be the primary supramolecular synthon. The synthesized salts, namely, 2c4n.g and 2c4n.h salts were found to be isostructural. Further, in the current work, the occurrence of weak halogen bonds in the presence of strong hydrogen bonds in the synthesized and in the reported molecular salts/cocrystals of 2c4n has been investigated. A detailed inspection of the crystal structures of salts/cocrystals of 2c4n was carried out to demonstrate the importance of halogen bonds in these crystal structures. It was found that 4 out of 8 synthesized molecular salts and 12 out of 24 reported molecular adducts of 2c4n were found to exhibit halogen bonds in their crystal structures. A similar kind of conformational change was observed for molecular salts exhibiting halogen bonds in their crystal structures; however, the conformations were found to be slightly different in other molecular salts. It was observed that two-point primary supramolecular synthon and stronger intramolecular Cl···O halogen bonds in the molecular adducts of 2c4n are found to be more susceptible to exhibit halogen bonds in their crystal structures. Halogen bond interactions played a vital role in the crystal stabilization of these molecular adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Oruganti
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, National Institute
of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore, 575 025 Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Nechipadappu
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, National Institute
of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore, 575 025 Karnataka, India
| | - Pavan A. Khade
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, National Institute
of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore, 575 025 Karnataka, India
| | - Darshak R. Trivedi
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, National Institute
of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore, 575 025 Karnataka, India
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16
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Zhidkov ME, Kutkin AV, Fetisova EN, Zverev DM, Zaraeva NV, Gorokhov VV, Chubarova OV. Synthesis of new 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,5-dihydropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of 6-substituted 4-amino-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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An Unusual Protector-Protégé Strategy for the Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleoside Antibiotics. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:171-181. [PMID: 28111097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pentostatin (PTN, deoxycoformycin) and arabinofuranosyladenine (Ara-A, vidarabine) are purine nucleoside antibiotics used clinically to treat hematological cancers and human DNA virus infections, respectively. PTN has a 1,3-diazepine ring, and Ara-A is an adenosine analog with an intriguing epimerization at the C-2' hydroxyl group. However, the logic underlying the biosynthesis of these interesting molecules has long remained elusive. Here, we report that the biosynthesis of PTN and Ara-A employs an unusual protector-protégé strategy. To our surprise, we determined that a single gene cluster governs PTN and Ara-A biosynthesis via two independent pathways. Moreover, we verified that PenB functions as a reversible oxidoreductase for the final step of PTN. Remarkably, we provided the first direct biochemical evidence that PTN can protect Ara-A from deamination by selective inhibition of the host adenosine deaminase. These findings expand our knowledge of natural product biosynthesis and open the way for target-directed genome mining of Ara-A/PTN-related antibiotics.
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Arun KG, Sharanya CS, Sandeep PM, Sadasivan C. Inhibitory activity of hibifolin on adenosine deaminase- experimental and molecular modeling study. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:353-358. [PMID: 27591790 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism. ADA converts adenosine to inosine and liberates ammonia. Because of their critical role in the differentiation and maturation of cells, the regulation of ADA activity is considered as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent malignant and inflammatory disorders. In the present study, the inhibitory activity of a plant flavonoid, hibifolin on ADA is investigated using enzyme kinetic assay and isothermal titration calorimetry. The inhibitory constant of hibifolin was found to be 49.92μM±3.98 and the mode of binding was reversible. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the compound binds ADA with binding energy of -7.21Kcal/mol. The in silico modeling and docking studies showed that the bound ligand is stabilized by hydrogen bonds with active site residues of the enzyme. The study reveals that hibifolin can act as a potential inhibitor of ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Arun
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - C S Sharanya
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - P M Sandeep
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India
| | - C Sadasivan
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Kannur University, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India; Inter University Centre for Bioscience, KannurUniversity, Thalassery Campus, Kannur, Kerala, 670661, India.
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20
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Liu M, Li J, Chai H, Zhang K, Yang D, Zhang Q, Shi D. A convenient four-component one-pot strategy toward the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:2125-31. [PMID: 26664633 PMCID: PMC4660965 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives by the four-component condensation of hydrazines, methylenemalononitriles, aldehydes and alcohols has been developed via two different reaction pathways. The structures of target products were characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy and HRMS (ESI) spectrometry. The crystal structure of 4-ethoxy-6-(2-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiarong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongxin Chai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Deli Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Daxin Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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21
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Lougiakis N, Marakos P, Pouli N, Fragopoulou E, Tenta R. Synthesis of New Nebularine Analogues and Their Inhibitory Activity against Adenosine Deaminase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:134-42. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Lougiakis
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Panagiotis Marakos
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Nicole Pouli
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens
| | - Elisabeth Fragopoulou
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University
| | - Roxane Tenta
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University
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22
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A comprehensive review on bioactive fused heterocycles as purine-utilizing enzymes inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Antonioli L, Csóka B, Fornai M, Colucci R, Kókai E, Blandizzi C, Haskó G. Adenosine and inflammation: what's new on the horizon? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1051-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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24
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Cortés A, Gracia E, Moreno E, Mallol J, Lluís C, Canela EI, Casadó V. Moonlighting Adenosine Deaminase: A Target Protein for Drug Development. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:85-125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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25
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Scarbaci K, Troiano V, Micale N, Ettari R, Tamborini L, Di Giovanni C, Cerchia C, Grasso S, Novellino E, Schirmeister T, Lavecchia A, Zappalà M. Identification of a new series of amides as non-covalent proteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Vitale P, Perrone MG, Malerba P, Lavecchia A, Scilimati A. Selective COX-1 inhibition as a target of theranostic novel diarylisoxazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:606-18. [PMID: 24531199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase(COX)-1 role in some diseases is increasingly studied. 3-(5-Chlorofuran-2-yl)-5-methyl-4-phenylisoxazole (P6), a highly selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor, was used as a "lead" to design new isoxazoles (2a-m), differently selective towards COX-1. Those isoxazoles might be useful as novel theranostic agents and also to better clarify COX-1 role in the human physiology and diseases. 2a-m were prepared in fair to good yields developing suitable synthetic strategies. They were evaluated in vitro for their COX-inhibitory activity and selectivity. Structure-activity relationship studies of the novel set of diarylisoxazoles allowed to identify new key determinants for COX-1 selectivity, and to uncover compounds appropriate for a deep pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigation. 3-(5-Chlorofuran-2yl)-4-phenylisoxazol-5-amine (2f) was the most active compound of the series, its inhibitory activity was assessed in purified enzyme (COX-1 IC₅₀ = 1.1 μM; COX-2 IC₅₀ > 50 μM) and in the ovarian cancer cell line (OVCAR-3) expressing only COX-1 (IC₅₀ = 0.58 μM). Furthermore, the high inhibitory potency of 2f was rationalized through docking simulations in terms of interactions with a crystallographic model of the COX-1 binding site. We found critical interactions between the inhibitor and constriction residues R120 and Y355 at the base of the active site, as well as with S530 at the top of the side pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vitale
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Malerba
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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27
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Chauhan M, Kumar R. Medicinal attributes of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5657-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Unveiling the binding mode of adenosine deaminase inhibitors to the active site of the enzyme: implication for rational drug design : presented by Maria P. Abbracchio. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:1-3. [PMID: 23355190 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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29
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Antonioli L, Colucci R, Pellegrini C, Giustarini G, Tuccori M, Blandizzi C, Fornai M. The role of purinergic pathways in the pathophysiology of gut diseases: pharmacological modulation and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:157-88. [PMID: 23588157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut homeostasis results from complex neuro-immune interactions aimed at triggering stereotypical and specific programs of coordinated mucosal secretion and powerful motor propulsion. A prominent role in the regulation of this highly integrated network, comprising a variety of immune/inflammatory cells and the enteric nervous system, is played by purinergic mediators. The cells of the digestive tract are literally plunged into a "biological sea" of functionally active nucleotides and nucleosides, which carry out the critical task of driving regulatory interventions on cellular functions through the activation of P1 and P2 receptors. Intensive research efforts are being made to achieve an integrated view of the purinergic system, since it is emerging that the various components of purinergic pathways (i.e., enzymes, transporters, mediators and receptors) are mutually linked entities, deputed to finely modulating the magnitude and the duration of purinergic signaling, and that alterations occurring in this balanced network could be intimately involved in the pathophysiology of several gut disorders. This review article intends to provide a critical appraisal of current knowledge on the purinergic system role in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions, considering these pathways as a whole integrated network, which is capable of finely controlling the levels of bioactive nucleotides and nucleosides in the biophase of their respective receptors. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms through which alterations in the various compartments of the purinergic system could contribute to the pathophysiology of gut disorders, and to the possibility of counteracting such dysfunctions by means of pharmacological interventions on purinergic molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
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30
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Development of peptidomimetic boronates as proteasome inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:23-34. [PMID: 23639651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibition has emerged over the past decade as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. It is a multicatalytic complex, whose proteolytic activity relies in three types of subunits: chymotrypsin-like (β5), trypsin-like (β2) and caspase-like (β1). Most important for the development of effective antitumor agents is the inhibition of the β5 subunits. In this context, the dipeptide boronate bortezomib (Velcade(®)) represents the first proteasome inhibitor approved by the FDA and the lead compound in drug discovery. This paper describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of conformationally constrained pseudopeptide boronates (1-3) structurally related to bortezomib. The synthesized compounds showed a promising inhibitory profile by blocking primarily the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome with Ki values in submicromolar/micromolar range. These compounds also resulted quite selective since no significant inhibition was recorded in the test against bovine pancreatic α-chymotrypsin. The obtained results were rationalized by means of docking experiments based on a model of the crystal structure of bortezomib bound to the yeast 20S proteasome providing essential insights for further optimization of this class of inhibitors.
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31
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Gyuris M, Puskás LG, Tóth GK, Kanizsai I. Synthesis of novel pyrazole-based heterocycles via a copper(ii)-catalysed domino annulation. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:6320-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41146j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Abstract
An exhaustive description of the molecular recognition mechanism between a ligand and its biological target is of great value because it provides the opportunity for an exogenous control of the related process. Very often this aim can be pursued using high resolution structures of the complex in combination with inexpensive computational protocols such as docking algorithms. Unfortunately, in many other cases a number of factors, like protein flexibility or solvent effects, increase the degree of complexity of ligand/protein interaction and these standard techniques are no longer sufficient to describe the binding event. We have experienced and tested these limits in the present study in which we have developed and revealed the mechanism of binding of a new series of potent inhibitors of Adenosine Deaminase. We have first performed a large number of docking calculations, which unfortunately failed to yield reliable results due to the dynamical character of the enzyme and the complex role of the solvent. Thus, we have stepped up the computational strategy using a protocol based on metadynamics. Our approach has allowed dealing with protein motion and solvation during ligand binding and finally identifying the lowest energy binding modes of the most potent compound of the series, 4-decyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one.
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33
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Masevicius V, Juskenas R, Tumkevicius S. Synthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines peri-fused with 1,4-diazepine, 1,4-thiazepine, and 1,2,4-triazepine rings. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Tavakoli-Hoseini N, Moloudi R, Davoodnia A, Shaker M. Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones Catalyzed by Br?nsted-acidic Ionic Liquids as Highly Efficient and Reusable Catalysts. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Cosimelli B, Taliani S, Greco G, Novellino E, Sala A, Severi E, Da Settimo F, La Motta C, Pugliesi I, Antonioli L, Fornai M, Colucci R, Blandizzi C, Daniele S, Trincavelli ML, Martini C. Derivatives of Benzimidazol-2-ylquinoline and Benzimidazol-2-ylisoquinoline as Selective A1 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists with Stimulant Activity on Human Colon Motility. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1909-18. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Butini S, Gemma S, Brindisi M, Borrelli G, Lossani A, Ponte AM, Torti A, Maga G, Marinelli L, La Pietra V, Fiorini I, Lamponi S, Campiani G, Zisterer DM, Nathwani SM, Sartini S, La Motta C, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Focher F. Non-nucleoside inhibitors of human adenosine kinase: synthesis, molecular modeling, and biological studies. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1401-20. [PMID: 21319802 DOI: 10.1021/jm101438u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (AK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine (Ado) to AMP by means of a kinetic mechanism in which the two substrates Ado and ATP bind the enzyme in a binary and/or ternary complex, with distinct protein conformations. Most of the described inhibitors have Ado-like structural motifs and are nonselective, and some of them (e.g., the tubercidine-like ligands) are characterized by a toxic profile. We have cloned and expressed human AK (hAK) and searched for novel non-substrate-like inhibitors. Our efforts to widen the structural diversity of AK inhibitors led to the identification of novel non-nucleoside, noncompetitive allosteric modulators characterized by a unique molecular scaffold. Among the pyrrolobenzoxa(thia)zepinones (4a-qq) developed, 4a was identified as a non-nucleoside prototype hAK inhibitor. 4a has proapoptotic efficacy, slight inhibition of short-term RNA synthesis, and cytostatic activity on tumor cell lines while showing low cytotoxicity and no significant adverse effects on short-term DNA synthesis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, NatSynDrugs, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Gillerman I, Fischer B. Investigations into the origin of the molecular recognition of several adenosine deaminase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 54:107-21. [PMID: 21138280 DOI: 10.1021/jm101286g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase (ADA, EC 3.5.4.4) are potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various health disorders. Several highly potent inhibitors were previously identified, yet they exhibit unacceptable toxicities. We performed a SAR study involving a series of C2 or C8 substituted purine-riboside analogues with a view to discover less potent inhibitors with a lesser toxicity. We found that any substitution at C8 position of nebularine resulted in total loss of activity toward calf intestinal ADA. However, several 2-substituted-adenosine, 8-aza-adenosine, and nebularine analogues exhibited inhibitory activity. Specifically, 2-Cl-purine riboside, 8-aza-2-thiohexyl adenosine, 2-thiohexyl adenosine, and 2-MeS-purine riboside were found to be competitive inhibitors of ADA with K(i) values of 25, 22, 6, and 3 μM, respectively. We concluded that electronic parameters are not major recognition determinants of ADA but rather steric parameters. A C2 substituent which fits ADA hydrophobic pocket and improves H-bonding with the enzyme makes a good inhibitor. In addition, a gg rotamer about C4'-C5' bond is apparently an important recognition determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gillerman
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Tite T, Lougiakis N, Myrianthopoulos V, Marakos P, Mikros E, Pouli N, Tenta R, Fragopoulou E, Nomikos T. Design and synthesis of new C-nucleosides as potential adenosine deaminase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Núñez S, Venhorst J, Kruse CG. Assessment of a Novel Scoring Method Based on Solvent Accessible Surface Area Descriptors. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:480-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ci9004628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Núñez
- Research Laboratories, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Venhorst
- Research Laboratories, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Chris G. Kruse
- Research Laboratories, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, C. J. van Houtenlaan 36, 1381 CP Weesp, The Netherlands
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