1
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Li SW, Liu J, Fu Y, Yao LG, Zhang HY, Wang H, Guo YW. Anti-Inflammatory Steroids from the South China Sea Soft Coral Lobophytum sarcophytoides. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300821. [PMID: 37376927 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Three new steroids, along with two known related analogs, were isolated from the Xisha Island soft coral Lobophytum sarcophytoides. The structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analyses, time dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism calculation, and comparison with the spectral data previously reported in the literature. In in vitro bioassay, four compounds showed interesting suppressive effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cells at 10 μM level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, 198 East Binhai Road, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, P. R. China
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2
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Shershnev IV, Kopylov AS, Cherkasova AV, Solovieva AB. Fluorinated Porphyrins Immobilized on Perfluorinated Copolymer MF-4SK in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Photosensitizers of Singlet Oxygen Generation in Biologically Active Substrates Oxidation. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122070156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Shibuya Y, Ohmura S, Ito A, Oba M, Koguchi S. Epoxidation of olefins using diaryltellurium dicarboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6528-6531. [PMID: 35838164 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01020h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports an efficient method for the epoxidation of a variety of functionalized olefins using diaryltellurium dicarboxylates as hypervalent tellurium compounds. This method is able to efficiently convert olefins into epoxides using catalytic amounts of tellurium and urea hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, we propose that this reaction proceeds via the formation of peroxides of phenol, carboxylic acid, and tellurium peroxide when diaryltellurium dicarboxylates and hydrogen peroxide react. This is the first example of an epoxidation reaction using hypervalent tellurium compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuga Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
| | - Shiori Ohmura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
| | - Akane Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
| | - Makoto Oba
- Department of Bioengineering, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan
| | - Shinichi Koguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa, 259-1292 Japan.
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4
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5
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Freitas Misakyan MF, Wijeratne EMK, Issa ME, Xu YM, Monteillier A, Gunatilaka AAL, Cuendet M. Structure-Activity Relationships of Withanolides as Antiproliferative Agents for Multiple Myeloma: Comparison of Activity in 2D Models and a 3D Coculture Model. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2321-2335. [PMID: 34445874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological cancer in which relapse and resistance are highly frequent. Therefore, alternatives to conventional treatments are necessary. Withaferin A, a withanolide isolated from Withania somnifera, has previously shown promising activity against various MM models. In the present study, structure-activity relationships (SARs) were evaluated using 56 withanolides. The antiproliferative activity was assessed in three MM cell lines and in a 3D MM coculture model to understand the in vitro activity of compounds in models of various complexity. While the results obtained in 2D allowed a quick and simple evaluation of cytotoxicity used for a first selection, the use of the 3D MM coculture model allowed filtering compounds that perform better in a more complex setup. This study shows the importance of the last model as a bridge between 2D and in vivo studies to select the most active compounds and ultimately lead to a reduction of animal use for more sustained in vivo studies. NF-κB inhibition was determined to evaluate if this could be one of the targeted pathways. The most active compounds, withanolide D (2) and 38, should be further evaluated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela F Freitas Misakyan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E M Kithsiri Wijeratne
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Mark E Issa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ya-Ming Xu
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Aymeric Monteillier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A A Leslie Gunatilaka
- Southwest Center for Natural Products Research, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85706, United States
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Kõllo M, Kasari M, Kasari V, Pehk T, Järving I, Lopp M, Jõers A, Kanger T. Designed whole-cell-catalysis-assisted synthesis of 9,11-secosterols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:581-588. [PMID: 33747232 PMCID: PMC7940815 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 9,11-secosteroids starting from the natural corticosteroid cortisol is described. There are two key steps in this approach, combining chemistry and synthetic biology. Stereo- and regioselective hydroxylation at C9 (steroid numbering) is carried out using whole-cell biocatalysis, followed by the chemical cleavage of the C-C bond of the vicinal diol. The two-step method features mild reaction conditions and completely excludes the use of toxic oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kõllo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marje Kasari
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Villu Kasari
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Pehk
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ivar Järving
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margus Lopp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arvi Jõers
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Kanger
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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7
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Savić MP, Kuzminac IZ, Škorić DĐ, Jakimov DS, Rárová L, Sakač MN, Djurendić EA. New oxygen-containing androstane derivatives: Synthesis and biological potential. J CHEM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-020-01803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Wang XT, Han WB, Chen HJ, Zha Q, Wu Y. Regio- and Stereoselective Addition of HO/OOH to Allylic Alcohols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10007-10021. [PMID: 32790359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A range of allylic alcohols are shown to readily react with ethereal H2O2 in the presence of catalytic amounts of Na2MoO4-gly or MoO2(acac)2, affording the C═C trans hydroxylation-hydroperoxylation products in good yields with high regio- and stereoselectivity. Use of enantiomers of cyclic substrates resulted in corresponding enantiopure diol-tert-hydroperoxides. The possibility of further conversion of the diol-tert-hydroperoxides into triols or linear building blocks with an isolated tert-peroxy group containing a quaternary center is also exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hui-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qinghong Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yikang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032 China
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9
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Yaoita Y, Machida K. Misassigned Polyoxygenated Sterols and Reassignments of Their Structures. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20907724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will summarize the authors’ studies on the reassignments of structures of 9 natural polyoxygenated sterols (24 S)-24-ethylcholest-8-ene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetrol (1), (24 S)-24-ethylcholest-8(14)-ene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetrol (2), (22 E)-24-methylcholesta-8(14),22-diene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetrol (3), 5β,6β-epoxy-(22 E)-ergosta-8,22-diene-3β,7β-diol (4), (22 E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14α-pentol (5), 3β,5α,6β,8β,14α-pentahydroxy-(22 E)-ergost-22-en-7-one (6), 5β,6β-epoxy-24-methylenecholesta-8,24(28)-diene-3β,7α,11α-triol (7), 6β-acetoxy-(22 E)-10α-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α-diol (8), and 8α,9α-epoxy-(22 E)-ergosta-6,22-diene-3β,5α,14α-triol (9). The structures of 1 to 9 have been reassigned as (24 S)-5α,6α-epoxy-24-ethylcholest-8-ene-3β,7α-diol (16), (24 S)-5α,6α-epoxy-24-ethylcholest-8(14)-ene-3β,7α-diol (17), 5α,6α-epoxy-(22 E)-ergosta-8(14),22-diene-3β,7α-diol (13), 5α,6α-epoxy-(22 E)-ergosta-8,22-diene-3β,7α-diol (12), (22 E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β,9α,14β-pentol (25), 5α,6α;8α,14α-diepoxy-3β-hydroxy-(22 E)-ergost-22-en-7-one (18), 5α,6α-epoxyergosta-8,24(28)-diene-3β,7α,11α-triol (21), 6β-acetoxy-(22 E)-ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α-diol (26), and 8α,14α-epoxy-(22 E)-ergosta-6,22-diene-3β,5α,9α-triol (28), respectively, from the results of careful reexamination of the published1H and13C NMR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yaoita
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koichi Machida
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Sghaier R, Zarrouk A, Nury T, Badreddine I, O'Brien N, Mackrill JJ, Vejux A, Samadi M, Nasser B, Caccia C, Leoni V, Moreau T, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Salhedine Masmoudi A, Lizard G. Biotin attenuation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism alteration and 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced cell death in 158N murine oligodendrocytes. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:535-561. [PMID: 31039616 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1612891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are involved in neurodegenerative diseases associated with an enhancement of lipid peroxidation products such as 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC). It is, therefore, important to study the ability of 7β-OHC to trigger mitochondrial defects, oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunctions and cell death, which are hallmarks of neurodegeneration, and to identify cytoprotective molecules. The effects of biotin were evaluated on 158N murine oligodendrocytes, which are myelin synthesizing cells, exposed to 7β-OHC (50 µM) with or without biotin (10 and 100 nM) or α-tocopherol (positive control of cytoprotection). The effects of biotin on 7β-OHC activities were determined using different criteria: cell adhesion; plasma membrane integrity; redox status. The impact on mitochondria was characterized by the measurement of transmembrane mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm), reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, mitochondrial mass, quantification of cardiolipins and organic acids. Sterols and fatty acids were also quantified. Cell death (apoptosis, autophagy) was characterized by the enumeration of apoptotic cells, caspase-3 activation, identification of autophagic vesicles, and activation of LC3-I into LC3-II. Biotin attenuates 7β-OHC-induced cytotoxicity: loss of cell adhesion was reduced; antioxidant activities were normalized. ROS overproduction, protein and lipid oxidation products were decreased. Biotin partially restores mitochondrial functions: attenuation of the loss of ΔΨm; reduced levels of mitochondrial O2•- overproduction; normalization of cardiolipins and organic acid levels. Biotin also normalizes cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis, and prevents apoptosis and autophagy (oxiapoptophagy). Our data support that biotin, which prevents oligodendrocytes damages, could be useful in the treatment of neurodegeneration and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Sghaier
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , University Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory - NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health" , Monastir & University Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.,Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-Géo Ressources , University Manouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology , Sidi Thabet , Tunisia
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , University Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory - NAFS "Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health" , Monastir & University Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland.,Department of Physiology , Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Thomas Nury
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France
| | - Ilham Badreddine
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France.,University Ibn Zohr, Lab. 'Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Environnement' , Taroudant , Morocco.,Laboratory Neuroscience and Biochemistry , University Hassan 1er , Settat , Morocco
| | - Nora O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology , Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Anne Vejux
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- Department of Chemistry , University Lorraine, Metz Technopôle , Metz , France
| | - Boubker Nasser
- Laboratory Neuroscience and Biochemistry , University Hassan 1er , Settat , Morocco
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics , Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , Milan , Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry , Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi , Milan , Italy
| | - Thibault Moreau
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France.,Department of Neurology , University Hospital , Dijon , France
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France
| | - Ahmed Salhedine Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-Géo Ressources , University Manouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology , Sidi Thabet , Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté/Inserm , Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' , Dijon , France
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11
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Zielinski ZAM, Pratt DA. H-Atom Abstraction vs Addition: Accounting for the Diverse Product Distribution in the Autoxidation of Cholesterol and Its Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3037-3051. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zosia A. M. Zielinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Derek A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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12
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Chemistry, biochemistry, metabolic fate and mechanism of action of 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), a tumor promoter and cholesterol metabolite. Biochimie 2018; 153:139-149. [PMID: 29654865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation products of cholesterol, named oxysterols, were suspected since the 20th century to be involved in carcinogenesis. Among the family of oxysterol molecules, cholesterol-5,6-epoxides (5,6-EC) retained the attention of scientists because they contain a putative alkylating epoxide group. However, studies failed into demonstrating that 5,6-EC were direct carcinogens and revealed a surprising chemical stability and unreactivity towards nucleophiles in standard conditions. Analyses of 5,6-EC metabolism in normal cells showed that they were extensively transformed into cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) by the cholesterol-5,6-epoxide hydrolase (ChEH). Studies performed in cancer cells showed that CT was additionally metabolized into an oxysterol identified as the 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of type 2 (HSD2), the enzyme which inactivates cortisol into cortisone. Importantly, OCDO was shown to display tumor promoter properties in breast cancers, by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, and independently of their estrogen receptor status, revealing the existence of a new tumorigenic pathway centered on 5,6-EC. In breast tumors from patients, OCDO production as well as the expression of the enzymes involved in the pathway producing OCDO, namely ChEH subunits and HSD2, were higher compared to normal tissues, and overexpression of these enzymes correlate with a higher risk of patient death, indicating that this onco-metabolism is of major importance to breast cancer pathology. Herein, we will review the actual knowledge and the future trends in OCDO chemistry, biochemistry, metabolism and mechanism of action and will discuss the impact of OCDO discovery on new anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Kolo AM, İpek E, Çapan İ, Servi S. Synthesis of Heterocyclic-Substituted Novel Hydroxysteroids with Regioselective and Stereoselective Reactions. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emine İpek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Fırat University; Elazığ 23169 Turkey
| | - İrfan Çapan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Fırat University; Elazığ 23169 Turkey
| | - Süleyman Servi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Fırat University; Elazığ 23169 Turkey
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14
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Yaoita Y, Machida K. Structure Revision of (22E)-24-Methylcholesta-8(14),22-diene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetraol from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Careful reexamination of the published 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data of (22 E)-24-methylcholesta-8(14),22-diene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetraol (1), isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp., indicates that, in reality, the compound is 5α,6α-epoxy-(22 E,24 R)-24-methylcholesta-8(14),22-diene-3β,7α-diol (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yaoita
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Machida
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
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15
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Serra S. MnO2/TBHP: A Versatile and User-Friendly Combination of Reagents for the Oxidation of Allylic and Benzylic Methylene Functional Groups. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Nury T, Zarrouk A, Mackrill JJ, Samadi M, Durand P, Riedinger JM, Doria M, Vejux A, Limagne E, Delmas D, Prost M, Moreau T, Hammami M, Delage-Mourroux R, O'Brien NM, Lizard G. Induction of oxiapoptophagy on 158N murine oligodendrocytes treated by 7-ketocholesterol-, 7β-hydroxycholesterol-, or 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol: Protective effects of α-tocopherol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3). Steroids 2015; 99:194-203. [PMID: 25683890 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In demyelinating or non-demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases, increased levels of 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) can be observed in brain lesions. In 158N murine oligodendrocytes, 7KC triggers a complex mode of cell death defined as oxiapoptophagy, involving simultaneous oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. In these cells, 7KC as well as 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC induce a decrease of cell proliferation evaluated by phase contrast microscopy, an alteration of mitochondrial activity quantified with the MTT test, an overproduction of reactive oxygen species revealed by staining with dihydroethidium and dihydrorhodamine 123, caspase-3 activation, PARP degradation, reduced expression of Bcl-2, and condensation and/or fragmentation of the nuclei which are typical criteria of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, 7KC, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC promote conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II which is a characteristic of autophagy. Consequently, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC, similarly to 7KC, can be considered as potent inducers of oxiapoptophagy. Furthermore, the different cytotoxic effects associated with 7KC, 7β-OHC and 24S-OHC-induced oxiapoptophagy are attenuated by vitamin E (VitE, α-tocopherol) and DHA which enhances VitE protective effects. In 158N murine oligodendrocytes, our data support the concept that oxiapoptophagy, which can be inhibited by VitE and DHA, could be a particular mode of cell death elicited by cytotoxic oxysterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nury
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France; University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, Cork, Ireland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, BioSciences Institute, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Département de Chimie, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Riedinger
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer GF Leclerc, Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, Dijon, France
| | - Margaux Doria
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France
| | - Emeric Limagne
- Centre de Recherche INSERM U866 - 'Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer', Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Delmas
- Centre de Recherche INSERM U866 - 'Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer', Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Mohamed Hammami
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Régis Delage-Mourroux
- UFR Sciences et Techniques EA3922/SFR IBCT FED 4234, University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nora M O'Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team 'Biochemistry of Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270/University of Bourgogne-Franche Comté/INSERM, Dijon, France.
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17
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Yaoita Y, Kikuchi M, Machida K. Structure Revision of Two Polyoxygenated Sterols from the Marine Sponge Neofibularia nolitangere. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Careful reexamination of the published 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data of (24 S)-24-ethylcholest-8-ene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetraol (1) and (24 S)-24-ethylcholest-8(14)-ene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetraol (2), isolated from the marine sponge Neofibularia nolitangere, indicates that, in reality, compounds 1 and 2 are (24 S)-5α,6α-epoxy-24-ethylcholest-8-ene-3β,7α-diol (9) and (24 S)-5α,6α-epoxy-24-ethylcholest-8(14)-ene-3β,7α-diol (10), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Yaoita
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981–8558, Japan
- Department of Molecular Structural Analysis, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981–8558, Japan
| | - Masao Kikuchi
- Department of Molecular Structural Analysis, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981–8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Machida
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981–8558, Japan
- Department of Molecular Structural Analysis, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981–8558, Japan
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18
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Abstract
This review article presents advances in cholesterol chemistry since 2000. Various transformations (chemical, enzymatic, electrochemical, etc.) of cholesterol are presented. A special emphasis is given to cholesterol oxidation reactions, but also substitution of the 3β-hydroxyl group, addition to the C5-C6 double bond, C-H functionalization, and C-C bond forming reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland.
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19
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Kawamoto H, Ohmori Y, Maekawa M, Shimada M, Mano N, Iida T. An efficient synthesis of 4α- and 4β-hydroxy- 7-dehydrocholesterol, biomarkers for patients with and animal models of the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 175-176:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Karaki F, Ohgane K, Dodo K, Hashimoto Y. Structure–activity relationship studies of Niemann-Pick type C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) ligands identified by screening assay monitoring pharmacological chaperone effect. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5297-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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22
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Mayer CD, Allmendinger L, Bracher F. Synthesis of novel steroid analogues containing nitrile and disulfide moieties via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Andrade LCR, Paixão JA, de Almeida MJM, Carvalho JFS, Cruz Silva MM. 5α,6α-Ep-oxy-7-norcholestan-3β-yl acetate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o237. [PMID: 22259518 PMCID: PMC3254568 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811054249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The title cholestan, C(28)H(46)O(3), was prepared by epoxidation of 7-norcholest-5-en-3β-yl acetate and crystallized by slow evaporation from an ethano-lic solution. All rings are trans fused. The 3β-acetate and the 17β-cholestane side chain are in equatorial positions. The mol-ecule is highly twisted due to its B-nor characteristic. A quantum chemical ab-initio Roothaan Hartree-Fock calculation of the equilibrium geometry of the isolated mol-ecule gives values for bond lengths and valency angles in close agreement with the experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. R. Andrade
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. A. Paixão
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. J. M. de Almeida
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J. F. S. Carvalho
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. M. Cruz Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P-3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Wang XN, Bashyal BP, Wijeratne EMK, U’Ren JM, Liu MX, Gunatilaka MK, Arnold AE, Gunatilaka AAL. Smardaesidins A-G, isopimarane and 20-nor-isopimarane diterpenoids from Smardaea sp., a fungal endophyte of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2052-61. [PMID: 21999655 PMCID: PMC3371368 DOI: 10.1021/np2000864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Five new isopimarane diterpenes, smardaesidins A-E (1- 5) and two new 20-nor-isopimarane diterpenes, smardaesidins F (6) and G (7), together with sphaeropsidins A (8) and C-F (10-13) were isolated from an endophytic fungal strain, Smardaea sp. AZ0432, occurring in living photosynthetic tissue of the moss Ceratodon purpureus . Of these, smardaesidins B (2) and C (3) were obtained as an inseparable mixture of isomers. Chemical reduction of sphaeropsidin A (8) afforded sphaeropsidin B (9), whereas catalytic hydrogenation of 8 yielded 7-O-15,16-tetrahydrosphaeropsidin A (14) and its new derivative, 7-hydroxy-6-oxoisopimara-7-en-20-oic acid (15). The acetylation and diazomethane reaction of sphaeropsidin A (8) afforded two of its known derivatives, 6-O-acetylsphaeropsidin A (16) and 8,14-methylenesphaeropsidin A methyl ester (17), respectively. Methylation of 10 yielded sphaeropsidin C methyl ester (18). The planar structures and relative configurations of the new compounds 1-7 and 15 were elucidated using MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments, while the absolute configurations of the stereocenters of 4 and 6-8 were assigned using a modified Mosher's ester method, CD spectra, and comparison of specific rotation data with literature values. Compounds 1-18 were evaluated for their potential anticancer activity using several cancer cell lines and cells derived from normal human primary fibroblasts. Of these, compounds 8, 11, and 16 showed significant cytotoxic activity. More importantly, sphaeropsidin A (8) showed cell-type selectivity in the cytotoxicity assay and inhibited migration of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cells at subcytotoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ning Wang
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012
| | - Bharat P. Bashyal
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
| | - E. M. Kithsiri Wijeratne
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
| | - Jana M. U’Ren
- P.R. China, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036
| | - Manping X. Liu
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
| | - Malkanthi K. Gunatilaka
- P.R. China, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036
| | - A. Elizabeth Arnold
- P.R. China, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0036
| | - A. A. Leslie Gunatilaka
- SW Center for Natural Products Research and Commercialization, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, 250 E. Valencia Road, Tucson, Arizona 85706-6800
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25
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Carvalho JFS, Silva MMC, Moreira JN, Simões S, Sá e Melo ML. Selective Cytotoxicity of Oxysterols through Structural Modulation on Rings A and B. Synthesis, in Vitro Evaluation, and SAR. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6375-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200803d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João F. S. Carvalho
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel Cruz Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João N. Moreira
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Sá e Melo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Mayer CD, Bracher F. Cytotoxic ring A-modified steroid analogues derived from Grundmann’s ketone. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3227-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Carvalho JFS, Silva MMC, Moreira JN, Simões S, Sá e Melo ML. Sterols as Anticancer Agents: Synthesis of Ring-B Oxygenated Steroids, Cytotoxic Profile, and Comprehensive SAR Analysis. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7632-8. [PMID: 20931970 DOI: 10.1021/jm1007769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João F. S. Carvalho
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel Cruz Silva
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João N. Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Sá e Melo
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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