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Wu J, Zhao L, Yang ML, Ding MW. Four-Component Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrazin-2(1 H)-ones through a Ugi/Staudinger/Aza-Wittig/Isomerization Sequence. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10755-10761. [PMID: 34251829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new efficient synthesis of polysubstituted pyrazin-2(1H)-ones via the sequential Ugi/Staudinger/aza-Wittig/isomerization reaction has been developed. The four-component Ugi reactions of arylglyoxals 1, primary amines 2, α-azidovinyl acids 3, and isocyanides 4 produced the azides 5, which were treated with triphenylphosphine to give pyrazin-2(1H)-ones 6 in good yields through domino Staudinger/aza-Wittig/isomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Wu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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2
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Nadur NF, de Azevedo LL, Caruso L, Graebin CS, Lacerda RB, Kümmerle AE. The long and winding road of designing phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113123. [PMID: 33412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes known to play a critical role in the indirect regulation of several intracellular metabolism pathways through the selective hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds of specific second messenger substrates such as cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and cGMP (3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate), influencing the hypertrophy, contractility, apoptosis and fibroses in the cardiovascular system. The expression and/or activity of multiple PDEs is altered during heart failure (HF), which leads to changes in levels of cyclic nucleotides and function of cardiac muscle. Within the cardiovascular system, PDEs 1-5, 8 and 9 are expressed and are interesting targets for the HF treatment. In this comprehensive review we will present a briefly description of the biochemical importance of each cardiovascular related PDE to the HF, and cover almost all the "long and winding road" of designing and discovering ligands, hits, lead compounds, clinical candidates and drugs as PDE inhibitors in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fonseca Nadur
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Luiz de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caruso
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Cedric Stephan Graebin
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eugen Kümmerle
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
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3
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Fouad MA, Abdel-Hamid H, Ayoup MS. Two decades of recent advances of Ugi reactions: synthetic and pharmaceutical applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42644-42681. [PMID: 35514898 PMCID: PMC9058431 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are powerful synthetic tools in which more than two starting materials couple with each other to form multi-functionalized compounds in a one-pot process, the so-called "tandem", "domino" or "cascade" reaction, or utilizing an additional step without changing the solvent, the so-called a sequential-addition procedure, to limit the number of synthetic steps, while increasing the complexity and the molecular diversity, which are highly step-economical reactions. The Ugi reaction, one of the most common multicomponent reactions, has recently fascinated chemists with the high diversity brought by its four- or three-component-based isonitrile. The Ugi reaction has been introduced in organic synthesis as a novel, efficient and useful tool for the preparation of libraries of multifunctional peptides, natural products, and heterocyclic compounds with stereochemistry control. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of the Ugi reaction in the last two decades from 2000-2019, mainly in the synthesis of linear or cyclic peptides, heterocyclic compounds with versatile ring sizes, and natural products, as well as the enantioselective Ugi reactions. Meanwhile, the applications of these compounds in pharmaceutical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Ahmed Fouad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Hamida Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria 21321 Egypt
| | - Mohammed Salah Ayoup
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University Alexandria 21321 Egypt
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4
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Madak JT, Cuthbertson CR, Miyata Y, Tamura S, Petrunak EM, Stuckey JA, Han Y, He M, Sun D, Showalter HD, Neamati N. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 4-Quinoline Carboxylic Acids as Inhibitors of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5162-5186. [PMID: 29727569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We pursued a structure-guided approach toward the development of improved dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors with the goal of forming new interactions between DHODH and the brequinar class of inhibitors. Two potential residues, T63 and Y356, suitable for novel H-bonding interactions, were identified in the brequinar-binding pocket. Analogues were designed to maintain the essential pharmacophore and form new electrostatic interactions through strategically positioned H-bond accepting groups. This effort led to the discovery of potent quinoline-based analogues 41 (DHODH IC50 = 9.71 ± 1.4 nM) and 43 (DHODH IC50 = 26.2 ± 1.8 nM). A cocrystal structure between 43 and DHODH depicts a novel water mediated H-bond interaction with T63. Additional optimization led to the 1,7-naphthyridine 46 (DHODH IC50 = 28.3 ± 3.3 nM) that forms a novel H-bond with Y356. Importantly, compound 41 possesses significant oral bioavailability ( F = 56%) and an elimination t1/2 = 2.78 h (PO dosing). In conclusion, the data supports further preclinical studies of our lead compounds toward selection of a candidate for early-stage clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elyse M Petrunak
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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5
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Boynton AN, Marcélis L, McConnell AJ, Barton JK. A Ruthenium(II) Complex as a Luminescent Probe for DNA Mismatches and Abasic Sites. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8381-8389. [PMID: 28657712 PMCID: PMC5516787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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[Ru(bpy)2(BNIQ)]2+ (BNIQ = Benzo[c][1,7]naphthyridine-1-isoquinoline), which incorporates the sterically expansive BNIQ ligand, is a
highly selective luminescent probe for DNA mismatches and abasic sites,
possessing a 500-fold higher binding affinity toward these destabilized
regions relative to well-matched base pairs. As a result of this higher
binding affinity, the complex exhibits an enhanced steady-state emission
in the presence of DNA duplexes containing a single base mismatch
or abasic site compared to fully well-matched DNA. Luminescence quenching
experiments with Cu(phen)22+ and [Fe(CN)6]3– implicate binding of the complex to
a mismatch from the minor groove via metalloinsertion. The emission
response of the complex to different single base mismatches, binding
preferentially to the more destabilized mismatches, is also consistent
with binding by metalloinsertion. This work shows that high selectivity
toward destabilized regions in duplex DNA can be achieved through
the rational design of a complex with a sterically expansive aromatic
ligand. The luminescent complex [Ru(bpy)2(BNIQ)]2+ selectivity targets mismatched and abasic sites in duplex
DNA and exhibits an enhanced emission intensity in the presence of
these defect sites relative to well-matched base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam N Boynton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lionel Marcélis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Anna J McConnell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jacqueline K Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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6
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Chekol R, Gheysens O, Ahamed M, Cleynhens J, Pokreisz P, Vanhoof G, Janssens S, Verbruggen A, Bormans G. Carbon-11 and Fluorine-18 Radiolabeled Pyridopyrazinone Derivatives for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging of Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5). J Med Chem 2016; 60:486-496. [PMID: 28009175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) plays an important role in various pathologies including pulmonary arterial hypertension and cardiomyopathy. PDE5 represents an important therapeutic and/or prognostic target, but noninvasive assessment of PDE5 expression is lacking. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate pyridopyrazinone derivatives labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18 as PDE5-specific PET tracers. In biodistribution studies, highest PDE5-specific retention was observed for [11C]-12 and [18F]-17 in the lungs of wild-type mice and in the myocardium of transgenic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific PDE5 overexpression at 30 min postinjection. In vivo dynamic microPET images in rats revealed that both tracers crossed the blood-brain barrier but brain retention was not PDE5-specific. Both [11C]-12 and [18F]-17 showed specific binding to PDE5 in myocardium of transgenic mice; however [18F]-17 showed significantly higher PDE5-specific inhibitable binding than [11C]-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufael Chekol
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven , BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven , and Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, BE-300 Leuven Belgium
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven , BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cleynhens
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven , BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Pokreisz
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Vanhoof
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutica, R&D , B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefan Janssens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven , BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven , BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Homer BL, Morton D, Bagi CM, Warneke JA, Andresen CJ, Whiteley LO, Morris DL, Tones MA. Oral administration of soluble guanylate cyclase agonists to rats results in osteoclastic bone resorption and remodeling with new bone formation in the appendicular and axial skeleton. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:411-23. [PMID: 25142129 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314546559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Orally administered small molecule agonists of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) induced increased numbers of osteoclasts, multifocal bone resorption, increased porosity, and new bone formation in the appendicular and axial skeleton of Sprague-Dawley rats. Similar histopathological bone changes were observed in both young (7- to 9-week-old) and aged (42- to 46-week-old) rats when dosed by oral gavage with 3 different heme-dependent sGC agonist (sGCa) compounds or 1 structurally distinct heme-independent sGCa compound. In a 7-day time course study in 7- to 9-week-old rats, bone changes were observed as early as 2 to 3 days following once daily compound administration. Bone changes were mostly reversed following a 14-day recovery period, with complete reversal after 35 days. The mechanism responsible for the bone changes was investigated in the thyroparathyroidectomized rat model that creates a low state of bone modeling and remodeling due to deprivation of thyroid hormone, calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). The sGCa compounds tested increased both bone resorption and formation, thereby increasing bone remodeling independent of calciotropic hormones PTH and CT. Based on these studies, we conclude that the bone changes in rats were likely caused by increased sGC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Homer
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Morton
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cedo M Bagi
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - James A Warneke
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Dale L Morris
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Tones
- Pfizer, Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Li Y, Wu W, Ren H, Wang J, Zhang S, Li G, Yang L. Exploring the structure determinants of pyrazinone derivatives as PDE5 3HC8 inhibitors: an in silico analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2012; 38:112-22. [PMID: 23085160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are clinically indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension and various other diseases. In this work, both ligand- and receptor-based three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were carried out using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques on 122 pyrazinone derivatives as PDE inhibitors. The resultant optimum 3D-QSAR model exhibits a proper predictive ability as indicated by the statistical results of Q² of 0.584, R(ncv)² of 0.884 and R(pre)² of 0.817, respectively. In addition, docking analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation were also applied to elucidate the probable binding modes of these inhibitors. Our main findings are: (1) Introduction of bulky, electropositive and hydrophobic substituents at 12- and 19-positions can increase the biological activities. (2) N atom at 8-position is detrimental to the inhibitor activity, and the effect of N atoms at 5- and 6-positions on compound activity is co-determined by both the hydrophobic force and the π-π stacking interaction. (3) Bulky and hydrophilic substitutions are favored at the 27-position of ring D. (4) Electronegative and hydrophilic substitutions around 5- and 6-positions increase the inhibitory activity. (5) Hydrophobic forces and π-π stacking interaction with Phe786 and Phe820 are crucial in determining the binding of pyrazinone derivatives to PDE5. (6) Bulky substitutions around ring C favors selectivity against PDE11, while bulky groups near the 21-position disfavor the selectivity. The information obtained from this work can be utilized to accurately predict the binding affinity of related analogues and also facilitate future rational designs of novel PDE5 inhibitors with improved activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
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9
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Veenstra M, Ransohoff RM. Chemokine receptor CXCR2: physiology regulator and neuroinflammation controller? J Neuroimmunol 2012; 246:1-9. [PMID: 22445294 PMCID: PMC3335977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is a crucial component of inflammatory reactions, while the central nervous system (CNS) is the most vulnerable site of the body to inflammatory tissue injury. Neuroinflammatory brain pathologies are disorders in which the CNS is threatened by its own immune system. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its ligands have been implicated in several neuroinflammatory brain pathologies, as well as in neutrophil recruitment and in the developmental positioning of neural cells. This review focuses on the basics of CXCR2, its regulating role in bone marrow neutrophil recruitment, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell positioning and neural repair mechanisms, as well as its diverse roles in neuroinflammatory brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Veenstra
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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10
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Investigation of the pyrazinones as PDE5 inhibitors: Evaluation of regioisomeric projections into the solvent region. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6348-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Bell AS, Palmer MJ. Novel phosphodiesterase type 5 modulators: a patent survey (2008 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1631-41. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.614435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Francis SH, Blount MA, Corbin JD. Mammalian Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Functions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:651-90. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11 families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of cellular cN levels and, consequently, the actions of cN-signaling pathways. PDEs exhibit a range of catalytic efficiencies for breakdown of cAMP and/or cGMP and are regulated by myriad processes including phosphorylation, cN binding to allosteric GAF domains, changes in expression levels, interaction with regulatory or anchoring proteins, and reversible translocation among subcellular compartments. Selective PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical use for treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; many new inhibitors are being developed for treatment of these and other maladies. Recently reported x-ray crystallographic structures have defined features that provide for specificity for cAMP or cGMP in PDE catalytic sites or their GAF domains, as well as mechanisms involved in catalysis, oligomerization, autoinhibition, and interactions with inhibitors. In addition, major advances have been made in understanding the physiological impact and the biochemical basis for selective localization and/or recruitment of specific PDE isoenzymes to particular subcellular compartments. The many recent advances in understanding PDE structures, functions, and physiological actions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H. Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mitsi A. Blount
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jackie D. Corbin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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13
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Roegler C, Lehmann J. [Medicinal chemistry of nitrates and PDE5 inhibitors]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2010; 39:351-358. [PMID: 20818684 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Roegler
- Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische/Medizinische Chemie, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
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