1
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Restrepo Guerrero AG, Martinez VR, Velez Rueda JO, Portiansky EL, De Giusti V, Ferrer EG, Williams PAM. Complexation of the Antihypertensive Drug Olmesartan with Zn: In Vivo Antihypertensive and Cardiac Effects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:246-257. [PMID: 37086356 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
This study is based on the premise that the application of chemical synthesis strategies to structurally modify commercial drugs by complexation with biometals is a valid procedure to improve their biological effects. Our purpose is to synthesize a compound with greater efficacy than the original drug, able to enhance its antihypertensive and cardiac pharmacological activity. Herein, the structure of the coordination compound of Zn(II) and the antihypertensive drug olmesartan, [Zn(Olme)(H2O)2] (ZnOlme), is presented. After 8 weeks of treatment in SHR male rats, ZnOlme displayed a better blood pressure-lowering activity compared with olmesartan, with a noticeable effect even in the first weeks of treatment, while ZnCl2 showed similar results than the control. ZnOlme also reduced left ventricle (LV) weight and left ventricle/tibia length ratio (LV/TL), posterior wall thickness (PWT), and intraventricular septum in diastole (IVSd) suggesting its potential to prevent LV hypertrophy. Besides, ZnOlme reduced interstitial fibrosis (contents of collagen types I and III, responsible for giving rigidity and promoting vascular elasticity, respectively). The recovery of heart function was also evidenced by fractional shortening (diastolic left ventricular/systolic left ventricular) diameter determinations. Furthermore, ZnOlme increased the antioxidant capacity and prevented cardiac oxidative stress: it enhanced the reduction of reactive oxygen species generation, exerted a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and enhanced glutathione contents in heart tissues compared to the control, Zn, and olmesartan treatments. Our results demonstrate that continuous oral administration of ZnOlme causes a better antihypertensive effect and grants enhancement of cardioprotection through antioxidant activity, in combination with hemodynamic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G Restrepo Guerrero
- CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Valeria R Martinez
- CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Jorge O Velez Rueda
- CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 118, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Verónica De Giusti
- CIC-CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Evelina G Ferrer
- CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia A M Williams
- CEQUINOR-CONICET-CICPBA-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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2
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Aruchamy B, Drago C, Russo V, Pitari GM, Ramani P, Aneesh TP, Benny S, Vishnu VR. Imidazole-pyridine hybrids as potent anti-cancer agents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 180:106323. [PMID: 36336277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the current investigation, fifteen novel imidazole-pyridine-based molecules were synthesized and tested against cell lines of the lung (H1299) and colon (HCT116) adenocarcinomas by proliferation assay. The results demonstrated that compounds 5a, 5d, 5e, and 5f were the most active (IC50<30 µM). Based on recent literature and the current results, the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) protein was investigated in-silico as a possible target. The molecular docking and QSAR revealed an excellent binding affinity of the selected imidazole-pyridine compounds to GSK-3β. Notably, GSK-3β protein levels were significantly upregulated in hepatocellular liver carcinoma (LIHCs) tissues and negatively affected patient prognosis. Consequently, the compounds were evaluated on liver cancer cell lines (HepG2, HUH-7, and PLC/PRF/5) by the MTT assay, and 5d showed the highest antitumor activity. This study offers new compounds with interesting biological activity on GSK-3β as a target, exhibiting a potential therapeutic impact for hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baladhandapani Aruchamy
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India; Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies (CoE-AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India
| | - Carmelo Drago
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, via Paolo Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy.
| | - Venera Russo
- Vera Salus Ricerca S.r.l., Via Sigmund Freud 62/B, 96100 Siracusa, Italy
| | | | - Prasanna Ramani
- Dhanvanthri Laboratory, Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India; Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials & Green Technologies (CoE-AMGT), Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, India.
| | - T P Aneesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Sonu Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - V R Vishnu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
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3
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Chandrasekaran CP, Donahue JP. Crystal structure of 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 78:1103-1106. [PMID: 36380904 PMCID: PMC9638974 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022009239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
4,5-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one crystallizes on a mirror plane in P21/m and forms layered sheets that comprise antiparallel linear strands. Close O⋯H, C⋯O and C⋯C intermolecular contacts are formed between strands and sheets. The planar title compound 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, C5H6O3, 1, crystallizes with its molecular C2 axis coincident with a crystallographic mirror plane in space group P21/m. In the plane defined by the b axis and an ac face diagonal, antiparallel linear strands of 1, formed by simple translation, associate to form sheets with close H⋯H and O⋯O intermolecular contacts. Between the sheets, parallel strands of 1 place the carbonyl O atom near the five-membered ring centroid of a neighboring molecule with close O⋯O and O⋯C contacts.
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4
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Skotnicki M, Hodgkinson P. Characterization of crystalline and amorphous forms of irbesartan by multi-nuclear solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 118:101783. [PMID: 35247851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Irbesartan (IRB) is an antihypertensive drug which exhibits the rare phenomenon of desmotropy; its 1H- and 2H- tetrazole tautomers can be isolated as distinct crystalline forms. The crystalline forms of IRB are poorly soluble, hence the amorphous form is potentially of interest for its faster dissolution rate. The tautomeric form and the nature of hydrogen bonding in amorphous IRB are unknown. In this study, crystalline form A and amorphous form of irbesartan were studied using 13C, 15N and 1H solid-state NMR. Variable-temperature 13C SSMNR studies showed alkyl chain disorder in the crystalline form of IRB, which may explain the conflicting literature crystal structures of form A (the marketed form). 15N NMR indicates that the amorphous material contains an approximately 2:1 ratio of 1H- and 2H-tetrazole tautomers. Static 1H SSNMR and relaxation time measurements confirmed different molecular mobilities of the samples and provided molecular-level insight into the nature of the glass transition. SSNMR is shown to be a powerful technique to investigate the solid state of disordered active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Skotnicki
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Paul Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
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5
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Grosu IG, Martin F, Turza A, Miclaus M, Kacso I, Borodi G. Structural studies of various olmesartan solvates. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 78:240-249. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229622002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Seven solvates of the angiotensin II receptor blocker agent olmesartan (C24H26N6O3), namely, the methanol (C24H26N6O3·CH4O), ethanol (C24H26N6O3·C2H6O), isopropanol (C24H26N6O3·C3H8O), isobutanol (C24H26N6O3·C4H10O), 2-ethoxyethanol (C24H26N6O3·C4H10O2), chloroform (C24H26N6O3·CHCl3) and acetonitrile (C24H26N6O3·C2H3N) solvates, were successfully obtained. The crystal structures were determined using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique and the structural features are described, each solvate containing one molecule of olmesartan and one of solvent in the asymmetric unit. The samples were also analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction. Total lattice energies and binding energies between the olmesartan and solvent molecules were evaluated, which can be partitioned into electrostatic, polarization, dispersion and repulsion components. Hirshfeld and fingerprint plot analysis was performed to highlight the intermolecular contacts. Hydrogen bonding and supramolecular arrangements were comparatively studied for the seven solvates.
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6
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Lu J, Li X, Yuan S, Wang Y, Sun H, Weng W, Shi Y, Wang X, Huang K, Sun X, Wu T. Identification, Synthesis, and Comprehension of an Imidazole N-3 Regioisomeric Impurity of Olmesartan Medoxomil Key Intermediate. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Lu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shun Yuan
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinquan Wang
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Han Sun
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weizhao Weng
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinfei Shi
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kongcheng Huang
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taizhi Wu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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7
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Santos SS, Gonzaga RV, Scarim CB, Giarolla J, Primi MC, Chin CM, Ferreira EI. Drug/Lead Compound Hydroxymethylation as a Simple Approach to Enhance Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties. Front Chem 2022; 9:734983. [PMID: 35237565 PMCID: PMC8883432 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.734983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxymethylation is a simple chemical reaction, in which the introduction of the hydroxymethyl group can lead to physical–chemical property changes and offer several therapeutic advantages, contributing to the improved biological activity of drugs. There are many examples in the literature of the pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic benefits, which the hydroxymethyl group can confer to drugs, prodrugs, drug metabolites, and other therapeutic compounds. It is worth noting that this group can enhance the drug’s interaction with the active site, and it can be employed as an intermediary in synthesizing other therapeutic agents. In addition, the hydroxymethyl derivative can result in more active compounds than the parent drug as well as increase the water solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Taking this into consideration, this review aims to discuss different applications of hydroxymethyl derived from biological agents and its influence on the pharmacological effects of drugs, prodrugs, active metabolites, and compounds of natural origin. Finally, we report a successful compound synthesized by our research group and used for the treatment of neglected diseases, which is created from the hydroxymethylation of its parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya S. Santos
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo V. Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cauê B. Scarim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (LAPDESF), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Chung M. Chin
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos (LAPDESF), Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa Avançada Em Medicina (CEPAM), Faculdade de Medicina, União Das Faculdades Dos Grande Lagos (UNILAGO), São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth I. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Síntese de Quimioterápicos Potencialmente Ativos Em Doenças Negligenciadas (LAPEN), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo – USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth I. Ferreira,
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8
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Bayannavar PK, Kamble RR, Joshi SD, Nesaragi AR, Shaikh SKJ, Sudha BS, Dodamani SS, Hoolageri SR. Design and Synthesis of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: Analysis of the Role of Tetrazole Ring Appended to Biphenyl Moiety. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K. Bayannavar
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Pavate Nagar Dharwad 580003 Karnataka India
| | - Ravindra R. Kamble
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Pavate Nagar Dharwad 580003 Karnataka India
| | - Shrinivas D. Joshi
- Novel Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry S.E.T.'s College of Pharmacy, Sangolli Rayanna Nagar Dharwad 580002 Karnataka India
| | - Aravind R. Nesaragi
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Pavate Nagar Dharwad 580003 Karnataka India
| | - Saba Kauser J. Shaikh
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Pavate Nagar Dharwad 580003 Karnataka India
| | - Belgur S. Sudha
- Department of Chemistry Yuvaraja's College University of Mysore, Mysore 570 005 Karnataka India
| | - Suneel S. Dodamani
- Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre KLE University, Nehru Nagar Belagavi 590010 Karnataka India
| | - Swati R. Hoolageri
- Department of Studies in Chemistry Karnatak University Pavate Nagar Dharwad 580003 Karnataka India
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9
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Liu Y, Liu J, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Yang X, Shang Y. The protective effects of Olmesartan against interleukin-29 (IL-29)-induced type 2 collagen degradation in human chondrocytes. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1802-1813. [PMID: 35012432 PMCID: PMC8805962 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1997090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a cartilage degenerative disease commonly observed in the elderly population and is pathologically characterized by the degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) are critical enzymes involved in the degradation of ECM. Olmesartan is an inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor developed for the treatment of hypertension, and recent studies show that it exerts anti-inflammatory effects in arthritis. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of Olmesartan on cartilage ECM degradation. Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a novel inflammatory mediator involved in the inflammation and degradation of cartilage in OA, and human T/C-28a2 cells treated with it were the inflammatory model in vitro. We found that the degradation of type 2 collagens and aggrecans was induced by IL-29, accompanied by the upregulation of MMPs and ADAMTSs, but the presence of Olmesartan significantly ameliorated these increases. In addition, Olmesartan abolished IL-29- induced oxidative stress and elevated the expression level of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF-6). Mechanistically, we showed that Olmesartan suppressed IL-29- caused inhibitor kappa B α (IκBα) expression and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, indicating it suppressed the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Collectively, our data reveal that Olmesartan exerted a protective function on IL-29- induced type 2 collagen degradation in human chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Liu
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Lab of Molecular Biology, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- Lab of Molecular Biology, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanchun Shang
- Department of Knee Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Sun S, Wesolowski SS. Biologically active metabolites in drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 48:128255. [PMID: 34245850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biologically active metabolites are a valuable resource for development of drug candidates and lead structures for drug design. This digest highlights a selection of biologically active metabolites that have been used as new chemical entities for development or as lead structures for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc, 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
| | - Steven S Wesolowski
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc, 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
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11
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Lu J, Shi Y, Li X, Liang X, Wang Y, Yuan S, Wu T. Understanding and Controlling the Formation of an N-Alkyl Impurity in Olmesartan Medoxomil: A Derivative via Michael-Type Addition between Tetrazole and Mesityl Oxide In Situ Generated from Acetone. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Lu
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinfei Shi
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinquan Wang
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shun Yuan
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Taizhi Wu
- State Key Lab of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Jana A, Ravichandiran V, Swain SP. Application of organometallic catalysts for the synthesis of o-tolyl benzonitrile, a key starting material for sartans. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes methods for the synthesis of o-tolyl benzonitrile, such as Pd-, Ni-catalyzed Suzuki, Negishi and Kumada couplings reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Jana
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - V. Ravichandiran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Sharada Prasanna Swain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata-700054, India
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13
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Ulahannan R, Kannan V, Vidya V, Sreekumar K. Synthesis and DFT studies of the structure - NLO activity evaluation of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4,5-triphenyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Rossi R, Ciofalo M. Current Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Pharmacologically Relevant 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted-1H-Imidazole Derivatives. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191014154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
:
In recent years, the synthesis and evaluation of the
biological properties of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole
derivatives have been the subject of a large number of studies
by academia and industry. In these studies it has been shown
that this large and highly differentiated class of heteroarene
derivatives includes high valuable compounds having important
biological and pharmacological properties such as
antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer,
antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antifibrotic,
antiuricemic, antidiabetic, antileishmanial and antiulcer
activities.
:
The present review with 411 references, in which we focused on the literature data published mainly from 2011
to 2017, aims to update the readers on the recent developments on the synthesis and biological evaluation of
pharmacologically relevant 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted-1H-imidazole derivatives with an emphasis on their different
molecular targets and their potential use as drugs to treat various types of diseases. Reference was also
made to substantial literature data acquired before 2011 in this burgeoning research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa - via Moruzzi, 3, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciofalo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo - Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 4, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
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15
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Kellici TF, Ntountaniotis D, Liapakis G, Tzakos AG, Mavromoustakos T. The dynamic properties of angiotensin II type 1 receptor inverse agonists in solution and in the receptor site. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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16
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Development of (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers as a new class of selective antitubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111882. [PMID: 31753514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of halogenated (4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine regioisomers (1a-9a, 1b-9b) were synthesized from their corresponding thiourea analogues (1-9). The synthesis pathway was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic studies of 1a, 1b and 5a. Title derivatives were tested for their in vitro antitubercular activity against standard, "wild-type" and atypical mycobacteria. The highest therapeutic potential was attributed to isomeric N-(bromophenyl)tetrazoles 8a and 9a. Their growth-inhibitory effect against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spec. 210 was 8-16-fold stronger than that of the first-line tuberculostatics. Other new tetrazole-derived compounds were also more or equally effective towards that pathogen comparing to the established pharmaceuticals. Among non-tuberculous strains, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum was the most susceptible to the presence of the majority of tetrazole derivatives. The synergistic interaction was found between 9a and streptomycin, as well as the additivity of both 8a and 9a in pairs with isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol. None of the studied compounds displayed antibacterial or cytotoxic properties against normal and cancer cell lines, which indicated their highly selective antimycobacterial effects.
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17
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Mohammadkhani L, Heravi MM. Oxalyl Chloride: A Versatile Reagent in Organic Transformations. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Mohammadkhani
- Department of Chemistry, School of SciencesAlzahra University Vanak, Tehran Iran
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of SciencesAlzahra University Vanak, Tehran Iran
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18
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Brusina MA, Nikolaev DN, Piotrovskiy LB. Synthesis of substituted imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acids. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Rossi R, Angelici G, Casotti G, Manzini C, Lessi M. Catalytic Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted 1
H
‐Imidazole Derivatives: State of the Art. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Gaetano Angelici
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Gianluca Casotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Chiara Manzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Marco Lessi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan India
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21
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Brusina MA, Gubina YA, Nikolaev DN, Ramsh SM, Piotrovskii LB. Influence of Oxidation Conditions on the Yield of 2-Substituted Imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic Acids. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Thomas R, Hossain M, Mary YS, Resmi K, Armaković S, Armaković SJ, Nanda AK, Ranjan VK, Vijayakumar G, Van Alsenoy C. Spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking of imidazole derivatives and investigation of its reactive properties by DFT and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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An expeditious synthetic protocol for chlorination of imidazole N-oxide: Synthesis of 2-chloroimidazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Bielenica A, Szulczyk D, Olejarz W, Madeddu S, Giliberti G, Materek IB, Koziol AE, Struga M. 1H-Tetrazol-5-amine and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives containing 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl scaffold: Synthesis, cytotoxic and anti-HIV studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:804-812. [PMID: 28802233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
On the basis of recently reported biologically active 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylthioureas, a series of diaryl derivatives incorporating 1H-tetrazol-5-yl (1a-11a, 1a'-11a') and 1,3-thiazolidin-4-one (1b-11b) scaffolds were synthesized. The synthesis pathway was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic studies of 3a', 6a, 8a, 6b and 8b. The cytotoxicity against MT-4 cells and anti-HIV properties of new derivatives were evaluated. As compared to initial thiourea connections, the cyclisation reduced the cytotoxicity of compounds by 2-15 times. The most promising N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-amine 7a was found to be more active than the origin thiourea. Its cytotoxicity was evaluated on A549, HTB-140 and HaCaT cell lines using MTT assay. The compound shows significant influence on cancer, but not on normal cells. Obtained results can provide some constructive data for further designing of novel family of potentially bioactive analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Daniel Szulczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Silvia Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giliberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ilona B Materek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna E Koziol
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland; Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
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25
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Abstract
Olmesartan is an angiotensin receptor blockers with actions similar to those of losartan; it is used for the treatment of high blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels for this reason blood can flow more easily. It could be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive drugs. This chapter gives a comprehensive profile of olmesartan, containing detailed nomenclature, formulae, elemental analysis, and appearance of the drug. In addition this chapter also describes several methods of synthesis and usage of the olmesartan. The profile covers the physicochemical properties including pKa value, solubility, X-ray powder diffraction, melting point, and procedures of analysis (compendial, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic techniques of analysis). Comprehensive pharmacology is also presented (pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses and dosing, interactions, and adverse effects and precautions). Eighty references were given as a proof of the above-mentioned studies.
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26
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Martens SJ, Geiger DK. Structural characterization of two tetra-chlorido-zincate salts of 4-carb-oxy-1 H-imidazol-3-ium: a salt hydrate and a co-crystal salt hydrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2017; 73:162-167. [PMID: 28217334 PMCID: PMC5290557 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989017000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole-containing compounds exhibit a myriad of pharmacological activities. Two tetra-chlorido-zincate salts of 4-carb-oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium, ImHCO2H+, are reported. Bis(4-carb-oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium) tetra-chlorido-zincate monohydrate, (C4H5N2O2)2[ZnCl4]·H2O, (I), crystallizes as a monohydrate salt, while bis-(4-carb-oxy-1H-imidazol-3-ium) tetra-chlorido-zincate bis-(1H-imidazol-3-ium-4-carboxyl-ato) monohydrate, (C4H5N2O2)2[ZnCl4]·2C4H4N2O2·H2O, (II), is a co-crystal salt with six residues: two ImHCO2H+ cations, two formula units of the zwitterionic 1H-imidazol-3-ium-4-carboxyl-ate, ImHCO2, one tetra-chlorido-zincate anion and one water mol-ecule disordered over two sites in a 0.60 (4):0.40 (4) ratio. The geometric parameters of the ImHCO2H+ and the ImHCO2 moieties are the same within the standard uncertainties of the measurements. Both compounds exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding, including involvement of the tetra-chlorido-zincate anion, resulting in inter-connected chains of anions joined by water mol-ecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Martens
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY–College at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
| | - David K Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY–College at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454, USA
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27
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Michel MC, Brunner HR, Foster C, Huo Y. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in animal models of vascular, cardiac, metabolic and renal disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:1-81. [PMID: 27130806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) in various animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and renal function and morphology. Those of azilsartan and telmisartan have been included comprehensively whereas those of other ARBs have been included systematically but without intention of completeness. ARBs as a class lower blood pressure in established hypertension and prevent hypertension development in all applicable animal models except those with a markedly suppressed renin-angiotensin system; blood pressure lowering even persists for a considerable time after discontinuation of treatment. This translates into a reduced mortality, particularly in models exhibiting marked hypertension. The retrieved data on vascular, cardiac and renal function and morphology as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed to address three main questions: 1. Can ARB effects on blood vessels, heart, kidney and metabolic function be explained by blood pressure lowering alone or are they additionally directly related to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system? 2. Are they shared by other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? 3. Are some effects specific for one or more compounds within the ARB class? Taken together these data profile ARBs as a drug class with unique properties that have beneficial effects far beyond those on blood pressure reduction and, in some cases distinct from those of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The clinical relevance of angiotensin receptor-independent effects of some ARBs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Dept. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | | | - Carolyn Foster
- Retiree from Dept. of Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Yong Huo
- Dept. Cardiology & Heart Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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28
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Aly AA, Hassan AA, Bräse S, Gomaa MAM, Nemr FM. Reaction of Amidrazones with Diaminomaleonitrile: Synthesis of 4-Amino-5-Iminopyrazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Aly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Minia University; 61519 El-Minia Egypt
| | - Alaa A. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Minia University; 61519 El-Minia Egypt
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; 76141 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mohsen A.-M. Gomaa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Minia University; 61519 El-Minia Egypt
| | - Fatmaa M. Nemr
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Minia University; 61519 El-Minia Egypt
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29
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Hanumantha Rao B, Subramanyeswara Rao IV, Ravi Kanth V, Prasada Rao KVV, Balamurali Krishna K, Syama Sundar B. A Competent and Commercially Viable Process for the Synthesis of the Anti-Hypertensive Drug Olmesartan Medoxomil. Sci Pharm 2016; 83:465-78. [PMID: 26839831 PMCID: PMC4727774 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1502-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug product purity and potency are of most significance in the regulatory market as we notice many recalled batches worldwide, particularly in the US and Japan. Olmesartan Medoxomil is an anti-hypertensive drug. The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of Olmesartan Medoxomil with 99.9% purity in an overall 62% yield. The synthesis includes three isolations and one purification with easy plant operations. This process describes the formation and control of each individual impurity in all stages. This process for Olmesartan Medoxomil and its intermediates is competent for industrial production in very short reaction time intervals with an appreciable yield and high purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bommena Hanumantha Rao
- Chemical Research and Development, Aurobindo Pharma Pvt Ltd, Survey No. 71& 72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak District, Telangana-502329, India; Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522510, India
| | - Inti Venkata Subramanyeswara Rao
- Chemical Research and Development, Aurobindo Pharma Pvt Ltd, Survey No. 71& 72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak District, Telangana-502329, India
| | - Vysyaraju Ravi Kanth
- Chemical Research and Development, Aurobindo Pharma Pvt Ltd, Survey No. 71& 72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak District, Telangana-502329, India
| | - Korrapati Venkata Vara Prasada Rao
- Chemical Research and Development, Aurobindo Pharma Pvt Ltd, Survey No. 71& 72, Indrakaran Village, Sangareddy Mandal, Medak District, Telangana-502329, India
| | - K Balamurali Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522510, India
| | - Bethanabatla Syama Sundar
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh-522510, India
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Development of drugs based on imidazole and benzimidazole bioactive heterocycles: recent advances and future directions. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Dams I, Ostaszewska A, Puchalska M, Chmiel J, Cmoch P, Bujak I, Białońska A, Szczepek WJ. Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of the Process-Related Impurities of Olmesartan Medoxomil. Do 5-(Biphenyl-2-yl)-1-triphenylmethyltetrazole Intermediates in Sartan Syntheses Exist? Molecules 2015; 20:21346-63. [PMID: 26633332 PMCID: PMC6332230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the process development for multigram-scale synthesis of olmesartan medoxomil (OM), two principal regioisomeric process-related impurities were observed along with the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The impurities were identified as N-1- and N-2-(5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxolen-4-yl)methyl derivatives of OM. Both compounds, of which N-2 isomer of olmesartan dimedoxomil is a novel impurity of OM, were synthesized and fully characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry/electrospray ionization (HRMS/ESI). Their ¹H, (13)C and (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance signals were fully assigned. The molecular structures of N-triphenylmethylolmesartan ethyl (N-tritylolmesartan ethyl) and N-tritylolmesartan medoxomil, the key intermediates in OM synthesis, were solved and refined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The SCXRD study revealed that N-tritylated intermediates of OM exist exclusively as one of the two possible regioisomers. In molecular structures of these regioisomers, the trityl substituent is attached to the N-2 nitrogen atom of the tetrazole ring, and not to the N-1 nitrogen, as has been widely reported up to the present. This finding indicates that the reported structural formula of N-tritylolmesartan ethyl and N-tritylolmesartan medoxomil, as well as their systematic chemical names, must be revised. The careful analysis of literature spectroscopic data for other sartan intermediates and their analogs with 5-(biphenyl-2-yl)tetrazole moiety showed that they also exist exclusively as N-2-trityl regioisomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Dams
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, Warsaw 01-793, Poland.
| | - Anna Ostaszewska
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, Warsaw 01-793, Poland.
| | - Maria Puchalska
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, Warsaw 01-793, Poland.
| | - Justyna Chmiel
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, Warsaw 01-793, Poland.
| | - Piotr Cmoch
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, Warsaw 01-793, Poland.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Iwona Bujak
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, Warsaw 01-793, Poland.
| | - Agata Białońska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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Behrens K, Mondal SS, Nöske R, Baburin IA, Leoni S, Günter C, Weber J, Holdt HJ. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Defects Metal-Imidazolate-Amide-Imidate Frameworks and Improved CO2 Capture. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10073-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Behrens
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Suvendu Sekhar Mondal
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robert Nöske
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Igor A. Baburin
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Stefano Leoni
- Cardiff University, School of Chemistry, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Günter
- Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jens Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, University of Applied Science, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Holdt
- Institut für Chemie, Anorganische Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Han XF, He X, Wang M, Xu D, Hao LP, Liang AH, Zhang J, Zhou ZM. Discovery of novel, potent and low-toxicity angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) blockers: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-substituted aminocarbonyl benzimidazoles with a chiral center. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:473-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mondal SS, Behrens K, Kelling A, Nabein HP, Schilde U, Holdt HJ. Two CdII/CoII-Imidazolate Coordination Polymers: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Stabilities, and Luminescent/Magnetic Properties. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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A Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Imidazole-5-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists Combining 2D and 3D QSAR Methods. Interdiscip Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12539-015-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Many medications can cause diarrhea by increasing motility, inflammation or enteropathy. Olmesartan and mycophenolic acid (CellCept) are drugs that are capable of increasing inflammation and enteropathy in some individuals and, if not recognized, can lead to chronic diarrhea. It is this type of drug-induced diarrhea that is the focus of this review. METHODS A summary of our findings (recent and earlier published) as well as a review of published works from other centers were conducted. RESULTS There is increasing evidence that olmesartan use is associated with enteropathy in a small number of individuals who use angiotensin receptor II blockers, and that this enteropathy is characterized by severe diarrhea capable of inducing severe dehydration and, in some instances, failure of organs such as the kidney. Typical patient demographics are Caucasian individuals who are older (>50 years old) and obese or overweight prior to weight loss. Prolonged exposure to olmesartan use for 1-2 years is typical, although case reports of irbesartan and valsartan have been reported as well. Discontinuing olmesartan leads to improvement of symptoms; however, the period for healing is variable, with some patients requiring steroid therapy and even prolonged parental nutrition support. In addition, many histological features of olmesartan-associated enteropathy are also present in celiac disease, including villi shortening and lymphocyte infiltration. Other drug-associated enteropathies have also been reported with mycophenolate mofetil used in transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Of the drug-associated enteropathies discussed in this review, olmesartan can generate the most severe symptoms, albeit quite rare. Therefore, with patients who present with severe diarrhea and weight loss, one should consider olmesartan-associated enteropathy. In addition, many of the features associated with olmesartan-associated enteropathy are also found in celiac disease enteropathy; as such, one should review any celiac disease diagnosis for any use of olmesartan at the time of diagnosis.
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Ikuma Y, Hochigai H, Kimura H, Nunami N, Kobayashi T, Uchiyama K, Umezome T, Sakurai Y, Sawada N, Tadano J, Sugaru E, Ono M, Hirose Y, Nakahira H. Discovery of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones as potent and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitors: use of a carboxylate prodrug to improve bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:779-90. [PMID: 25596166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported a novel series of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones with potent dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitory activity. However, these compounds showed poor oral absorption. We attempted in this study esterification of the carboxylic acid moiety to improve the compounds 1-4 plasma concentrations. Our efforts yielded 10h with a 5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl methyl ester as an S9/plasma-cleavable functionality. Compound 10h showed significantly high oral absorption and potent DPP-4 inhibition in vivo and decreased Zucker fatty rats glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test. Optimization of the ester moiety revealed that rapid conversion to the carboxyl form in both liver S9 fractions and serum was important for prodrugs not to be detected in the plasma after oral administration. In particular, lability in the serum was found to be an important characteristic. Through our investigation, we were able to develop a novel efficient synthetic method for construction of 3H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4(5H)-ones using intramolecular radical cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ikuma
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Hochigai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kimura
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Noriko Nunami
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kobayashi
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Katsuya Uchiyama
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Takashi Umezome
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Sakurai
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Sawada
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Jun Tadano
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugaru
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Michiko Ono
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Yuko Hirose
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakahira
- Drug Research Division, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd, 33-94 Enoki-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0053, Japan
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Sharma MC. A structure-activity relationship study of imidazole-5-carboxylic acids derivatives as angiotensin II receptor antagonists combining 2D and 3D QSAR methods. Interdiscip Sci 2014. [PMID: 25183352 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-013-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two Dimensional (2D) and Three Dimensional (3D) Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) studies were performed for correlating the chemical composition of Imidazole-5-carboxylic Acids analogues and their Angiotensin II AT1 Receptor Antagonists activity using partial least squares and k Nearest Neighbor respectively. For Comparing the three different feature selection methods of 2D-QSAR, k Nearest Neighbor models was used in conjunction with simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA) and stepwise (SW) coupled with Partial least square (PLS) showed variation in biological activity. The statistically significant best 2D-QSAR model having good predictive ability with statistical values of r2 = 0.8040, and pred_r2 = 0.7764, was developed by SA-Partial least square with the descriptors like SsCH3Count, 5Chain Count, SdsCHE-index and H-acceptor count showed that increase in the values of these descriptors are beneficial for the activity. The 3D-QSAR studies were performed using the SA-PLS a leave-one-out cross-validated correlation coefficient q2=0.7188 and predicate activity pred_r2 =0.7226 were obtained. The information rendered by QSAR models may lead to a better understanding of structural requirements of substituted Imidazole-5-carboxylic Acids derivatives and also aid in designing novel potent antihypertensive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C Sharma
- Drug Design and Development Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya University, Takshila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, MP, India,
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Mondal SS, Müller H, Junginger M, Kelling A, Schilde U, Strehmel V, Holdt HJ. Imidazolium 2-Substituted 4,5-Dicyanoimidazolate Ionic Liquids: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Structure-Thermal Property Relationships. Chemistry 2014; 20:8170-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Greathouse M. Olmesartan medoxomil-based therapy for the management of hypertension. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:593-604. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.5.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gorain B, Choudhury H, Kundu A, Sarkar L, Karmakar S, Jaisankar P, Pal TK. Nanoemulsion strategy for olmesartan medoxomil improves oral absorption and extended antihypertensive activity in hypertensive rats. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 115:286-94. [PMID: 24388859 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Olmesartan medoxomil (OM) is hydrolyzed to its active metabolite olmesartan by the action of aryl esterase to exert its antihypertensive actions by selectively blocking angiotensin II-AT1 receptor. Poor aqueous solubility and uncontrolled enzymatic conversion of OM to its poorly permeable olmesartan limits its oral bioavailability. The aim of the current study was to formulate a novel nanoemulsion of OM to improve its pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. The oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsion of OM was developed using lipoid purified soybean oil 700, sefsol 218 and solutol HS 15. We have characterized the nanoemulsions by considering their thermodynamic stability, morphology, droplet size, zeta potential and viscosity and in vitro drug release characteristics in fasting state simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and intestinal fluid (pH 6.5). The thermodynamically stable nanoemulsions comprises of spherical nanometer sized droplets (<50 nm) with low polydispersity index showed enhanced permeability through the Caco-2 cell monolayer. The concentration of active olmesartan in rat plasma following oral absorption study was determined by our validated LC-MS/MS method. The result of the pharmacokinetic study showed 2.8-fold increased in area under the curve (AUC0-27) of olmesartan upon oral administration of OM nanoemulsion and sustained release profile. Subsequent, in vivo studies with nanoemulsion demonstrated better and prolonged control of experimentally induced hypertension with 3-fold reduction in conventional dose. By analysing the findings of the present investigations based on stability study, Caco-2 permeability, pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacodynamic evaluation indicated that the nanoemulsion of OM (OMF6) could significantly enhance the oral bioavailability of relatively insoluble OM contributing to improved clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Gorain
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Kundu
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Lipi Sarkar
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - P Jaisankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Pal
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
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Nonpeptidic angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists derived from 6-substituted aminocarbonyl and acylamino benzimidazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Choir SY, Yang PH, Wang CLJ, Lu HH, Chen Y, Kao JM. The Syntheses of Triazinone and Pyrimidinone Biphenyltetrazoles as Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.199900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Facile and efficient syntheses of a series of N-benzyl and N-biphenylmethyl substituted imidazole derivatives based on (E)-urocanic acid, as angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockers. Molecules 2013; 18:7510-32. [PMID: 23807577 PMCID: PMC6270370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a facile and efficient route for the synthesis of a series of N-substituted imidazole derivatives is described. Docking studies have revealed that N-substituted imidazole derivatives based on (E)-urocanic acid may be potential antihypertensive leads. Therefore, new AT1 receptor blockers bearing either the benzyl or the biphenylmethyl moiety at the N-1 or N-3 position, either the (E)-acrylate or the propanoate fragment and their related acids at the C-4 position as well as a halogen atom at the C-5 position of the imidazole ring, were synthesized. The newly synthesized analogues were evaluated for binding to human AT1 receptor. The biological results showed that this class of molecules possesses moderate or no activity, thus not always confirming high docking scores. Nonetheless, important conclusions can be derived for their molecular basis of their mode of action and help medicinal chemists to design and synthesize more potent ones. An aliphatic group as in losartan seems to be important for enhancing binding affinity and activity.
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Michel MC, Foster C, Brunner HR, Liu L. A systematic comparison of the properties of clinically used angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:809-48. [PMID: 23487168 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) have become an important drug class in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure and the protection from diabetic nephropathy. Eight ARBs are clinically available [azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan]. Azilsartan (in some countries), candesartan, and olmesartan are orally administered as prodrugs, whereas the blocking action of some is mediated through active metabolites. On the basis of their chemical structures, ARBs use different binding pockets in the receptor, which are associated with differences in dissociation times and, in most cases, apparently insurmountable antagonism. The physicochemical differences between ARBs also manifest in different tissue penetration, including passage through the blood-brain barrier. Differences in binding mode and tissue penetration are also associated with differences in pharmacokinetic profile, particularly duration of action. Although generally highly specific for angiotensin II type 1 receptors, some ARBs, particularly telmisartan, are partial agonists at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. All of these properties are comprehensively reviewed in this article. Although there is general consensus that a continuous receptor blockade over a 24-hour period is desirable, the clinical relevance of other pharmacological differences between individual ARBs remains to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Department of Clinical Development & Medical Affairs, Boehringer Ingelheim, 55216 Ingelheim, Germany.
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Betz R, Hosten E, Gerber T, Dayananda AS, Yathirajan HS, Saji T. Redetermination of the structure of olmesartan medoxomil, (5-methyl-2- oxo-2H-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)-methyl-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-propyl-1-(-[2- (2H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenyl]phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole-5- carboxylate, C29H30N6O6. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ncrs.2013.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract C29H30N6O6, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.3134(3) Å, b = 21.2095(4) Å, c = 10.8503(2) Å, β = 100.549(1)°, V = 2785.8 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0422, wRref(F2) = 0.1205, T = 200 K
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Betz
- 1Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, Department of Chemistry, University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Eric Hosten
- 1Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, Department of Chemistry, University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Thomas Gerber
- 1Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Summerstrand Campus, Department of Chemistry, University Way, Summerstrand, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Alaloor S. Dayananda
- 2University of Mysore, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Hemmige S. Yathirajan
- 2University of Mysore, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India
| | - Thomas Saji
- 3Jubilant Life Sciences Ltd., C-26, Sector 59, Noida 201 301, India
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47
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El-Gamal MI, Anbar HS, Chung HJ, Kim HI, Cho YJ, Lee BS, Lee SA, Moon JY, Lee DJ, Kwon D, Choi WJ, Jeon HR, Oh CH. Discovery of olmesartan hexetil: A new potential prodrug of olmesartan. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1347-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Agelis G, Resvani A, Koukoulitsa C, Tůmová T, Slaninová J, Kalavrizioti D, Spyridaki K, Afantitis A, Melagraki G, Siafaka A, Gkini E, Megariotis G, Grdadolnik SG, Papadopoulos MG, Vlahakos D, Maragoudakis M, Liapakis G, Mavromoustakos T, Matsoukas J. Rational design, efficient syntheses and biological evaluation of N,N'-symmetrically bis-substituted butylimidazole analogs as a new class of potent Angiotensin II receptor blockers. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:352-70. [PMID: 23376252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of symmetrically bis-substituted imidazole analogs bearing at the N-1 and N-3 two biphenyl moieties ortho substituted either with tetrazole or carboxylate functional groups was designed based on docking studies and utilizing for the first time an extra hydrophobic binding cleft of AT1 receptor. The synthesized analogs were evaluated for their in vitro antagonistic activities (pA2 values) and binding affinities (-logIC50 values) to the Angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Among them, the potassium (-logIC50 = 9.04) and the sodium (-logIC50 = 8.54) salts of 4-butyl-N,N'-bis{[2'-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}imidazolium bromide (12a and 12b, respectively) as well as its free acid 11 (-logIC50 = 9.46) and the 4-butyl-2-hydroxymethyl-N,N'-bis{[2'-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}imidazolium bromide (14) (-logIC50 = 8.37, pA2 = 8.58) showed high binding affinity to the AT1 receptor and high antagonistic activity (potency). The potency was similar or even superior to that of Losartan (-logIC50 = 8.25, pA2 = 8.25). On the contrary, 2-butyl-N,N'-bis{[2'-[2H-tetrazol-5-yl)]biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}imidazolium bromide (27) (-logIC50 = 5.77) and 2-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-N,N'-bis{[2'-[2H-tetrazol-5-yl)]biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}imidazolium bromide (30) (-logIC50 = 6.38) displayed very low binding affinity indicating that the orientation of the n-butyl group is of primary importance. Docking studies of the representative highly active 12b clearly showed that this molecule has an extra hydrophobic binding feature compared to prototype drug Losartan and it fits to the extra hydrophobic cavity. These results may contribute to the discovery and development of a new class of biologically active molecules through bis-alkylation of the imidazole ring by a convenient and cost effective synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Agelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Gorain B, Choudhury H, Biswas E, Barik A, Jaisankar P, Pal TK. A novel approach for nanoemulsion components screening and nanoemulsion assay of olmesartan medoxomil through a developed and validated HPLC method. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41452c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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50
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Synthesis and Characterization of Process-Related Impurities of Antihypertensive Drug Olmesartan Medoxomil. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/516459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olmesartan medoxomil(1)is the latest angiotensin receptor antagonist approved by the FDA for the treatment of hypertension. During the process development of olmesartan medoxomil, three process-related impurities were observed along with the final API. These impurities were identified as isopropyl olmesartan (12), dimedoxomil olmesartan (19), dibiphenyl olmesartan (17). The present work describes the synthesis and characterization of all these three impurities.
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