1
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Giri R, Zhilin E, Katayev D. Divergent functionalization of alkenes enabled by photoredox activation of CDFA and α-halo carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10659-10667. [PMID: 38994427 PMCID: PMC11234866 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we present our studies on the solvent-controlled difunctionalization of alkenes utilizing chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA) and α-halo carboxylic acids for the synthesis of γ-lactones, γ-lactams and α,α-difluoroesters. Mechanistic insights revealed that photocatalytic reductive mesolytic cleavage of the C-X bond delivers elusive α-carboxyl alkyl radicals. In the presence of an olefin molecule, this species acts as a unique bifunctional intermediate allowing for stipulated formation of C-O, C-N and C-H bonds on Giese-type adducts via single electron transfer (SET) or hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) events. These protocols exhibit great efficiency across a broad spectrum of readily available α-halo carboxylic acids and are amenable to scalability in both batch and flow. To demonstrate the versatility of this concept, the synthesis of (±)-boivinianin A, its fluorinated analog and eupomatilone-6 natural products was successfully accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Egor Zhilin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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2
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Ryabukhin SV, Bondarenko DV, Trofymchuk SA, Lega DA, Volochnyuk DM. Aza-Heterocyclic Building Blocks with In-Ring CF 2 -Fragment. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300283. [PMID: 37873869 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Modern organic chemistry is a titan supporting and reinforcing pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and material science products. Over the past decades, the organic compounds market has been evolving to meet all the research demands. In this regard, medicinal chemistry is especially dependent on available chemical space as subtle tuning of the molecule structure is required to create a drug with relevant physicochemical properties and a remarkable activity profile. The recent rapid evolution of synthetic methodology to deploy fluorine has brought fluorinated compounds to the spotlight of MedChem community. And now unique properties of fluorine still keep fascinating more and more as its justified installation into a molecular framework has a beneficial impact on membrane permeability, lipophilicity, metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic properties, conformation, pKa , etc. The backward influence of medicinal chemistry on organic synthesis has also changed the landscape of the latter towards new fluorinated topologies as well. Such complex relationships create a flexible and ever-changing ecosystem. Given that MedChem investigations strongly lean on the ability to reach suitable building blocks and the existence of reliable synthetic methods in this review we collected advances in the chemistry of respectful, but still enigmatic gem-difluorinated aza-heterocyclic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska str., 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademik Kukhar str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - D V Bondarenko
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska str., 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - S A Trofymchuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademik Kukhar str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - D A Lega
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National University of Pharmacy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 53 Pushkinska str., 61002, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - D M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Winston Churchill str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska str., 01033, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademik Kukhar str., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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3
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Hernández-Cruz E, Eugenio-Pérez D, Ramírez-Magaña KJ, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Effects of Vegetal Extracts and Metabolites against Oxidative Stress and Associated Diseases: Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8936-8959. [PMID: 36936291 PMCID: PMC10018526 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a natural physiological process where the levels of oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS), exceed the strategy of antioxidant defenses, culminating in the interruption of redox signaling and control. Oxidative stress is associated with multiple pathologies, including premature aging, neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and arthritis. It is not yet clear whether oxidative stress is the cause or consequence of these diseases; however, it has been shown that using compounds with antioxidant properties, particularly compounds of natural origin, could prevent or slow down the progress of different pathologies. Within this context, the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model has served to study the effect of different metabolites and natural compounds, which has helped to decipher molecular targets and the effect of these compounds on premature aging and some diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases and dyslipidemia. This article lists the studies carried out on C. elegans in which metabolites and natural extracts have been tested against oxidative stress and the pathologies associated with providing an overview of the discoveries in the redox area made with this nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefani
Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National
Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgraduate
in Biological Sciences, National Autonomous
University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dianelena Eugenio-Pérez
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National
Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgraduate
in Biochemical Sciences, National Autonomous
University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Jaqueline Ramírez-Magaña
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National
Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgraduate
in Biochemical Sciences, National Autonomous
University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National
Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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4
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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5
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Peng Q, Yan B, Li F, Lang M, Zhang B, Guo D, Bierer D, Wang J. Biomimetic enantioselective synthesis of β,β-difluoro-α-amino acid derivatives. Commun Chem 2021; 4:148. [PMID: 36697625 PMCID: PMC9814941 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although utilization of fluorine compounds has a long history, synthesis of chiral fluorinated amino acid derivatives with structural diversity and high stereoselectivity is still very appealing and challenging. Here, we report a biomimetic study of enantioselective [1,3]-proton shift of β,β-difluoro-α-imine amides catalyzed by chiral quinine derivatives. A wide range of corresponding β,β-difluoro-α-amino amides were achieved in good yields with high enantioselectivities. The optically pure β,β-difluoro-α-amino acid derivatives were further obtained, which have high application values in the synthesis of fluoro peptides, fluoro amino alcohols and other valuable fluorine-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiupeng Peng
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bingjia Yan
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China ,grid.418832.40000 0001 0610 524XPresent Address: Leibniz-Forchungsinstituts für Molekulare Pharmakologies (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fangyi Li
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Donghui Guo
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Donald Bierer
- grid.420044.60000 0004 0374 4101Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18A, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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6
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Shabani S, Wu Y, Ryan HG, Hutton CA. Progress and perspectives on directing group-assisted palladium-catalysed C-H functionalisation of amino acids and peptides. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9278-9343. [PMID: 34254063 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide modifications can unlock a variety of compounds with structural diversity and abundant biological activity. In nature, peptide modifications, such as functionalisation at the side-chain position of amino acids, are performed using post-translational modification enzymes or incorporation of unnatural amino acids. However, accessing these modifications remains a challenge for organic chemists. During the past decades, selective C-H activation/functionalisation has attracted considerable attention in synthetic organic chemistry as a pathway to peptide modification. Various directing group strategies have been discovered that assist selective C-H activation. In particular, bidentate directing groups that enable tuneable and reversible coordination are now recognised as one of the most efficient methods for the site-selective C-H activation and functionalisation of numerous families of organic compounds. Synthetic peptide chemists have harnessed bidentate directing group strategies for selective functionalisation of the β- and γ-positions of amino acids. This method has been expanded and recognised as an effective device for the late stage macrocyclisation and total synthesis of complex peptide natural products. In this review, we discuss various β-, γ-, and δ-C(sp3)-H bond functionalisation reactions of amino acids for the formation of C-X bonds with the aid of directing groups and their application in late-stage macrocyclisation and the total synthesis of complex peptide natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Shabani
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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7
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Moschner J, Stulberg V, Fernandes R, Huhmann S, Leppkes J, Koksch B. Approaches to Obtaining Fluorinated α-Amino Acids. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10718-10801. [PMID: 31436087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine does not belong to the pool of chemical elements that nature uses to build organic matter. However, chemists have exploited the unique properties of fluorine and produced countless fluoro-organic compounds without which our everyday lives would be unimaginable. The incorporation of fluorine into amino acids established a completely new class of amino acids and their properties, and those of the biopolymers constructed from them are extremely interesting. Increasing interest in this class of amino acids caused the demand for robust and stereoselective synthetic protocols that enable straightforward access to these building blocks. Herein, we present a comprehensive account of the literature in this field going back to 1995. We place special emphasis on a particular fluorination strategy. The four main sections describe fluorinated versions of alkyl, cyclic, aromatic amino acids, and also nickel-complexes to access them. We progress by one carbon unit increments. Special cases of amino acids for which there is no natural counterpart are described at the end of each section. Synthetic access to each of the amino acids is summarized in form of a table at the end of this article with the aim to make the information easily accessible to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Moschner
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rita Fernandes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jakob Leppkes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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8
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Miao J, Yang K, Kurek M, Ge H. Palladium-Catalyzed Site-Selective Fluorination of Unactivated C(sp(3))-H Bonds. Org Lett 2015. [PMID: 26205696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transition-metal-catalyzed direct C-H bond fluorination is an attractive synthetic tool toward the preparation of organofluorines. While many methods exist for the direct sp(3) C-H functionalization, site-selective fluorination of unactivated sp(3) carbons remains a challenge. Direct, highly site-selective and diastereoselective fluorination of aliphatic amides via a palladium-catalyzed bidentate ligand-directed C-H bond functionalization process on unactivated sp(3) carbons is reported. With this approach, a wide variety of β-fluorinated amino acid derivatives and aliphatic amides, important motifs in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, were prepared with palladium acetate as the catalyst and Selectfluor as the fluorine source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Miao
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | | | - Martin Kurek
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Haibo Ge
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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9
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Suckling CJ. The diversity-oriented synthesis of pteridines - achievements and potential for development. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:283-99. [PMID: 23440881 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The importance of pteridines in the key cofactors, tetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrobiopterin, has encouraged the development of the chemistry and chemical biology of pteridines. In order to investigate the latter, versatile synthetic methods are required to prepare designed relatives of the natural cofactors for use as potential drugs or biological probes. Recently, diversity-oriented synthesis has become a particularly powerful and versatile approach to the synthesis of pteridines and related heterocyclic compounds. This article describes and discusses available methods using radical, electrophilic, nucleophilic, and organometal mediated substitution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Suckling
- WestCHEM Research School, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland.
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10
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Exploiting morph-DAST mediated ring-expansion of substituted cyclic β-amino alcohols for the preparation of cyclic fluorinated amino acids. Synthesis of 5-fluoromethylproline and 5-fluoropipecolic acid. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Belokon YN, Maleev VI, Savel’eva TF, Moskalenko MA, Pripadchev DA, Khrustalev VN, Saghiyan AS. Asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically and diastereoisomerically enriched 4-[F or Br]-substituted glutamic acids. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1171-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Reddy DS, Shibata N, Horikawa T, Suzuki S, Nakamura S, Toru T, Shiro M. A DBFOX-Ph-Based Combinatorial Catalyst for Enantioselective Fluorination of Aryl Acetyl and 3-Butenoyl Thiazolidinones. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:1411-5. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Coward JK, McGuire JJ. Mechanism‐Based Inhibitors of Folylpoly‐γ‐Glutamate Synthetase and γ‐Glutamyl Hydrolase: Control of Folylpoly‐γ‐Glutamate Homeostasis as a Drug Target. FOLIC ACID AND FOLATES 2008; 79:347-73. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Winter HC, Ueda T. The glutamate uptake system in presynaptic vesicles: further characterization of structural requirements for inhibitors and substrates. Neurochem Res 2007; 33:223-31. [PMID: 17940888 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Noncyclic fluorine-substituted and cyclic analogs of glutamic acid were tested for their ability to inhibit glutamate uptake in isolated bovine presynaptic vesicles, in order to assess the specific structural requirements of the glutamate translocation system in the vesicle membrane. Cyclic analogs that permitted close interaction between the positive and negative charges of the glutamate molecule were effective inhibitors; maximum inhibitory potency was observed with L-trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (L-t-ACPD), while D-t-ACPD was less active. Analogs with a larger or smaller ring (as in trans-1-aminocyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid or trans-1-aminocyclobutane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid) were also inhibitory, but somewhat less so. trans-ACPD was also taken up by the vesicles with a time course and ATP dependence similar to uptake of glutamate, and this uptake was inhibited by glutamate. The K(m) value for t-ACPD uptake was similar to its K(i) for inhibition of glutamate uptake, while its rate of uptake was lower than that of glutamate. Fluorine-substituted noncyclic analogs with substitutions at the 4-carbon were less effective than glutamic acid itself, although 4,4-difluoroglutamic acid was equal in activity to the unsubstituted compound. Inhibition by these derivatives appeared to be competitive in nature, and they probably were also transported by the vesicle uptake system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Winter
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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15
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Donnelly C, Murphy CD. Bacterial defluorination of 4-fluoroglutamic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:699-703. [PMID: 17901951 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated amino acids are used as enzyme inhibitors, mechanistic probes and in the production of pharmacologically active peptides. Because enantiomerically pure 4-fluoroglutamate is difficult to prepare, the selective degradation of the L-isomer is a potentially convenient method of obtaining D-4-fluoroglutamate from the racemate. In this paper, we describe our investigations on the degradation of 4-fluoroglutamate by bacteria. Fluoride ion was detected in resting-cell cultures of a number of bacteria that were incubated with racemic 4-fluoroglutamate. Analysis of the culture supernatants by chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that only the L-isomer was degraded. The degradation of 4-fluoroglutamate was also examined in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces cattleya and Proteus mirabilis, and it was observed that equimolar concentrations of fluoride ion and ammonia were generated. The activity was located in the soluble fraction of cell extracts, thus is not related to the L-2-amino-4-chloro-4-pentenoic acid dehydrochlorinase previously identified in membrane fractions of P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clár Donnelly
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Suzuki T, Hamashima Y, Sodeoka M. Asymmetric Fluorination of α-Aryl Acetic Acid Derivatives with the Catalytic System NiCl2–Binap/R3SiOTf/2,6-Lutidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5435-9. [PMID: 17568468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Suzuki
- RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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17
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Suzuki T, Hamashima Y, Sodeoka M. Asymmetric Fluorination of α-Aryl Acetic Acid Derivatives with the Catalytic System NiCl2–Binap/R3SiOTf/2,6-Lutidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Tao H, Peralta-Yahya P, Lin H, Cornish VW. Optimized design and synthesis of chemical dimerizer substrates for detection of glycosynthase activity via chemical complementation. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6940-53. [PMID: 16870451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosynthases catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond between a glycosyl fluoride donor substrate and a glycosyl acceptor substrate with high yield, thus providing a valuable approach for the synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Chemical complementation can be used to link glycosynthase activity to the transcription of a reporter gene in vivo, providing a selection for the directed evolution of glycosynthase enzymes with improved properties. In this approach, glycosynthase activity is detected as covalent coupling between a small molecule disaccharide acceptor substrate and a small molecule disaccharide alpha-fluoro donor substrate. Here we report the optimized design and synthesis of these small molecule substrates. These optimized substrates are shown to give a robust, glycosynthase-dependent transcriptional read-out in the chemical complementation assay. The full synthesis and characterization of these substrates are reported for the first time. These optimized chemical dimerizer substrates should allow the potential of chemical complementation for the directed evolution of glycosynthases with diverse substrate specificities and improved properties to be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
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19
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Ma Quintela J, Peinador C, J. Moreira M, Toba R, Chas M. A Ready One-pot Preparation for Pteridine and Isoxazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kompis
- ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland
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21
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Synthesis of 4-monofluoromethylenyl- and cis-4-monofluoromethyl-l-pyroglutamic acids via a novel dehydrofluorination. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Qiu XL, Qing FL. Synthesis of cis-4-trifluoromethyl- and cis-4-difluoromethyl-l-pyroglutamic acids. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3614-7. [PMID: 12713369 DOI: 10.1021/jo034098m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to synthesize 4-trifluoromethyl- and 4-difluoromethyl-l-pyroglutamic acids are described. After many arduous efforts, we successfully synthesized our target molecules cis-4-trifluoromethyl-l-pyroglutamic acid 25 and cis-4-difluoromethyl-l-pyroglutamic acid 26 from trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline through oxidation of fluorinated prolinates with RuO(4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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23
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Althoff
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University New York, NY 10027, USA
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25
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Konas DW, Coward JK. Electrophilic fluorination of pyroglutamic acid derivatives: application of substrate-dependent reactivity and diastereoselectivity to the synthesis of optically active 4-fluoroglutamic acids. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8831-42. [PMID: 11749613 DOI: 10.1021/jo0106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorination of enantiomerically pure 2-pyrrolidinones (4) derived from (L)-glutamic acid has been investigated as a method for the synthesis of single stereoisomers of 4-fluorinated glutamic acids. Reaction of the lactam enolate derived from 9 with NFSi results in a completely diastereoselective monofluorination reaction to yield the monocyclic trans-substituted alpha-fluoro lactam product 21. Unfortunately, a decreased kinetic acidity in 21 and other structurally related monofluorinated products renders them resistant to a second fluorination. In contrast, the bicyclic lactam 12 is readily difluorinated under the standard conditions described to yield the alpha,alpha-difluoro lactam 24. The difference in reactivity between the two types of related lactams is attributed mainly to the presence or lack of a steric interaction between the base used for deprotonation and the protecting group present in the pyrrolidinone substrates. This conclusion was reached based on analysis of the X-ray crystal structure of 21, molecular modeling, and experimental evidence. The key intermediates 21 and 24 are converted to (2S,4R)-4-fluoroglutamic acid and (2S)-4,4-difluoroglutamic acid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Konas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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26
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A novel and expedient synthesis of optically active fluoroalkylated amino acids via palladium-catalyzed allylic rearrangement and Ireland–Claisen rearrangement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(01)00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Pankuch JJ, Coward JK. N-Me-pAB-Glu-gamma-Glu-gamma-Tyr(3-NO(2)): an internally quenched fluorogenic gamma-glutamyl hydrolase substrate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1561-4. [PMID: 11412981 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A gamma-glutamyl tripeptide containing an internally quenched fluorophore has been synthesized and shown to be a substrate for recombinant rat gamma-glutamyl hydrolase. HPLC, LC-MS, and fluorescence spectra support the conclusion that selective hydrolysis occurs at the penultimate peptide bond. Preliminary data indicate that hydrolysis of this substrate can be monitored continuously to yield steady-state kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pankuch
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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28
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Abstract
A convenient strategy was developed to prepare several beta-difluoroamino acids. As exemplified by the synthesis of 3,3-difluoro-L-homocysteine, 3,3-difluoro-L-homoserine and 3,3-difluoro-L-methionine, the reaction sequence all started from L-isoascorbic acid. This approach holds potential to be extended to make other beta-difluorine-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Li
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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29
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Kokuryo Y, Nakatani T, Kobayashi K, Tamura Y, Kawada K, Ohtani M. Practical synthesis of L-erythro- and L-threo-4-fluoroglutamic acids using aminoacylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(96)00462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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McGuire JJ, Hart BP, Haile WH, Magee KJ, Rhee M, Bolanowska WE, Russell C, Galivan J, Paul B, Coward JK. Biological properties of fluoroglutamate-containing analogs of folates and methotrexate with altered capacities to form poly (gamma-glutamate) metabolites. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52:1295-303. [PMID: 8937438 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(96)00485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroglutamate-containing analogs of folates and methotrexate (MTX) with altered capacities for poly (gamma-glutamate) metabolism were synthesized to probe the biological roles of polyglutamates. Compared to folic acid, DL-e,t-gamma-fluorofolic acid, a compound that is a poor substrate for polyglutamylation, was approximately 25-fold less potent in promoting growth of folate-depleted H35 rat hepatoma cells. DL-beta,beta-Difluorofolic acid, a compound that forms diglutamates more readily than does folic acid, was at least equivalent to folic acid in potency. Leucovorin (LV), a reduced folate, was 30-fold more potent than folic acid in promoting growth, whereas the analogous form of DL-e,t-gamma-fluorofolate, DL-e,t-gamma-fluoroleucovorin (DL-e,t-gamma-FLV) was only 4-fold more potent than folic acid. Both LV and DL-e,t-gamma-FLV protected or "rescued" cells from the growth inhibitory effects of MTX; however a 37- to 46-fold higher concentration of the fluoro analog was required. Folic acid, DL-e,t-gamma-fluorofolic acid, LV, and DL-e,t-gamma-FLV each potentiated the growth inhibitory effect of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine on CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells; higher concentrations of fluorinated analogs again were required. Stereochemically pure L-t-gamma-fluoromethotrexate (L-t-gamma-FMTX), a poor substrate for polyglutamylation, was evaluated as a cell growth inhibitor. In continuous exposure, L-t-gamma-FMTX), was 7-fold less potent than MTX as an inhibitor of CCRF-CEM growth. Results with these fluorinated folate and MTX analogs offer insight into the importance of polyglutamate metabolism to these biological and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J McGuire
- Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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31
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McGuire JJ, Tsukamoto T, Hart BP, Coward JK, Kalman TI, Galivan J. Exploitation of folate and antifolate polyglutamylation to achieve selective anticancer chemotherapy. Invest New Drugs 1996; 14:317-23. [PMID: 8958187 DOI: 10.1007/bf00194535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of poly(gamma-glutamate) metabolites of natural folates and antifolates is a critical process. Folypolyglutamates are essential for cell proliferation. Polyglutamates of glutamate (Glu)-containing antifolates are often critical for their cytotoxic action and are relevant to antifolate resistance. However, the role of polyglutamate synthesis in selectivity is less clear. We have undertaken a research program to further define the significance of polyglutamate metabolism and to devise ways to exploit this metabolism to achieve greater therapeutic selectivity in cancer chemotherapy. This article briefly reviews several approaches tested thus far. Inhibition of folypolyglutamate synthesis should lead to cell death. Current ornithine (Orn)-containing folate-based inhibitors of the enzyme responsible for their synthesis, folypolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS), are poorly transported, apparently because of interference by the protonated delta-amine. Replacement of Orn with 4, 4-difluoroOrn, the delta-amine of which has a much lower pKa and is thus less protonated at physiological pH, was explored. Since it is unclear how polyglutamylation contributes to selectivity, we explored generic means either to eliminate or to enhance polyglutamylation. The data indicate that substitution for Glu in an antifolate by some Glu analogs in which the gamma-COOH is either altered or replaced (e.g., gamma-tetrazole-Glu) leads to loss of both FPGS substrate activity and binding; antifolate target specificity is unchanged, while uptake is actually enhanced. Substitution of 3,3-difluoroGlu for Glu leads to enhanced polyglutamylation (although probably only to the diglutamate), retention of target specificity, and at least equal uptake. Comparative studies of the same antifolate containing different replacements for Glu, such as gamma-tetrazole-Glu (no polyglutamylation) or 3,3-difluoroGlu (enhanced polyglutamylation), will be useful in exploring the role and significance of polyglutamylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J McGuire
- Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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