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Bhattacharjee P, Rutland N, Iyer MR. Targeting Sterol O-Acyltransferase/Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT): A Perspective on Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16062-16098. [PMID: 36473091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sterol O-acyltransferase (SOAT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that aids the esterification of cholesterol and fatty acids to cholesterol esters. SOAT has been studied extensively as a potential drug target, since its inhibition can serve as an alternative to statin therapy. Two SOAT isozymes that have discrete functions in the human body, namely, SOAT1 and SOAT2, have been characterized. Over three decades of research has focused on candidate SOAT1 inhibitors with unsatisfactory results in clinical trials. Recent research has focused on targeting SOAT2 selectively. In this perspective, we summarize the literature covering various SOAT inhibitory agents and discuss the design, structural requirements, and mode of action of SOAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Bhattacharjee
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Nicholas Rutland
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Malliga R Iyer
- Section on Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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2
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Wu YJ, Meanwell NA. Geminal Diheteroatomic Motifs: Some Applications of Acetals, Ketals, and Their Sulfur and Nitrogen Homologues in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9786-9874. [PMID: 34213340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetals and ketals and their nitrogen and sulfur homologues are often considered to be unconventional and potentially problematic scaffolding elements or pharmacophores for the design of orally bioavailable drugs. This opinion is largely a function of the perception that such motifs might be chemically unstable under the acidic conditions of the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. However, even simple acetals and ketals, including acyclic molecules, can be sufficiently robust under acidic conditions to be fashioned into orally bioavailable drugs, and these structural elements are embedded in many effective therapeutic agents. The chemical stability of molecules incorporating geminal diheteroatomic motifs can be modulated by physicochemical design principles that include the judicious deployment of proximal electron-withdrawing substituents and conformational restriction. In this Perspective, we exemplify geminal diheteroatomic motifs that have been utilized in the discovery of orally bioavailable drugs or drug candidates against the backdrop of understanding their potential for chemical lability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Wu
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery and Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb PRI, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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3
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Dewkar GK, Sundaresan G, Lamichhane N, Hirsch J, Thadigiri C, Collier T, Hartman MCT, Vaidyanthan G, Zweit J. Microfluidic radiosynthesis and biodistribution of [18F] 2-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-2-methyl malonic acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:289-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan K. Dewkar
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; VA; 23298; USA
| | - Gobalakrishnan Sundaresan
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; VA; 23298; USA
| | - Narottam Lamichhane
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; VA; 23298; USA
| | - Jerry Hirsch
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; VA; 23298; USA
| | - Celina Thadigiri
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; VA; 23298; USA
| | | | | | - Ganesan Vaidyanthan
- Department of Radiology; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham; NC; 27710; USA
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4
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Guglielmo S, Bertinaria M, Rolando B, Crosetti M, Fruttero R, Yardley V, Croft SL, Gasco A. A new series of amodiaquine analogues modified in the basic side chain with in vitro antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:5071-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Koubachi J, El Kazzouli S, Berteina-Raboin S, Mouaddib A, Guillaumet G. Synthesis of Polysubstituted Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Microwave-Assisted One-Pot Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling/Palladium-Catalyzed Heteroarylation. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7650-5. [PMID: 17784775 DOI: 10.1021/jo0712603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new and efficient method for the synthesis of 2,3,6-trisubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives using a microwave-assisted one-pot, two-step Suzuki/heteroarylation or one-pot, three-step cyclization/Suzuki/heteroarylation was developed. Polysubstituted compounds are obtained in good yield from 2-amino-5-halogenopyridines, 2-halogenocarbonyl derivatives, boronic acids, and heteroaryl bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Koubachi
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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6
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Bellina F, Cauteruccio S, Rossi R. Synthesis and biological activity of vicinal diaryl-substituted 1H-imidazoles. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Enguehard-Gueiffier C, Fauvelle F, Debouzy JC, Peinnequin A, Thery I, Dabouis V, Gueiffier A. 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines as potential inhibitors of UV-induced keratinocytes apoptosis: synthesis, pharmacological properties and interactions with model membranes and oligonucleotides by NMR. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 24:219-27. [PMID: 15661494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four 2,3-diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines (I, 1a-c) were synthesized as inhibitors of UV-induced apoptosis and showed quite different properties. First, only the pyridinyl derivative I showed protection in molt cells. From the supposed intracellular target, phospholipid membrane models were studied by (1)H, (2)H and (31)P NMR spectroscopy. All these molecules can incorporate the membrane bilayer of small unilamellar vesicles of lecithin (SUV). However, I is clearly closed to the external polar head of the lipids, and is relatively mobile in the layer. Conversely, the other molecules are strongly immobilized in the deep part of the external layer. (31)P solid-state NMR spectra recorded on phospholipid dispersions (multilayers vesicles (MLV)) completely excluded any detergent effect or any modification of temperature transition. The only structural or dynamic effect observed was a homogeneous, but limited, reduction in the chemical shift anisotropy in the presence of I, in agreement with its superficial location. (2)H NMR experiment performed on the same model using perdeuterated phospholipids showed no significant fluidity reduction at the level of terminal CD(3) groups in the presence of 1a-c, according to their deep location. Finally, their interactions with synthetic oligonucleotide, d(CGATCG)(2) was studied showing non specific interactions of 1a on the external GC pair, while no interaction was observed with the other derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Enguehard-Gueiffier
- UPRES-EA 3247, Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
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8
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Bell RPL, Verdijk D, Relou M, Smith D, Regeling H, Ebbers EJ, Leemhuis FMC, Oniciu DC, Cramer CT, Goetz B, Pape ME, Krause BR, Bisgaier CL, Dasseux JL. alpha-Cycloalkyl-substituted omega-keto-dicarboxylic acids as lipid regulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:223-36. [PMID: 15582467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of cycloalkyl-substituted oxo-alkanedicarboxylic acids have been prepared by the TosMIC methodology departing from haloalkyl-substituted cycloalkylcarboxylic esters. cyclopropyl derivatives showed IC(50) activity in the 0.3-1.0 microM range on the de novo incorporation of radiolabeled acetate into lipids in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, and they showed lipid-regulating properties when tested in vivo in female obese Zucker fatty rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel P L Bell
- MercaChem BV, Toernooiveld 100, 6525 EC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Bombek S, Požgan F, Kočevar M, Polanc S. A simple and efficient synthesis of 2-imidazolin-2-ones. NEW J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b502719e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Sliskovic DR, Picard JA, Krause BR. ACAT inhibitors: the search for a novel and effective treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 39:121-71. [PMID: 12536672 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drago R Sliskovic
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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12
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McKenna JM, Halley F, Souness JE, McLay IM, Pickett SD, Collis AJ, Page K, Ahmed I. An algorithm-directed two-component library synthesized via solid-phase methodology yielding potent and orally bioavailable p38 MAP kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2002; 45:2173-84. [PMID: 12014955 DOI: 10.1021/jm011132l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported the identification of RPR200765A, a potent orally bioavailable pyridine-imidazole inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase which suppressed paw swelling and joint pathology in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Herein, we report the use of solid-phase combinatorial organic synthesis for the parallel processing of a related pyrimidine-imidazole-based library with two points of structural variability. We report also that the application of a computer algorithm, the Monte Carlo Monomer Selection, maximized both the combinatorial synthetic efficiency and the bioavailability of the final compounds. In conjunction with the synthetic protocols, the polymer-supported quench technique was applied to the purification of the final compounds. Through rapid evaluation of the library using a p38 kinase assay and permeability assays, it was possible to identify a number of potent and orally bioavailable p38 MAP kinase inhibitors suitable for further biological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M McKenna
- Centre de Recherche de Paris, Aventis Pharma S.A., 94403 Vitry sur Seine CEDEX, France
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13
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Ollivier C, Renaud P. A novel approach for the formation of carbon-nitrogen bonds: azidation of alkyl radicals with sulfonyl azides. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4717-27. [PMID: 11457281 DOI: 10.1021/ja004129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two preparatively attractive methods for the azidation of alkyl radicals are described. Secondary and tertiary alkyl iodides and dithiocarbonates are easily converted into the corresponding azides, either by reaction with ethanesulfonyl azide in the presence of dilauroyl peroxide, or by treatment with benzenesulfonyl azide and hexabutylditin in the presence of a radical initiator. Interestingly, intramolecular tandem radical cyclization-azidation processes can be performed in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ollivier
- Université de Fribourg, Institut de Chimie Organique, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Mclay LM, Halley F, Souness JE, McKenna J, Benning V, Birrell M, Burton B, Belvisi M, Collis A, Constan A, Foster M, Hele D, Jayyosi Z, Kelley M, Maslen C, Miller G, Ouldelhkim MC, Page K, Phipps S, Pollock K, Porter B, Ratcliffe AJ, Redford EJ, Webber S, Slater B, Thybaud V, Wilsher N. The discovery of RPR 200765A, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor displaying a good oral anti-arthritic efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:537-54. [PMID: 11249145 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RPR132331, a 2-(2-dioxanyl)imidazole, was identified as an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha release from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytes. An intensive programme of work exploring the biology, toxicity and physical chemistry of a novel series of inhibitors, derived from RPR132331, has led to the identification of RPR200765A, a development candidate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RPR200765A is a potent and selective inhibitor of p38 MAP kinase (IC50 = 50 nM). It inhibits LPS-stimulated TNFalpha release both in vitro, from human monocytes (EC50 = 110 nM), and in vivo in Balb/c mice (ED50 = 6 mg/kg). At oral doses between 10 and 30 mg/kg/day it reduces the incidence and progression in the rat streptococcal cell wall (SCW) arthritis model when administered in either prophylactic or therapeutic dosing regimens. The compound, which is a mesylate salt and exists as a stable monohydrate, shows good oral bioavailabiltiy (F = 50% in the rat) and excellent chemical stability. The data from the SCW disease model suggests that RPR200765A could exhibit a profile of disease modifying activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients which is not observed with current drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Mclay
- Aventis, Dagenham Research Centre, Essex, UK
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