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Arendse LB, Cozier GE, Eyermann CJ, Basarab GS, Schwager SL, Chibale K, Acharya KR, Sturrock ED. Probing the Requirements for Dual Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme C-Domain Selective/Neprilysin Inhibition. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3371-3387. [PMID: 35113565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme C-domain (cACE) and neprilysin (NEP), leaving the ACE N-domain (nACE) free to degrade bradykinin and other peptides, has the potential to provide the potent antihypertensive and cardioprotective benefits observed for nonselective dual ACE/NEP inhibitors, such as omapatrilat, without the increased risk of adverse effects. We have synthesized three 1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl dipeptide inhibitors with nanomolar potency based on the previously reported C-domain selective ACE inhibitor lisinopril-tryptophan (LisW) to probe the structural requirements for potent dual cACE/NEP inhibition. Here we report the synthesis, enzyme kinetic data, and high-resolution crystal structures of these inhibitors bound to nACE and cACE, providing valuable insight into the factors driving potency and selectivity. Overall, these results highlight the importance of the interplay between the S1' and S2' subsites for ACE domain selectivity, providing guidance for future chemistry efforts toward the development of dual cACE/NEP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B Arendse
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Gyles E Cozier
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Charles J Eyermann
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Basarab
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Sylva L Schwager
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - K Ravi Acharya
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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2
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The Drosophila melanogaster Neprilysin Nepl15 is involved in lipid and carbohydrate storage. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2099. [PMID: 33483521 PMCID: PMC7822871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypical M13 peptidase, human Neprilysin, functions as a transmembrane "ectoenzyme" that cleaves neuropeptides that regulate e.g. glucose metabolism, and has been linked to type 2 diabetes. The M13 family has undergone a remarkable, and conserved, expansion in the Drosophila genus. Here, we describe the function of Drosophila melanogaster Neprilysin-like 15 (Nepl15). Nepl15 is likely to be a secreted protein, rather than a transmembrane protein. Nepl15 has changes in critical catalytic residues that are conserved across the Drosophila genus and likely renders the Nepl15 protein catalytically inactive. Nevertheless, a knockout of the Nepl15 gene reveals a reduction in triglyceride and glycogen storage, with the effects likely occurring during the larval feeding period. Conversely, flies overexpressing Nepl15 store more triglycerides and glycogen. Protein modeling suggests that Nepl15 is able to bind and sequester peptide targets of catalytically active Drosophila M13 family members, peptides that are conserved in humans and Drosophila, potentially providing a novel mechanism for regulating the activity of neuropeptides in the context of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis.
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3
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Liu K, Zou R, Cui W, Li M, Wang X, Dong J, Li H, Li H, Wang P, Shao X, Su W, Chan HCS, Li H, Yuan S. Clinical HDAC Inhibitors Are Effective Drugs to Prevent the Entry of SARS-CoV2. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1361-1370. [PMID: 34778724 PMCID: PMC7671100 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
outbreak of COVID-19 by the end of 2019 has posed serious health
threats to humanity and jeopardized the global economy. However, no
effective drugs are available to treat COVID-19 currently and there
is a great demand to fight against it. Here, we combined computational
screening and an efficient cellular pseudotyped virus system, confirming
that clinical HDAC inhibitors can efficiently prevent SARS-CoV-2 and
potentially be used to fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rongfeng Zou
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiqing Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junlin Dong
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongchun Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongpei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peihui Wang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ximing Shao
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wu Su
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - H. C. Stephen Chan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongchang Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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4
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Cui P, Yang X, Li Y, Liang Q, Wang Y, Lu F, Owusu J, Huang S, Ren X, Ma H. The milk macromolecular peptide: preparation and evaluation of antihypertensive activity in rats. Food Funct 2020; 11:4403-4415. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid the discomfort of digesting milk protein and make full use of the gastrointestinal digestive function, a milk macromolecular peptide was prepared with ACE inhibitory activity after gastrointestinal digestion as the index.
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5
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Tehrani KHME, Martin NI. Thiol-Containing Metallo-β-Lactamase Inhibitors Resensitize Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Meropenem. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:711-717. [PMID: 28820574 PMCID: PMC5644712 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of infections caused by metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) expressing Gram-negative bacteria has grown at an alarming rate in recent years. Despite the fact that MBLs can deactivate virtually all β-lactam antibiotics, there are as of yet no approved drugs available that inhibit their activity. We here examine the ability of previously reported thiol-based MBL inhibitors to synergize with meropenem and cefoperazone against a panel of Gram-negative carbapenem-resistant isolates expressing different β-lactamases. Among the compounds tested, thiomandelic acid 3 and 2-mercapto-3-phenylpropionic acid 4 were found to efficiently potentiate the activity of meropenem, especially against an imipenemase (IMP) producing strain of K. pneumoniae. In light of the zinc-dependent hydrolytic mechanism employed by MBLs, biophysical studies using isothermal titration calorimetry were also performed, revealing a correlation between the synergistic activity of thiols 3 and 4 and their zinc-binding ability with measured Kd values of 9.8 and 20.0 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleddin Haj Mohammad Ebrahim Tehrani
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Poras H, Patouret R, Leiris S, Ouimet T, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. Substituted α-mercaptoketones, new types of specific neprilysin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3883-3890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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LATHER VINEY, MADAN AK. TOPOLOGICAL MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF NEUTRAL ENDOPEPTIDASE AND ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF MERCAPTOACYLDIPEPTIDES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633606002465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the topological indices and the Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitory activity and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of mercaptoacyldipeptides has been investigated. Three topological indices — the Wiener index (a distance-based topological index), the molecular connectivity index (an adjacency-based topological index), and the eccentric connectivity index (an adjacency-cum-distance-based topological index), were presently used for investigation. A data set comprising 39 differently substituted mercaptoacyldipeptides was selected for the present study. The values of the Wiener index, molecular connectivity index, and eccentric connectivity index for each of the 39 compounds comprising the data set were computed using an in-house computer program. Resultant data were analyzed and suitable models were developed after identification of the active ranges. Subsequently, a biological activity was assigned to each compound using these models, and the biological activity was then compared with the reported NEP and ACE inhibitory activity of each compound. Accuracy of prediction up to a maximum of ~91% was obtained using these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- VINEY LATHER
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
| | - A. K. MADAN
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak-124001, India
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8
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Fink CA. Section Review: Cardiovascular & Renal: Recent advances in the development of dual angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.6.11.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Sani M, Volonterio A, Zanda M. The Trifluoroethylamine Function as Peptide Bond Replacement. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:1693-700. [PMID: 17823898 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sani
- C.N.R. Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare and Dipartimento C.M.I.C., Politecnico di Milano Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
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10
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Rosa-Bauzá YT, Berst F, Ellman JA. Straightforward Preparation and Assay of Aspartyl Protease Substrates with an Internal Thioester Linkage. Chembiochem 2007; 8:981-4. [PMID: 17492698 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín T Rosa-Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Molteni M, Volonterio A, Fossati G, Lazzari P, Zanda M. Conjugated additions of amines and β-amino alcohols to trifluorocrotonic acid derivatives: synthesis of ψ[NHCH(CF3)]-retro-thiorphan. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Bala M, Qadar Pasha MA, Bhardwaj DK, Pasha S. Novel peptidomimics as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a combinatorial approach. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3685-91. [PMID: 12213484 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the efficient mode of treatments of chronic hypertension and cardiovascular disorders has been to restrain the formation of angiotensin-II by inhibiting the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin-I. A number of ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) have been put to therapeutic use during the last two decades. The efforts continue towards achieving superior molecules or drugs with improved affinities, better bioavailability and thus long duration of action with minimum side effects. The present work evolves around similar objectives. In order to understand the mode of interaction of inhibitors with the active site of the enzyme and subsequently to have lead compounds as possible inhibitors the novel dipeptidomimics and tripeptidomimics have been designed and synthesized using combinatorial chemistry approach. A Focussed library of 10 di- and tri-peptides, eight dipeptidomemics and forty tripeptidomemics was generated. The pharmacophoric heterocyclic moieties and the amino acids have been selected to have affinities with the S1, S1', and S2' subsites of the active site of the enzyme. ACE inhibition studies clearly demonstrated the structural-activity relationships within these classes of peptidomimics. The dipeptidomimics interacted only with S1' and S2' subsites, whereas the tripeptidomemics had additional interaction with S1 subsite, which accounted for their significant ACE inhibition potencies. The in-vitro screening of these peptidomimics have resulted in identification of four promising tripeptidomimics 34[2-benzimidazolepropionyl-Val-Trp], 35[5hydroxytryptophanyl-Val-Trp], 40[2-benzimidazolepropionyl-Ile-Trp] and 45[2-benzimidazolepropionyl-Lys-Trp] with IC50 values in micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Bala
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Centre for Biochemical Technology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, India
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13
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Lee SH, Qi X, Yoon J, Nakamura K, Lee YS. Preparation of β-amino-α-mercapto acids and amides: stereocontrolled syntheses of 2′-sulfur analogues of the taxol C-13 side chain, both syn and anti S-acetyl-N-benzoyl-3-phenylisocysteine. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Luciani N, de Rocquigny H, Turcaud S, Romieu A, Roques BP. Highly sensitive and selective fluorescence assays for rapid screening of endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Biochem J 2001; 356:813-9. [PMID: 11389689 PMCID: PMC1221908 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3560813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly potent vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin (ET) is generated from an inactive precursor, big endothelin (bET), by endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). ECE is a phosphoramidon-sensitive zinc metallopeptidase, which is closely related to neprilysin (neutral endopeptidase). It is possible that compounds which inhibit the formation of ET may be used as new drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Such an approach requires a fast, simple and selective assay to measure ECE activity, allowing rapid screening of inhibitors. We describe here two new ECE substrates based on the concept of 'intramolecularly quenched fluorescence' which may fulfill this aim. One, S(1) [Pya(21)-Nop(22)-bET-1(19--35)], is the (19--35) fragment of the natural peptide big-ET-1(1--38), which is modified by introducing the fluorescent amino acid, pyrenylalanine (Pya), in position 21 and a quencher, p-nitrophenylalanine (Nop), in position 22. The second substrate (S(2)) is a small peptide, Ac-Ser-Gly-Pya-Lys-Ala-Phe-Ala-Nop-Gly-Lys-NH(2), from a biased substrate peptide library. The recombinant, hECE-1c, cleaved both Pya(21)-Nop(22)-bET-1(19--35) and the natural substrate selectively between residues 21 and 22, whereas cleavage occurred between alanine and phenylalanine in the small peptide. In both cases, this generated intense fluorescence emission. The synthesis and kinetic parameters of these substrates are described. These assays, which can be used directly on tissue homogenates, are the most sensitive and selective described to date for ECE, and are easily automated for a high-throughput screening of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Luciani
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, U266 INSERM, UMR 8600 CNRS, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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15
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Mayer M, Meyer B. Mapping the active site of angiotensin-converting enzyme by transferred NOE spectroscopy. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2093-9. [PMID: 10841788 DOI: 10.1021/jm990194x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of five furylacryloyl (fa)-amino acid derivatives, fa-Phe, fa-Phe-Phe, fa-Gly-Leu-NH(2), fa-Ala-Lys, and fa-Trp, with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a protein of MW = 130 kDa, was studied by transferred NOESY experiments. Identification of fa derivatives binding to ACE as well as determination of their relative affinities could be accomplished directly from the compound mixtures. Of the five fa derivatives we found that fa-Phe, fa-Trp, and fa-Gly-Leu-NH(2) bind more strongly to ACE than the other two. The dissociation constant of fa-Phe was determined from NMR spectra to 5 x 10(-4) M. A large excess of dipeptides competitively displaced fa-Trp and fa-Phe-Phe from the receptor pocket, allowing the binding site to be mapped. Also, the relative affinities of the fa-Phe, fa-Ala-Lys, and fa-Gly-Leu-NH(2) changed after addition of the dipeptides with fa-Gly-Leu-NH(2) showing the strongest binding. In addition, the presence of a strong inhibitor of the S1' and S2' sites, namely captopril, resulted in the same transferred NOE intensities of fa-Phe, indicating that it binds solely to the S1 and S2 subsites. A rapid screening of binding specificity from mixtures is possible by using a large excess of ligand(s) in transferred NOE studies, even when relatively small amounts of protein are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mayer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin Luther King Pl. 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Gaucher JF, Selkti M, Tiraboschi G, Prangé T, Roques BP, Tomas A, Fournié-Zaluski MC. Crystal structures of alpha-mercaptoacyldipeptides in the thermolysin active site: structural parameters for a Zn monodentation or bidentation in metalloendopeptidases. Biochemistry 1999; 38:12569-76. [PMID: 10504225 DOI: 10.1021/bi991043z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three alpha-mercaptoacyldipeptides differing essentially in the size of their C-terminal residues have been crystallized in the thermolysin active site. A new mode of binding was observed for 3 [HS-CH(CH(2)Ph)CO-Phe-Tyr] and 4 [HS-CH((CH(2))(4)CH(3))CO-Phe-Ala], in which the mercaptoacyl moieties act as bidentates with Zn-S and Zn-O distances of 2.3 and 2.4 A, respectively, the side chains fitting the S(1), S(1)', and S(2)' pockets. Moreover, a distance of 3.1 A between the sulfur atom and the OE1 of Glu(143) suggests that they are H-bonded and that one of these atoms is protonated. This H-bond network involving Glu(143), the mercaptoacyl group of the inhibitor, and the Zn ion could be considered a "modified" transition state mimic of the peptide bond hydrolysis. Due to the presence of the hindering (5-phenyl)proline, the inhibitor HS-CH(CH(2)Ph)CO-Gly-(5-Ph)Pro (2) interacts through the usual Zn monodentation via the thiol group and occupancy of S(1)' and S(2)' subsites by the aromatic moieties, the proline ring being outside the active site. The inhibitory potencies are consistent with these structural data, with higher affinities for 3 (4.2 x 10(-)(8) M) and 4 (4.8 x 10(-)(8) M) than for 2 (1.2 x 10(-)(6) M). The extension of the results, obtained with thermolysin being considered as the model of physiological zinc metallopeptidases, allows inhibitor-recognition modes for other peptidases, such as angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, to be proposed and opens interesting possibilities for the design of new classes of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gaucher
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie & RMN Biologiques, CNRS EP 2075, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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17
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Pérez JC, Sánchez EE. Natural protease inhibitors to hemorrhagins in snake venoms and their potential use in medicine. Toxicon 1999; 37:703-28. [PMID: 10219984 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of many toxins and enzymes which effectively immobilize prey without a struggle and assist in digestion. Certain animals have a remarkable resistance to envenomation of snakes. Naturally occurring factors that neutralize snake venoms have been found in the sera of most snakes and a few warm-blooded animals. These antihemorrhagic and antineurotoxic factors have been purified from snake and mammalian sera. The antihemorrhagins are not immunoglobulins since they have different physical and chemical characteristics. The natural immunity to hemorrhagins is the result of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) found in animal sera of resistant animals. Most animals have matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and TIMP that are implicated in a wide variety of normal physiological processes and pathological conditions. MMP in animals have many biological functions in embryogenesis, morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. MMP activities are precisely regulated by endogenous TIMP. Disruption of the balance between MMP and TIMP causes various diseases such as arthritis, periodontal diseases, diabetes, ophthalmologic conditions, neoplasia, metabolic bone disease, atherosclerosis and orthopedic conditions. Resistant animals that have a high titer of TIMP would have a survival advantage when bitten by poisonous snakes. Snake venoms are abundant and stable sources of MMP which are medically important. The venom MMP which cause unregulated destruction of tissue have sequences which have some degree of homology with mammalian MMP which control normal biological processes. Resistant animals are important sources of TIMP which can be used to study metalloproteinase related diseases. For these reasons the MMP in snakes and TIMP in resistant animal are excellent candidates for developing new drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Pérez
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 78363, USA.
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18
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Fink CA, Carlson JE, Boehm C, McTaggart P, Qiao Y, Doughty J, Ganu V, Melton R, Goldberg R. Design and synthesis of thiol containing inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:195-200. [PMID: 10021927 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiol containing derivatives was prepared. Several of these compounds were found to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, and 9 with selectivity towards 3 and 9. Compounds 15, 20, and 22 were administered to rats orally at 75 mumol/kg. Drug levels of compounds 20 and 22 in the plasma were found to exceed the IC50 values for MMP 3 and 9 four hours after administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Fink
- Novartis Biomedical Research Institute, Summit, New Jersey 07901, USA
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19
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20
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Garmer DR, Gresh N, Roques BP. Modeling of inhibitor–metalloenzyme interactions and selectivity using molecular mechanics grounded in quantum chemistry. Proteins 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0134(19980401)31:1<42::aid-prot5>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Fournie-Zaluski MC, Coric P, Thery V, Gonzalez W, Meudal H, Turcaud S, Michel JB, Roques BP. Design of orally active dual inhibitors of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme with long duration of action. J Med Chem 1996; 39:2594-608. [PMID: 8691458 DOI: 10.1021/jm950783c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mercaptoacyl dipeptides, containing a glycine linked to a C-terminal 5-phenylproline, have been synthesized in order to obtain new highly efficient dual inhibitors of the two zinc metallopeptidases, neutral endopeptidase (NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which are involved in the control of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. These compounds have been designed (i) to fit optimally the ACE pharmacophore previously described (Fournié-Zaluski, M. C.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 1070-1083), through interaction with the S1, S1', and S2' subsites of this enzyme, (ii) and to interact with the S1' and S2' subsites of NEP with the 5-phenylproline moiety outside the catalytic domain (Coric, P.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 1210-1219). Replacement of Gly by Ala in these mercaptoacyl dipeptides induced an about 100-fold decrease in ACE inhibition. This shows that, in agreement with molecular modeling studies, a steric constraint as weak as a methyl group hinders optimal ACE active site recognition. Among these compounds, the dual inhibitor 26 (RB 106) (Ki, ACE = 0.35 nM; NEP = 1.6 nM) showed excellent pharmacokinetic properties with an almost complete in vivo inhibition of NEP and ACE for more than 4 h after oral administration in mice of a low dose (2.6 x 10(-5) mol/kg) of the inhibitor. Moreover, RB 106 remained active 12 h after oral administration. In spontaneous hypertensive rats, a chronic treatment of orally administered RB 106 (25 mg/kg/day) induced a prolonged hypotensive effect (-28 mmHg) still significant 2 days after the end of the treatment. In DOCA salt rats, a hypotensive response and a significant natriuresis were observed after i.v. administration. RB 106, which is one of the most potent dual inhibitors described to date, could have interesting clinical applications in long term treatment of congestive heart failure and myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fournie-Zaluski
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Structurale, U266 INSERM-URA D 1500 CNRS, Paris, France
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