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Li SH, Abd-Elrahman KS, Ferguson SS. Targeting mGluR2/3 for treatment of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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2
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Maolanon A, Papangelis A, Kawiecki D, Mou TC, Syrenne JT, Yi F, Hansen KB, Clausen RP. Stereoselective synthesis of novel 2'-(S)-CCG-IV analogues as potent NMDA receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113099. [PMID: 33383257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We developed a versatile stereoselective route for the synthesis of new 2'-(S)-CCG-IV analogues. The route allows for late stage diversification and thereby provides access to a great variety of conformationally restricted cyclopropyl glutamate analogues. A selection of the 2'-(S)-CCG-IV analogues were evaluated using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology at recombinant GluN1/GluN2A-D receptors, demonstrating that agonists can be developed with GluN2 subunit-dependent potency and agonist efficacy. We also describe a crystal structure of the GluN2A agonist binding domain in complex with 2'-butyl-(S)-CCG-IV that determines the position of 2'-substituents in (S)-CCG-IV agonists in the glutamate binding site and provides further insight to the structural determinants of their agonist efficacy. The stereoselective synthesis described here enables versatile and straight-forward modifications to diverse analogues of interest for the development of potent subtype-specific NMDA receptor agonists and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Maolanon
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Athanasios Papangelis
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Kawiecki
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tung-Chung Mou
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jed T Syrenne
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Feng Yi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Kasper B Hansen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Rasmus P Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sardella R, Ianni F, Pucciarini L, Marinozzi M, Zlotskii SS, Natalini B. Cyclopropyl-containing sulfonyl amino acids: Exploring the enantioseparation through chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Unusual amino acids are fundamental building blocks of modern medicinal chemistry. The combination of readily functionalized amine and carboxyl groups attached to a chiral central core along with one or two potentially diverse side chains provides a unique three-dimensional structure with a high degree of functionality. This makes them invaluable as starting materials for syntheses of complex molecules, highly diverse elements for SAR campaigns, integral components of peptidomimetic drugs, and potential drugs on their own. This Perspective highlights the diversity of unnatural amino acid structures found in hit-to-lead and lead optimization campaigns and clinical stage and approved drugs, reflecting their increasingly important role in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland Australia 4072
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5
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Barbier Saint Hilaire P, Warnet A, Gimbert Y, Hohenester UM, Giorgi G, Olivier MF, Fenaille F, Colsch B, Junot C, Tabet JC. Mechanistic study of competitive releases of H 2O, NH 3 and CO 2 from deprotonated aspartic and glutamic acids: Role of conformation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1047:64-74. [PMID: 27592168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to highlight the impact of minor structural differences (e.g. an aminoacid side chain enlargement by one methylene group), on ion dissociation under collision-induced dissociation conditions, and to determine the underlying chemical mechanisms. Therefore, we compared fragmentations of deprotonated aspartic and glutamic acids generated in negative electrospray ionization. Energy-resolved mass spectrometry breakdown curves were recorded and MS3 experiments performed on an Orbitrap Fusion for high-resolution and high-mass accuracy measurements. Activated fragmentations were performed using both the resonant and non-resonant excitation modes (i.e., CID and HCD, respectively) in order to get complementary information on the competitive and consecutive dissociative pathways. These experiments showed a specific loss of ammonia from the activated aspartate but not from the activated glutamate. We mainly focused on this specific observed loss from aspartate. Two different mechanisms based on intramolecular reactions (similar to those occurring in organic chemistry) were proposed, such as intramolecular elimination (i.e. Ei-like) and nucleophilic substitution (i.e. SNi-like) reactions, respectively, yielding anions as fumarate and α lactone from a particular conformation with the lowest steric hindrance (i.e. with antiperiplanar carboxyl groups). The detected deaminated aspartate anion can then release CO2 as observed in the MS3 experimental spectra. However, quantum calculations did not indicate the formation of such a deaminated aspartate product ion without loss of carbon dioxide. Actually, calculations displayed the double neutral (NH3+CO2) loss as a concomitant pathway (from a particular conformation) with relative high activation energy instead of a consecutive process. This disagreement is apparent since the concomitant pathway may be changed into consecutive dissociations according to the collision energy i.e., at higher collision energy and at lower excitation conditions, respectively. The latter takes place by stabilization of the deaminated aspartate solvated with two residual molecules of water (present in the collision cell). This desolvated anion formed is an α lactone substituted by a methylene carboxylate group. The vibrational excitation acquired by [(D-H)-NH3]-during its isolation is enough to allow its prompt decarboxylation with a barrier lower than 8.4kJ/mol. In addition, study of glutamic acid-like diastereomers constituted by a cyclopropane, hindering any side chain rotation, confirms the impact of the three-dimensional geometry on fragmentation pathways. A significant specific loss of water is only observed for one of these diastereomers. Other experiments, such as stable isotope labeling, need to be performed to elucidate all the observed losses from activated aspartate and glutamate anions. These first mechanistic interpretations enhance understanding of this dissociative pathway and underline the necessity of studying fragmentation of a large number of various compounds to implement properly new algorithms for de novo elucidation of unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Warnet
- CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, LEMM, Metabohub Gif Sur Yvette, France; Université Paris VI (UPMC), CNRS UMR 7201, Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Yves Gimbert
- Université Grenoble Alpes et CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gianluca Giorgi
- University of Siena, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Benoît Colsch
- CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, LEMM, Metabohub Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- CEA, iBiTec-S, SPI, LEMM, Metabohub Gif Sur Yvette, France; Université Paris VI (UPMC), CNRS UMR 7201, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Stockton KP, Greatrex BW. Synthesis of enantiopure cyclopropyl esters from (−)-levoglucosenone. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7520-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00933f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Levoglucosenone was converted into the GABAC agonists (−)-TAMP, (+)-TAMP and an advanced intermediate used for the synthesis of the selective glutamate receptor antagonist PCCG-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P. Stockton
- School of Science and Technology
- University of New England
- Armidale
- Australia
| | - Ben W. Greatrex
- School of Science and Technology
- University of New England
- Armidale
- Australia
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Artamonov OS, Bulda T, Fam TK, Slobodyanyuk EY, Volochnyuk DM, Grygorenko OO. A stereolibrary of conformationally restricted amino acids based on pyrrolidinyl/piperidinyloxazole motifs. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2015-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA stereolibrary of conformationally restricted oxazole-containing amino acids, namely all isomers of 5–pyrrolydinyl- and 5-piperidinyloxazole-4-carboxylic acids, were designed and synthesized in three steps by the reaction of the corresponding N-Boc-protected amino acids and ethyl isocyanoacetate. These natural products-inspired amino acids are valuable building blocks for the synthesis of peptidomimetics and potential lead compounds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy S. Artamonov
- 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Taras Bulda
- 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Tkhe Kyong Fam
- 2National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmitry M. Volochnyuk
- 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
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Celanire S, Sebhat I, Wichmann J, Mayer S, Schann S, Gatti S. Novel metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 antagonists and their therapeutic applications: a patent review (2005 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:69-90. [PMID: 25435285 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.983899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This review focuses on the medicinal chemistry efforts directed toward the identification of competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of glutamate at group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRII: mGlu2/3 and mGlu2). This class of compounds holds promise for the treatment of CNS disorders such as major depression, cognitive deficits and sleep-wake disorders, and several pharmaceutical companies are advancing mGluRII antagonists from discovery research into clinical development. AREA COVERED This review article covers for the first time the patent applications that were published on mGlu2/3 orthosteric and allosteric antagonists between January 2005 and September 2014, with support from the primary literature, posters and oral communications from international congresses. Patent applications published prior to 2005 for which compositions of matter were largely described in peer review articles are briefly discussed with main findings. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in the prodrug approach of novel mGlu2/3 orthosteric antagonists combined with the design of novel mGlu2/3 and mGlu2 negative allosteric modulators provide new therapeutic opportunities for neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Celanire
- CEO, Pragma Therapeutics , 9 rue Ada Byron, Domaine de Chosal, Archamp Technopole, 74166 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France +33 6 79 85 37 06 ;
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Focken T, Hanessian S. Application of cyclic phosphonamide reagents in the total synthesis of natural products and biologically active molecules. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1848-77. [PMID: 25246946 PMCID: PMC4168934 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds adopting phosphonamide anion technology is presented highlighting the utility of phosphonamide reagents in stereocontrolled bond-forming reactions. Methodologies utilizing phosphonamide anions in asymmetric alkylations, Michael additions, olefinations, and cyclopropanations will be summarized, as well as an overview of the synthesis of the employed phosphonamide reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Focken
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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10
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César V, Barthes C, Farré YC, Cuisiat SV, Vacher BY, Brousses R, Lugan N, Lavigne G. Anionic and zwitterionic copper(I) complexes incorporating an anionic N-heterocyclic carbene decorated with a malonate backbone: synthesis, structure and catalytic applications. Dalton Trans 2014; 42:7373-85. [PMID: 23361332 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The anionic malonate-derived N-heterocyclic carbenes (maloNHCs) react cleanly and rapidly with copper chloride to generate the anionic complexes of type [(maloNHC)CuCl]·Li, which crystallize in the solid state either in an oligomeric trimer arrangement or in polymeric helixes depending on the substitution pattern and the solvent. Ten zwitterionic heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes combining the anionic maloNHC and a neutral imidazol-2-ylidene are also obtained in a very selective manner and fully characterized. Whereas the anionic complexes are relatively active catalysts for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds, the zwitterionic complexes reveal to be efficient and extremely robust pre-catalysts for the intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction of a diazo ester and outperform the corresponding cationic Cu(i) complexes with classical imidazol-2-ylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent César
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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11
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Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2 Activators. SMALL MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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13
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Midura WH, Rzewnicka A. Asymmetric synthesis of (R)-[2,2-]-1-aminocyclopropane-1-phosphonic acid (ACPP derivative) conformationally constrained ACC analogue using a chiral sulfinyl auxiliary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Krysiak JA, Rzewnicka A, Midura WH. Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclopropane Phosphonates as A Route To 2-Substituted Cyclopropylglycine, Antagonist of Metabotropic Receptors. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.738740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy A. Krysiak
- a Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , 90-363 Łódź, Sienkiewicza 112 , Poland
| | - Aneta Rzewnicka
- a Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , 90-363 Łódź, Sienkiewicza 112 , Poland
| | - Wanda H. Midura
- a Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , 90-363 Łódź, Sienkiewicza 112 , Poland
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15
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Asymmetric synthesis of conformationally constrained L-AP4 analogues using chiral sulfinyl auxiliary. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang L, Brodney MA, Candler J, Doran AC, Duplantier AJ, Efremov IV, Evrard E, Kraus K, Ganong AH, Haas JA, Hanks AN, Jenza K, Lazzaro JT, Maklad N, McCarthy SA, Qian W, Rogers BN, Rottas MD, Schmidt CJ, Siuciak JA, Tingley FD, Zhang AQ. 1-[(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines as mGluR2 Positive Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Psychosis. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1724-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John Candler
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Angela C. Doran
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Allen J. Duplantier
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ivan V. Efremov
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Edel Evrard
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kenneth Kraus
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alan H. Ganong
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jessica A. Haas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ashley N. Hanks
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Keith Jenza
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John T. Lazzaro
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Noha Maklad
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sheryl A. McCarthy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Weimin Qian
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Melinda D. Rottas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. Schmidt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Judith A. Siuciak
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - F. David Tingley
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andy Q. Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Urwyler S. Allosteric modulation of family C G-protein-coupled receptors: from molecular insights to therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:59-126. [PMID: 21228259 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric receptor modulation is an attractive concept in drug targeting because it offers important potential advantages over conventional orthosteric agonism or antagonism. Allosteric ligands modulate receptor function by binding to a site distinct from the recognition site for the endogenous agonist. They often have no effect on their own and therefore act only in conjunction with physiological receptor activation. This article reviews the current status of allosteric modulation at family C G-protein coupled receptors in the light of their specific structural features on the one hand and current concepts in receptor theory on the other hand. Family C G-protein-coupled receptors are characterized by a large extracellular domain containing the orthosteric agonist binding site known as the "venus flytrap module" because of its bilobal structure and the dynamics of its activation mechanism. Mutational analysis and chimeric constructs have revealed that allosteric modulators of the calcium-sensing, metabotropic glutamate and GABA(B) receptors bind to the seven transmembrane domain, through which they modify signal transduction after receptor activation. This is in contrast to taste-enhancing molecules, which bind to different parts of sweet and umami receptors. The complexity of interactions between orthosteric and allosteric ligands is revealed by a number of adequate biochemical and electrophysiological assay systems. Many allosteric family C GPCR modulators show in vivo efficacy in behavioral models for a variety of clinical indications. The positive allosteric calcium sensing receptor modulator cinacalcet is the first drug of this type to enter the market and therefore provides proof of principle in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Urwyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Berne, P/A Weissensteinweg 3, CH-3303 Jegenstorf, Berne, Switzerland.
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18
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Natalini B, Giacchè N, Sardella R, Ianni F, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. Computational studies for the elucidation of the enantiomer elution order of amino acids in chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7523-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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A new metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist with in vivo anti-allodynic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6089-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Natalini B, Sardella R, Giacchè N, Palmiotto S, Camaioni E, Marinozzi M, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. Chiral ligand-exchange separation and resolution of extremely rigid glutamate analogs: 1-aminospiro[2.2]pentyl-1,4-dicarboxylic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1997-2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Glutamate, metabotropic. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_30.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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23
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Donaldson WA, Chaudhury S. Recent Applications of Acyclic (Diene)iron Complexes and (Dienyl)iron Cations in Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2009; 2009:3831-3843. [PMID: 21709767 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Complexation of (tricarbonyl)iron to an acyclic diene serves to protect the ligand against oxidation, reduction and cycloaddition reactions while the steric bulk of this adjunct serves to direct the approach reagents to unsaturated groups attached to the diene onto the face opposite to iron. Furthermore, the Fe(CO)(3) moiety can serve to stabilize carbocation centers adjacent to the diene (i.e. pentadienyl-iron cations). Recent applications of these reactivities to the synthesis of polyene, cyclopropane, cycloheptadiene and cyclohexenone containing natural products or analogs will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P. O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881 USA
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24
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Natalini B, Sardella R, Carbone G, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. The effect of the copper(II) salt anion in the Chiral Ligand-Exchange Chromatography of amino acids. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 638:225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-based ω-acidic amino acids as glutamate receptors ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:242-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Sardella R, Lämmerhofer M, Natalini B, Lindner W. Enantioselective HPLC of potentially CNS-active acidic amino acids with a cinchona carbamate based chiral stationary phase. Chirality 2008; 20:571-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Brackmann F, de Meijere A. Natural Occurrence, Syntheses, and Applications of Cyclopropyl-Group-Containing α-Amino Acids. 2. 3,4- and 4,5-Methanoamino Acids. Chem Rev 2007; 107:4538-83. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0784083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farina Brackmann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin de Meijere
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Marinozzi M, Serpi M, Amori L, Gavilan Diaz M, Costantino G, Meyer U, Flor PJ, Gasparini F, Heckendorn R, Kuhn R, Giorgi G, Hermit MB, Thomsen C, Pellicciari R. Synthesis and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of the four stereoisomers of (2S)-2-(2'-phosphono-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine, the first class of 3'-substituted trans C1'-2'-2-(2'-phosphonocyclopropyl)glycines. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3161-70. [PMID: 17350267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Four stereoisomers of (2S)-2-(2'-phosphono-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine were synthesized by a stereocontrolled synthetic procedure and evaluated as mGluRs ligands. The (2S,1'R,2'S,3'R)-isomer (PPCG-2) showed to be a group III mGluRs selective ligand endowed with a moderate potency as mGluR4/mGluR6 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Marinozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1- I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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29
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Pellicciari R, Filosa R, Fulco MC, Marinozzi M, Macchiarulo A, Novak C, Natalini B, Hermit MB, Nielsen S, Sager TN, Stensbøl TB, Thomsen C. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 2'-substituted 2-(3'-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)glycine derivatives as group I selective metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:358-65. [PMID: 16892370 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first series of 2'-substituted 2-(3'-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)glycine derivatives, (2R)- and (2S)-(2',2'-dichloro-3'-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)glycine (10) and (11), and 2-(2'-chloro-3'-carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)glycine (12) were synthesized and evaluated as mGluR ligands. Compounds 11 and 12 were shown to be competitive group I mGluR antagonists. These results are also discussed in light of docking studies with both the active (closed) and inactive (open) conformations of mGluR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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30
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Deng XM, Cai P, Ye S, Sun XL, Liao WW, Li K, Tang Y, Wu YD, Dai LX. Enantioselective Synthesis of Vinylcyclopropanes and Vinylepoxides Mediated by Camphor-Derived Sulfur Ylides: Rationale of Enantioselectivity, Scope, and Limitation. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9730-40. [PMID: 16866528 DOI: 10.1021/ja056751o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By a sidearm approach, camphor-derived sulfur ylides 1 were designed and synthesized for the cyclopropanation of electron-deficient alkenes and epoxidation of aldehydes. Under the optimal conditions, the exo-type sulfonium salts 4a and 4b reacted with beta-aryl-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, amides, ketones, and nitriles to give 1,3-disubstituted-2-vinylcyclopropanes with high diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities. When the endo-type sulfonium salts 5a and 5b were used, the diastereoselectivities were not changed, whereas the absolute configurations of the products became the opposite to those of the reactions of 4a and 4b. An ylide cyclopropanation of chalcone derivatives with phenylvinyl bromide in the presence of catalytic amount of chiral sulfonium salts 4b and 5b has been developed. The sidearmed hydroxyl group was found to play a key role in the control of enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. The origins of the high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity were also studied by density functional theory calculations, which reveal the importance of the hydrogen-bonding between the sidearmed hydroxyl group and the substrate in determining the diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity. The ylides 1 were also successfully applied for the epoxidation of aromatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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31
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Yasuhara A, Nakamura M, Sakagami K, Shimazaki T, Yoshikawa R, Chaki S, Ohta H, Nakazato A. Prodrugs of 3-(3,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (MGS0039): A potent and orally active group II mGluR antagonist with antidepressant-like potential. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4193-207. [PMID: 16487713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3-(3,4-Dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 5 (MGS0039) is a highly selective and potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist (antagonist activities for mGluR2; IC50=20.0 nM, mGluR3; IC50=24.0 nM) and is detected in both plasma (492 ng/mL) and brain (13.2 ng/g) at oral administration of 10 ng/mL [J. Med. Chem.2004, 47, 4750], but the oral bioavailability of 5 was 10.9%. In order to improve the oral bioavailability of 5, prodrugs of 5 were discovered by esterification of carboxyl group on C6-position of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring. Among these compounds, 6-alkyl esters exhibited approximately 10-fold higher concentrations of 5 in the plasma and brain of rats after oral administration (e.g., ethyl ester of 5; plasma, Cmax=20.7+/-1.3 microM) compared to oral administration of 5 (plasma, Cmax=2.46+/-0.62 microM). 3-(3,4-Dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-amino-6-fluorobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid 6-heptyl ester (7ao), a prodrug of MGS0039, showed antidepressant-like effects in rat forced swimming test and mouse tail suspension test following oral administration. Moreover, following oral administration of 7ao in mice, high concentrations of MGS0039 were detected in both the brain and plasma, while 7ao was barely detected. In this paper, we report the synthesis, in vitro metabolic stabilities, and pharmacokinetic profiles of the prodrugs of 5, and the antidepressant-like effects of 7ao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yasuhara
- Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 1-403 Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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32
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Alexander SPH, Mathie A, Peters JA. Glutamate, metabotropic. Br J Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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33
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Amori L, Serpi M, Marinozzi M, Costantino G, Diaz MG, Hermit MB, Thomsen C, Pellicciari R. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of (2S,1′R,2′S)- and (2S,1′S,2′R)-2-(2′-phosphonocyclopropyl)glycines, two novel conformationally constrained l-AP4 analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:196-9. [PMID: 16213710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two novel constrained l-AP4 analogues, (2S,1'R,2'S)- and (2S,1'S,2'R)-2-(2'-phosphonocyclopropyl)glycines (7) and (8), were synthesized and evaluated as mGluR ligands. Compound 7 showed to be a group III mGluRs agonist with micromolar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Amori
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1-06123 Perugia, Italy
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34
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González R, Collado I, de Uralde BL, Marcos A, Martín-Cabrejas LM, Pedregal C, Blanco-Urgoiti J, Pérez-Castells J, Fernández MA, Andis SL, Johnson BG, Wright RA, Schoepp DD, Monn JA. C3′-cis-Substituted carboxycyclopropyl glycines as metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonists: Synthesis and SAR studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6556-70. [PMID: 16153851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of C3'-cis-substituted carboxycyclopropyl glycines bearing a wide variety of functional groups is described, and the structure-activity relationship for this series as agonists of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors is reported.
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35
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Meyer U, Bisel P, Bräuner-Osborne H, Madsen U, Höfner G, Wanner KT, Frahm AW. Rigid nonproteinogenic cyclic amino acids as ligands for glutamate receptors:trans-Tris(homoglutamic) acids. Chirality 2005; 17:99-107. [PMID: 15660439 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The second-generation asymmetric synthesis of the trans-tris(homoglutamic) acids reported herein proceeds via Strecker reaction of chiral ketimines, obtained from condensation of racemic 2-ethoxycarbonylmethylcyclopentanone and commercially available (S)- and (R)-1-phenylethylamine, respectively. In the key stereodifferentiating step, the cyanide addition leads to mixtures of diastereomeric alpha-amino nitrile-esters, the composition of which is independent of the reaction temperature and the type of the solvent, respectively. Hydrolysis of the alpha-amino nitrile-esters with concentrated H(2)SO(4) yielded diastereomeric mixtures of secondary alpha-amino amido-esters, which after separation were hydrogenolyzed and hydrolyzed each to the enantiomeric trans-1-amino-2-carboxymethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acids. Their configuration was completely established by NMR methods, CD spectra, and X-ray analysis of the trans-1S,2R-configured secondary alpha-amino amido-ester. In receptor binding assays and functional tests, trans-1S,2R-1-amino-2-carboxymethylcyclopentanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride was found to behave as a selective mGluR(2)-antagonist without relevant binding properties at iGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Natalini B, Marinozzi M, Sardella R, Macchiarulo A, Pellicciari R. Evaluation of the enantiomeric selectivity in the chiral ligand-exchange chromatography of amino acids by a computational model. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1033:363-7. [PMID: 15088759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric amino acids is accomplished on a reversed phase column using aqueous mobile phase containing the chiral reagent N,N-dimethyl-S-phenylalanine-Cu(II). The separation is a result of the whole interaction between the diastereomeric complex surface and the mixed stationary phase realized by the dynamic coating of the RP-18 carbon chains layer. The elution order seems to be related to the different water coordination capability on copper ion in the formation of the mixed ternary complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Natalini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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37
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Ye S, Huang ZZ, Xia CA, Tang Y, Dai LX. A novel chiral sulfonium yilde: highly enantioselective synthesis of vinylcyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2432-3. [PMID: 11890780 DOI: 10.1021/ja0172969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A newly designed chiral sulfonium allylide, generated in situ from the corresponding sulfonium salt in the presence of KOBu(t), reacted with alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, ketones, amides, and nitriles to afford trans-2-silylvinyl-trans-3-substituted cyclopropyl esters, ketones, amides, and nitriles with outstanding diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity in good to high yields. A mechanistic rationale is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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38
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Pellicciari R, Costantino G, Marinozzi M, Macchiarulo A, Amori L, Josef Flor P, Gasparini F, Kuhn R, Urwyler S. Design, synthesis and preliminary evaluation of novel 3'-substituted carboxycyclopropylglycines as antagonists at group 2 metabotropic glutamate receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3179-82. [PMID: 11720869 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two novel 3'-substituted carboxycylopropylglycines, (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(3'-xanthenylmethyl-2'-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (8a) and (2S,1'S,2'S,3'R)-2-(3'-xanthenylethyl-2'-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (8b), were synthesized and evaluated as mGluR ligands. Compound 8b showed to be a potent group II antagonist with submicromolar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06127, Perugia, Italy.
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39
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40
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Determination of the enantiomeric purity of 2-(2′-carboxy-3′-phenylcyclopropyl)glycines by chiral capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Carpenedo R, Pittaluga A, Cozzi A, Attucci S, Galli A, Raiteri M, Moroni F. Presynaptic kynurenate-sensitive receptors inhibit glutamate release. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 13:2141-7. [PMID: 11422455 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid is a tryptophan metabolite provided with antagonist activity on ionotropic glutamate and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We noticed that in rats with a dialysis probe placed in the head of their caudate nuclei, local administration of kynurenic acid (30-100 nM) significantly reduced glutamate output. Qualitatively and quantitatively similar effects were observed after systemic administration of kynurenine hydroxylase inhibitors, a procedure able to increase brain kynurenate concentrations. Interestingly, in microdialysis studies, methyllycaconitine (0.3-10 nM), a selective alpha7 nicotinic receptor antagonist, also reduced glutamate output. In isolated superfused striatal synaptosomes, kynurenic acid (100 nM), but not methyllycaconitine, inhibited the depolarization (KCl 12.5 mM)-induced release of transmitter or previously taken-up [3H]-D-aspartate. This inhibition was not modified by glycine, N-methyl-D-aspartate or subtype-selective kainate receptor agents, while CNQX or DNQX (10 microM), two AMPA and kainate receptor antagonists, reduced kynurenic acid effects. Low concentrations of kynurenic acid, however, did not modify [3H]-kainate (high and low affinity) or [3H]-AMPA binding to rat brain membranes. Finally, because metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors modulate transmitter release in striatal preparations, we evaluated, with negative results, kynurenic acid (1-100 nM) effects in cells transfected with mGlu1, mGlu2, mGlu4 or mGlu5 receptors. In conclusion, our data show that kynurenate-induced inhibition of glutamate release is not mediated by glutamate receptors. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, however, may contribute to the inhibitory effects of kynurenate found in microdialysis studies, but not in those found in isolated synaptosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carpenedo
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, Viale Pieraccini 6, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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42
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43
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Marinozzi M, Pellicciari R. Novel enantioselective synthesis of (2S,2′R,3′R)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV). Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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45
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Parmentier ML, Galvez T, Acher F, Peyre B, Pellicciari R, Grau Y, Bockaert J, Pin JP. Conservation of the ligand recognition site of metabotropic glutamate receptors during evolution. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39:1119-31. [PMID: 10760355 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are classified into 3 groups based on their sequence similarity and ligand recognition selectivity. Recently, we identified a Drosophila mGluR (DmGlu(A)R) which is about equidistant, phylogenetically, from the 3 mGluR groups. However, both the G-protein coupling selectivity and the pharmacological profile of DmGlu(A)R, as analysed with mutated G-proteins and a few compounds, look similar to those of mammalian group-II mGluRs. In the present study we carefully examined the pharmacological profile of DmGlu(A)R, and compared it to those of the rat mGlu(1a), mGlu(2) and mGlu(4a) receptors, representative of group-I, II and III respectively. The pharmacological profile of DmGlu(A)R was found to be similar to that of mGlu(2)R, and only very small differences could be identified at the level of their pharmacophore models. These data strongly suggest that the binding sites of these two receptors are similar. To further document this idea, a 3D model of the mGlu(2) binding domain was constructed based on the low sequence similarity with periplasmic amino acid binding proteins, and was used to identify the residues that possibly constitute the ligand recognition pocket. Interestingly, this putative binding pocket was found to be very well conserved between DmGlu(A)R and the mammalian group-II receptors. These data indicate that there has been a strong selective pressure during evolution to maintain the ligand recognition selectivity of mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Parmentier
- Centre INSERM-CNRS de Pharmacologie-Endocrinologie, UPR 9023-CNRS, rue de la Cardonille, 34094, Montpellier, France.
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46
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47
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48
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Bessis AS, Jullian N, Coudert E, Pin JP, Acher F. Extended glutamate activates metabotropic receptor types 1, 2 and 4: selective features at mGluR4 binding site. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38:1543-51. [PMID: 10530816 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To get an insight into the bioactive conformation of glutamic acid and its topological environment at the mGluR4 binding site, a pharmacophore model was constructed using molecular modeling. Agonists of known activities were used to run the Apex-3D program or to validate the resulting model. An extended glutamate conformer, two selective hydrophilic sites and bulk tolerance regions are disclosed. Selective features of mGluR1, mGluR2 and mGluR4 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bessis
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, UMR8601-CNRS, Université René Descartes-Paris V, France
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49
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Schoepp DD, Jane DE, Monn JA. Pharmacological agents acting at subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 1999; 38:1431-76. [PMID: 10530808 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic (G-protein-coupled) glutamate (mGlu) receptors have now emerged as a recognized, but still relatively new area of excitatory amino acid research. Current understanding of the roles and involvement of mGlu receptor subtypes in physiological/pathophysiological functions of the central nervous system has been recently propelled by the emergence of various structurally novel, potent, and mGlu receptor selective pharmacological agents. This article reviews the evolution of pharmacological agents that have been reported to target mGlu receptors, with a focus on the known receptor subtype selectivities of current agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Schoepp
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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50
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Pellicciari R, Costantino G. Metabotropic G-protein-coupled glutamate receptors as therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1999; 3:433-40. [PMID: 10419848 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(99)80064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors have received considerable attention over the past decade in view of their relevance in multiple aspects of glutamatergic transmission. Recent advances in the molecular biology, pharmacology and medicinal chemistry of this family of G-protein-coupled receptors have led to therapeutic opportunities for subtype-selective modulators in brain disorders and diseases such as ischemia and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pellicciari
- Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via del Liceo 1, I-06123,Perugia, Italy.
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