1
|
Lee S, Yu JS, Lee SR, Kim KH. Non-peptide secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms: overview of chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:512-559. [PMID: 34608478 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2021A wide variety of mushrooms have traditionally been recognized as edible fungi with high nutritional value and low calories, and abundantly produce structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms can result in serious illnesses and even death. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is associated with secondary metabolites produced in poisonous mushrooms, causing specific toxicity. However, many poisonous mushrooms have not been fully investigated for their secondary metabolites, and the secondary metabolites of poisonous mushrooms have not been systematically summarized for details such as chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms. The isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms have great research value since these compounds could be lethal toxins that contribute to the toxicity of mushrooms or could provide lead compounds with remarkable biological activities that can promote advances in other related disciplines, such as biochemistry and pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites identified from poisonous mushrooms and provide an overview of the current information on these metabolites, focusing on their chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian Z, Clark BLM, Menard F. Kainic Acid-Based Agonists of Glutamate Receptors: SAR Analysis and Guidelines for Analog Design. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4190-4198. [PMID: 31550120 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive survey of kainic acid analogs that have been tested for their biological activity is presented. Specifically, this review (1) gathers and compares over 100 kainoids according to a relative activity scale, (2) exposes structural features required to optimize affinity for kainate receptors, and (3) suggests design rules to create next-generation KA analogs. Literature SAR data are analyzed systematically and combined with the most recent crystallographic studies. In view of the renewed interest in neuroactive molecules, this review aims to help guide the efforts of organic synthesis laboratories, as well as to inform newcomers to KA/GluK research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brianna L. M. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Frederic Menard
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu Z, Liu L, Zhang J. Triflic Acid-Catalyzed Enynes Cyclization: A New Strategy beyond Electrophilic π-Activation. Chemistry 2016; 22:8488-92. [PMID: 27124814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of enynes, catalyzed by a transition metal, represents a powerful tool to construct an array of cyclic compounds through electrophilic π-activation. In this paper, we disclose a new and efficient strategy for enynes cyclization catalyzed by triflic acid. The salient features of this transformation includes a broad substrate scope, metal free synthesis, open flask and mild conditions, good yields, ease of operation, low catalyst loading, and easy scale-up to gram scale. A preliminary mechanism study demonstrated that the activation model of the reaction was σ-activation, which is different from the transition-metal-catalyzed enynes cyclization. Our strategy affords a complementary method to the traditional strategies, which use transition-metal catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhunzhun Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, 200062, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A compendium of cyclic sugar amino acids and their carbocyclic and heterocyclic nitrogen analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 45:613-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
5
|
Álvarez S, Domínguez G, Gradillas A, Pérez-Castells J. Unusual Skeletal Rearrangement of Unsaturated Seven-Membered Lactams into Fused Pyrrolidinolactones. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
6
|
Luo Z, Zhou B, Li Y. Total Synthesis of (−)-(α)-Kainic Acid via a Diastereoselective Intramolecular [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of an Aryl Cyclopropyl Ketone with an Alkyne. Org Lett 2012; 14:2540-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Road Zu Chong Zhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Road Zu Chong Zhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yuanchao Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Road Zu Chong Zhi, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Farwick A, Helmchen G. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-α-Kainic Acid. Org Lett 2010; 12:1108-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol1001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Farwick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Helmchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Swanson GT, Sakai R. Ligands for ionotropic glutamate receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 46:123-57. [PMID: 19184587 PMCID: PMC2901239 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-87895-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine-derived small molecules and peptides have played a central role in elaborating pharmacological specificities and neuronal functions of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), the primary mediators of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). As well, the pathological sequelae elicited by one class of compounds (the kainoids) constitute a widely-used animal model for human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). New and existing molecules could prove useful as lead compounds for the development of therapeutics for neuropathologies that have aberrant glutamatergic signaling as a central component. In this chapter we discuss natural source origins and pharmacological activities of those marine compounds that target ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alanine/analogs & derivatives
- Alanine/pharmacology
- Amino Acids/physiology
- Animals
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Kainic Acid/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Mammals
- Mollusk Venoms/pharmacology
- Mollusk Venoms/toxicity
- Receptors, AMPA/drug effects
- Receptors, AMPA/physiology
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/drug effects
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- GluK2 Kainate Receptor
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Swanson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tomooka K, Akiyama T, Man P, Suzuki M. Asymmetric synthesis of (−)- and (+)-kainic acid using a planar chiral amide as a chiral building block. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Sakaguchi H, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of (−)-Kainic Acid via Intramolecular Michael Addition: A Second-Generation Route. Org Lett 2008; 10:1711-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800328q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tokuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A stereocontrolled total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid is described. A fully functionalized trisubstituted pyrrolidine ring was constructed by ring-closing metathesis of an acrylate derivative followed by an intramolecular Michael addition of the resultant alpha,beta-unsaturated lactone with high diastereoselectivity. Two alternative protocols for the construction of the alpha,beta-unsaturated lactone were also developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun P, Wang GX, Furuta K, Suzuki M. Synthesis of a bis-azido analogue of acromelic acid for radioisotope-free photoaffinity labeling and biochemical studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2433-6. [PMID: 16480870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel acromelic acid analogue containing a phenyl group possessing two different types of azido functional groups, of which one is the aromatic N3 acting as a photoaffinity group to bind to a target protein by photoirradiation and the other is alkyl N3 group which survives photolysis acting as a detecting group through the Staudinger-Bertozzi reaction to identify the ligated product, was designed and synthesized as a radioisotope-free biochemical probe potentially for studies on kainoid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pi Sun
- Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Morita Y, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (−)-Kainic Acid. Regio- and Stereoselective Lithiation of Pyrrolidine Ring with the (+)-Sparteine Surrogate. Org Lett 2005; 7:4337-40. [PMID: 16178527 DOI: 10.1021/ol051408+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A stereocontrolled total synthesis of (-)-kainic acid is described. cis-3,4-Disubstituted pyrrolidine ring was constructed by [3 + 2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylide with chiral butenolide. The crucial introduction of carboxyl group at the C-2 position was executed by regio- and stereoselective lithiation of the pyrrolidine ring in the presence of a (+)-sparteine surrogate followed by trapping with carbon dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Furuta K, Wang GX, Minami T, Nishizawa M, Ito S, Suzuki M. A simple acromelic acid analog potentially useful for receptor photoaffinity labeling and biochemical studies. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
Pentikäinen OT, Settimo L, Keinänen K, Johnson MS. Selective agonist binding of (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) and 2S-(2alpha,3beta,4beta)-2-carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid (kainate) receptors: a molecular modeling study. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:2413-25. [PMID: 14637199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular models were constructed, using the published X-ray structure of rat glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2), for the ligand-binding domains of the human (S)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA)- and kainate-selective ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs): GluR1-7 and KA1-2. Based on the analysis of the known X-ray structures of GluR2 in complex with glutamate, kainate, and AMPA, we have constructed binding motifs (relative positioning of a ligand in the binding site and the physico-chemical interactions that take place) for selected agonist ligands and found explanations for ligand-binding selectivity to homomeric receptors among the different iGluRs. Even a single sequence difference can explain significant differences in ligand-binding affinities between two receptors. In total, there are seven residues surrounding the binding cavity that affect agonist selectivity: in GluR2, these residues are Pro478, Thr480, Leu650, Ser654, Thr686, Tyr702, and Met708. Each of these seven positions has been shown, or is predicted, to influence the presence of one or more water molecules that, when present, may form bridging hydrogen bonds between particular ligands and receptors. By using this knowledge it should be possible to design new selective agonist ligands with high affinity for any AMPA/kainate receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olli T Pentikäinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Clayden J, Menet CJ, Tchabanenko K. Synthesis of (−)-kainic acid using chiral lithium amides in an asymmetric dearomatizing cyclization. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
18
|
Baldwin JE, Pritchard GJ, Williamson DS. The synthesis of 4-arylsulfanyl-substituted kainoid analogues from trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Synthesis of a potent (±)-4-(2-hydroxyphenyl) analogue of the acromelic acids by dearomatising cyclisation of a lithiated N-p-methoxybenzyl-4-methoxy-1-naphthamide. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Baldwin JE, Fryer AM, Pritchard GJ. Parallel synthesis of novel heteroaromatic acromelic acid analogues from kainic acid. J Org Chem 2001; 66:2588-96. [PMID: 11304175 DOI: 10.1021/jo000846l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A range of new C-4 heteroaromatic acromelic acid analogues has been synthesized in a parallel fashion from (-)-alpha-kainic acid 1. Protection of the amine and carboxylate groups of 1 followed by ozonolysis gave methyl ketone 8. A silyl enol ether 9, generated regiospecifically from the methyl ketone 8 using "kinetic" conditions, was brominated in situ with phenyltrimethylammonium perbromide to give the key alpha-bromo ketone 10. Parallel cyclization reactions of bromo ketone 10 with thioamides and thioureas were then performed. The aromatic heterocyclic derivatives 11a-d and 19 produced were deprotected to give the new kainoid amino acids 6a-d and 25 in excellent yield. Compounds 6a and 6c show strong binding to the kainate receptor. Reaction of 10 with alternative condensing agents was also briefly investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Baldwin
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, U.K.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baldwin JE, Fryer AM, Pritchard GJ. 1H NMR study of protected and unprotected kainoid amino acids: facile assignment of C-4 stereochemistry. J Org Chem 2001; 66:2597-601. [PMID: 11304176 DOI: 10.1021/jo000847d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kainoid amino acids exhibit potent neuroexcitatory activity in the mammalian central nervous system. Around their pyrrolidine ring, a trans disposition between the C-2 and C-3 substituents and a cis relationship between the C-3 and C-4 substituents are crucial for their potent biological activity. During synthetic studies into the kainoids, we have established a straightforward, empirical rule, which allows the facile assignment of C-4 stereochemistry to both protected and unprotected kainoids. When pairs of C-4 epimers are available, the rule indicates that, when their (1)H NMR spectra are compared, one of the methylene protons on the C-3 side chain appears at significantly lower chemical shift in the C-3, C-4 cis isomer than the corresponding signal for the proton in the spectrum for the C-3, C-4 trans isomer. In addition, the rule states that the difference in chemical shift between the two individual protons on the C-3 side chain of the C-3, C-4 cis isomer is significantly greater than the corresponding difference for the C-3, C-4 trans isomer. The rule is demonstrated for kainoids possessing an unsaturated substituent at C-4 and when comparing spectra in D(2)O for pairs of unprotected C-4 epimers, the spectra were recorded at approximately the same pD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Baldwin
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, U.K.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baldwin JE, Pritchard GJ, Williamson DS. The synthesis of 4-arylsulfanyl-substituted kainoid analogues from trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1927-9. [PMID: 10987419 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potent neuroexcitatory activity of kainoid amino acids in the mammalian CNS places new analogues in high demand as tools for neuropharmacological research. A range of 4-arylsulfanyl-substituted kainoids has been synthesised in a parallel fashion via mesylate displacement by a number of aromatic and heteroaromatic thiolates upon (2S,3S,4R)-1-benzoyl-3-tert-butoxycarbonylmethyl-4-methanesulfo nyloxy pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester 8, which is obtainable in eight steps from trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline 5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Baldwin
- The Dyson Perrins Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rondeau D, Gill P, Chan M, Curry K, Lubell WD. Synthesis and pharmacology of new enantiopure delta(3)-4-arylkainoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:771-3. [PMID: 10782683 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven delta(3)-4-arylkainoids possessing various 4-position aromatic and heteroaromatic groups were synthesized and their apparent affinities were measured in order to explore the influences of 4-position electron density and stereochemistry on receptor affinity and specificity. Kainoids 1a-f were shown to be selective agonists at the NMDA receptor and the electron rich furanyl and thienyl analogues exhibited the highest affinities. Naphthylkainoid 1g proved to be a nonselective antagonist at the iGluRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Rondeau
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal C.P. 6128, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Baldwin JE, Fryer AM, Pritchard GJ. Novel C-4 heteroaromatic kainoid analogues: a parallel synthesis approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:309-11. [PMID: 10698461 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New C-4 thiazole 4, 5 and aminothiazole 6, 7 kainoid analogues were efficiently synthesised in five steps from commercially available (-)-alpha-kainic acid I and exhibited strong binding to the kainate receptors. A reactive alpha-bromoketone 10 was generated and reacted with thioamides and thioureas to form thiazole and aminothiazole heterocycles 11-14. Deprotection gave the new kainoid amino acids 4-7 in excellent yield.
Collapse
|
25
|
Reginato G, Mordini A, Degl'Innocenti A, Manganiello S, Capperucci A, Poli G. Stannylcupration of chiral γ-amino acetylenic esters: Stereocontrolled synthesis of 3-tributylstannyl γ-amino (E)-alkenoates a as precursors of 4-stannylated pyrrolinones. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Todeschi N, Gharbi-Benarous J, Girault JP. Structure of kainic acid totally elucidated by NMR and molecular modelling. Bioorg Med Chem 1997; 5:1943-57. [PMID: 9370039 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(97)00132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One class of glutamate receptors is characterized by the binding of the neuroexcitant and toxin kainic acid (KA), which contains an embedded L-glutamate moiety in a partially restricted (about the 2,3-bond) conformation. While there are a number of compounds that exhibit high specificity and selectivity at the ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, there has been a lack of selective and high-affinity ligands for the ionotropic KA subclass of excitatory amino acid receptors. This substance has received some attention recently being the least understood of the ionotropic type of glutamate receptor. The spatial orientation of the perceived functional groups of KA has been elucidated by a conformational analysis of an aqueous solution of KA using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experimental results, mechanics and dynamics calculations, and theoretical simulation of NMR spectra. The weak pH-dependent effects on overall conformation and the structure of the principal '4E-envelope' KA conformer are established in aqueous solution. This study clearly shows the structural 'down' position of the double bond and the preferred 'g(-)-c' conformation of the C(3) carboxymethyl side-chain. The complex structure of this compound is thus definitively resolved. The conformation of the envelope ring such as C(3) carboxymethyl and C(4)-isopropenyl groups may strongly influence the potencies of KA interactions with the KA receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Todeschi
- Université René Descartes-Paris V, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (URA 400 CNRS), France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|