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Namasivayam V, Vanangamudi M, Kramer VG, Kurup S, Zhan P, Liu X, Kongsted J, Byrareddy SN. The Journey of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) from Lab to Clinic. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4851-4883. [PMID: 30516990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is now pandemic. Targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) has been considered as one of the most successful targets for the development of anti-HIV treatment. Among the HIV-1 RT inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive place due to their unique antiviral potency, high specificity, and low toxicity in antiretroviral combination therapies used to treat HIV. Until now, >50 structurally diverse classes of compounds have been reported as NNRTIs. Among them, six NNRTIs were approved for HIV-1 treatment, namely, nevirapine (NVP), delavirdine (DLV), efavirenz (EFV), etravirine (ETR), rilpivirine (RPV), and doravirine (DOR). In this perspective, we focus on the six NNRTIs and lessons learned from their journey through development to clinical studies. It demonstrates the obligatory need of understanding the physicochemical and biological principles (lead optimization), resistance mutations, synthesis, and clinical requirements for drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy , Tirupathi , Andhra Pradesh 517102 , India
| | | | - Sonali Kurup
- College of Pharmacy , Roosevelt University , Schaumburg , Illinois 60173 , United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 , Odense M , Denmark
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha 68198-5880 , United States
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Hikawa H, Yokoyama Y. Cross-coupling reaction on N-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridyl)piperazines: regioselective synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted pyridylpiperazines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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La Regina G, Coluccia A, Silvestri R. Looking for an active conformation of the future HIV type-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Chem Chemother 2010; 20:213-37. [PMID: 20710063 DOI: 10.3851/imp1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV type-1 (HIV-1) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are key drugs of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the clinical management of AIDS/HIV infection. NNRTI-based HAART regimes effectively suppress viral reproduction, are not cytotoxic and show favourable pharmacokinetic properties. First-generation NNRTIs suffer the rapid selection of viral variants, hampering the binding of inhibitors into the reverse transcriptase (RT) non-nucleoside binding site (NNBS). Efforts to improve these first inhibitors led to the discovery of second-generation NNRTIs that proved to be effective against the drug-resistant mutant HIV-1 strains. The success of such agents launched a new season of NNRTI design and synthesis. This paper reviews the characteristics of second-generation NNRTIs, including etravirine, rilpivirine, RDEA-806, UK-453061, BIRL 355 BS, IDX 899, MK-4965 and HBY 097. In particular, the binding modes of these inhibitors into the NNBS of the HIV-1 RT and the most clinically relevant mutant RTs are analysed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe La Regina
- Department of Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Asano S, Ban H, Kino K, Ioriya K, Muraoka M. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of N-(4-amino-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N’-(1,4-diarylpiperidine-4-yl)methylureas as anti-hyperlipidemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4636-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kuhnast B, Hinnen F, Tavitian B, Dollé F. [18F]FPyKYNE, a fluoropyridine-based alkyne reagent designed for the fluorine-18 labelling of macromolecules using click chemistry. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ridder L, Wagener M. SyGMa: Combining Expert Knowledge and Empirical Scoring in the Prediction of Metabolites. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:821-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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An H, Eum SJ, Koh M, Lee SK, Park SB. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Privileged Benzopyranyl Heterocycles from s-cis-Enones. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1752-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heeseon An
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, and Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Eum
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, and Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Minseob Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, and Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, and Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea, and Bioinformatics & Molecular Design Research Center, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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UNGWITAYATORN J, WIWAT C, MATAYATSUK C, PIMTHON J, PIYAVIRIYAKUL S. Synthesis and HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity of Non-Nucleoside Phthalimide Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200890073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chiu G, Li S, Connolly PJ, Pulito V, Liu J, Middleton SA. (Arylpiperazinyl)cyclohexylsufonamides: Discovery of α1a/1d-selective adrenergic receptor antagonists for the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BPH/LUTS). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3292-7. [PMID: 17452102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BPH/LUTS) can be effectively treated by alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Unfortunately, all currently marketed alpha(1) blockers produced CV related side effects that are caused by the subtype non-selective nature of the drugs. To overcome this problem, it was postulated that a alpha(1a/1d) subtype selective antagonist would bring more benefit for the treatment of BPH/LUTS. In developing selective alpha(1a/1d) ligands, (arylpiperazinyl)cyclohexylsulfonamides were synthesized and their binding profiles against three cloned human alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor subtypes were evaluated. Many compounds show equal affinity for both alpha(1a) and alpha(1d) subtypes with good selectivity against the alpha(1b) subtype. They also overcome the problem of dopamine receptor affinity that previous analogues had exhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Chiu
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development L.L.C., PO Box 300, 1000 Route 202 South, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
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First selective lithiation of pyridylpiperazines: straightforward access to potent pharmacophores. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nassar AEF, Kamel AM, Clarimont C. Improving the decision-making process in the structural modification of drug candidates: enhancing metabolic stability. Drug Discov Today 2004; 9:1020-8. [PMID: 15574318 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The activity-exposure-toxicity relationship, which can be described as "the rule of three", presents the single most difficult challenge in the design of drug candidates and their subsequent advancement to the development stage. ADME studies are widely used in drug discovery to optimize the balance of properties necessary to convert lead candidates into drugs that are safe and effective for humans. Metabolite characterization has become one of the key drivers of the drug discovery process, helping to optimize ADME properties and increase the success rate for drugs. Various strategies can influence drug design in the decision-making process in the structural modification of drug candidates to reduce metabolic instability.
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Pinna GA, Loriga G, Murineddu G, Grella G, Mura M, Vargiu L, Murgioni C, La Colla P. Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 activity of new delavirdine analogues carrying arylpyrrole moieties. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001; 49:1406-11. [PMID: 11724230 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.49.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In our search for novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 agents, 14 delavirdine analogues were synthesized and evaluated as potential anti-HIV-1 agents in cell-based assays. Compound 1Aa exhibited potent and selective anti-HIV-1 activity in acutely infected MT4 cells, with effective concentration (EC50) values in the submicromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Pinna
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Sardinia, Italy.
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Abstract
Metabolism and other pharmacokinetic (PK) studies have always played a critical role in helping to optimize the bioavailability and duration of action of new drugs thereby increasing their success rate. With the advent of automated combinatorial synthesis, high-throughput pharmacological testing, and the ability to create extensive databases in the past decade, drug discovery has undergone an amazing evolution. With the increased throughput of drug discovery, metabolism and other PK studies have evolved to keep pace. Often called "early ADME" studies, these studies are characterized by parallel processing and higher throughput than before. This article focuses on a particular class of early ADME (absorption, distribution mechanism, and excretion) studies known as "metabolic stability" studies. The theoretical basis for metabolic stability and its relationship to the concept of metabolic intrinsic clearance is briefly presented. Some key relationships between structure and metabolism are summarized. Several case studies from recent medicinal chemistry literature are reviewed to exemplify how metabolic stability studies influenced drug design and led to improvements in bioavailability and half-life. Finally, future trends in drug metabolism and analytical chemistry and how they may influence metabolic stability studies are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Thompson
- Early ADME/Drug Metabolism, Quintiles, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri 66134-0708, USA.
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Pedersen OS, Pedersen EB. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: the NNRTI boom. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:285-314. [PMID: 10628805 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are promising drugs for the treatment of HIV when used in combination with other anti-HIV drugs such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and protease inhibitors. The first generation of NNRTIs have, however, suffered from the rapid development of resistance. This review discusses the properties of the FDA-approved NNRTI drugs and focuses on the recent efforts being made to produce second generation inhibitors that circumvent this resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University
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Genin MJ, Poel TJ, May PD, Kopta LA, Yagi Y, Olmsted RA, Friis JM, Voorman RL, Adams WJ, Thomas RC, Romero DL. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the (alkylamino)piperidine-containing BHAP class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: effect of 3-alkylpyridine ring substitution. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4140-9. [PMID: 10514284 DOI: 10.1021/jm990051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of resistance to currently approved HIV therapies has continued to fuel research efforts to improve the metabolic stability and spectrum of activity of the (alkylamino)piperidine-containing bis(heteroaryl)piperazine (AAP-BHAP) class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The synthesis of analogues in which the usual 3-alkylamino substituent on the pyridine ring is replaced by a 3-alkyl substituent led to compounds which retained activity against recombinant P236L and wild-type (WT) reverse transcriptase (RT), while inhibition of the Y181C mutant RT was reduced relative to the activity of the 3-alkylamino-substituted congeners. Testing of representative analogues in an in vitro liver microsome assay indicated that the alkyl substituent would not appreciably improve the metabolic stability of the AAP-BHAP template. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of three compounds confirmed these results in that high systemic clearances were observed. Nevertheless, one compound (13), PNU-103657, possessed oral bioavailability in rats approaching that of the structurally related NNRTI drug delavirdine which is currently on the market for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Genin
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Infectious Diseases Research, Discovery Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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Argyris EG, Vanderkooi JM, Venkateswaran PS, Kay BK, Paterson Y. The connection domain is implicated in metalloporphyrin binding and inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1549-56. [PMID: 9880532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.3.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown that heme and zinc protoporphyrin inhibit both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) reverse transcriptases (RTs) and, in combination with other nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors, exert an additive effect on HIV-1 RT inhibition. Screening of a phage peptide library against heme resulted in the isolation of a peptide with sequence similarity to sequence 398-407 from the connection subdomain of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 RTs, suggesting that this highly conserved region of HIV RTs corresponds to the binding site for metalloporphyrins and a new site for inhibition of enzyme activity. Inclusion of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the exact sequence 398-407 of HIV-1 RT in RT inhibition assays had a protective effect on metalloporphyrin inhibition, as it was able to reverse the inhibitory effect of both metalloporphyrins on HIV-1 RT activity. Furthermore, intrinsic fluorescence assays indicated that these metalloporphyrins bind to synthetic peptide 398-407 as well as to intact dimeric HIV-1 RT. The identification of this novel inhibition site will help to expand our understanding of the mode of action of metalloporphyrins in RT inhibition and will assist in the design and development of more potent metalloporphyrin RT inhibitors for the management of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Argyris
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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