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Stone IB, Jermaks J, MacMillan SN, Lambert TH. The Hydrazine-O 2 Redox Couple as a Platform for Organocatalytic Oxidation: Benzo[c]cinnoline-Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkyl Halides to Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:12494-12498. [PMID: 30016572 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic oxidation platform that capitalizes on the capacity of hydrazines to undergo rapid autoxidation to diazenes is described. Commercially available benzo[c]cinnoline is shown to catalyze the oxidation of alkyl halides to aldehydes in a novel mechanistic paradigm involving nucleophilic attack, prototropic shift, and hydrolysis. The hydrolysis and reoxidation events occur readily with only adventitious oxygen and water. A survey of the scope of viable substrates is shown along with mechanistic and computational studies that give insight into this mode of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Janis Jermaks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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2
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Stone IB, Jermaks J, MacMillan SN, Lambert TH. The Hydrazine–O
2
Redox Couple as a Platform for Organocatalytic Oxidation: Benzo[
c
]cinnoline‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Alkyl Halides to Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B. Stone
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Janis Jermaks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | | | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10027 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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3
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Xu M, Heidmarsson S, Olafsdottir ES, Buonfiglio R, Kogej T, Omarsdottir S. Secondary metabolites from cetrarioid lichens: Chemotaxonomy, biological activities and pharmaceutical potential. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:441-459. [PMID: 27064003 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichens, as a symbiotic association of photobionts and mycobionts, display an unmatched environmental adaptability and a great chemical diversity. As an important morphological group, cetrarioid lichens are one of the most studied lichen taxa for their phylogeny, secondary chemistry, bioactivities and uses in folk medicines, especially the lichen Cetraria islandica. However, insufficient structure elucidation and discrepancy in bioactivity results could be found in a few studies. PURPOSE This review aimed to present a more detailed and updated overview of the knowledge of secondary metabolites from cetrarioid lichens in a critical manner, highlighting their potentials for pharmaceuticals as well as other applications. Here we also highlight the uses of molecular phylogenetics, metabolomics and ChemGPS-NP model for future bioprospecting, taxonomy and drug screening to accelerate applications of those lichen substances. CHAPTERS The paper starts with a short introduction in to the studies of lichen secondary metabolites, the biological classification of cetrarioid lichens and the aim. In light of ethnic uses of cetrarioid lichens for therapeutic purposes, molecular phylogeny is proposed as a tool for future bioprospecting of cetrarioid lichens, followed by a brief discussion of the taxonomic value of lichen substances. Then a delicate description of the bioactivities, patents, updated chemical structures and lichen sources is presented, where lichen substances are grouped by their chemical structures and discussed about their bioactivity in comparison with reference compounds. To accelerate the discovery of bioactivities and potential drug targets of lichen substances, the application of the ChemGPS NP model is highlighted. Finally the safety concerns of lichen substances (i.e. toxicity and immunogenicity) and future-prospects in the field are exhibited. CONCLUSION While the ethnic uses of cetrarioid lichens and the pharmaceutical potential of their secondary metabolites have been recognized, the knowledge of a large number of lichen substances with interesting structures is still limited to various in vitro assays with insufficient biological annotations, and this area still deserves more research in bioactivity, drug targets and screening. Attention should be paid on the accurate interpretation of their bioactivity for further applications avoiding over-interpretations from various in vitro bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonian Xu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Starri Heidmarsson
- Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Akureyri Division, IS-600 Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Elin Soffia Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Rosa Buonfiglio
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Thierry Kogej
- Chemistry Innovation Centre, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Sesselja Omarsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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4
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Bariamis SE, Magoulas GE, Grafanaki K, Pontiki E, Tsegenidis T, Athanassopoulos CM, Maroulis G, Papaioannou D, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new C-10 substituted dithranol pleiotropic hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7251-63. [PMID: 26515039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selective alkylation of the antipsoriatic drug dithranol (DTR) at C-10 with tert-butyl bromoacetate, followed by acid-mediated deprotection, produced the corresponding carboxylic acid 4 which was coupled with selectively protected polyamines (PAs), such as putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM), dopamine and aliphatic amines and substituted benzylamines producing a series of DTR-PA hybrids, after acid-mediated deprotection, as well as simple amides. The compounds were tested as antioxidants and inhibitors of lipoxygenase (LOX). The amides 4,4'-dimethoxybenzhydrylamide 13 (86% and 95%), 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamide 12 (87% and 81%) and dodecylamide 9 (98% and 74%), and the hybrid DTR-SPM (7) (93% and 87%), showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH and AAPH assays, whereas the most potent inhibitors of LOX were amide 13 (IC50=7 μM), the benzylamide 10 (IC50=7.9 μM) and the butylamide 8 (IC50=10 μM). Molecular binding studies showed that binding of these derivatives into the hydrophobic domain blocks approach of substrate to the active site, inhibiting soybean LOX. Amide 13 presented the highest anti-inflammatory activity (79.7%). The DTR moiety was absolutely necessary for securing high anti-inflammatory potency. Ethyl ester 3 (IC50=0.357 μM) and the amides 9 (IC50=0.022 μM) and 13 (IC50=0.56 μM) exhibited higher antiproliferative activity than DTR (IC50=0.945 μM) on HaCaT keratinocytes whereas amide 13 generally presented better cytocompatibility. Amide 13 is a very promising lead compound for further development as an anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros E Bariamis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - George E Magoulas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina Grafanaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Pontiki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodore Tsegenidis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - George Maroulis
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Dionissios Papaioannou
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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5
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Bannwitz S, Krane D, Vortherms S, Kalin T, Lindenschmidt C, Zahedi Golpayegani N, Tentrop J, Prinz H, Müller K. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Lapacho Analogues. 2. Modification of the Basic Naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione, Redox Activation, and Suppression of Human Keratinocyte Hyperproliferation by 8-Hydroxynaphtho[2,3-b]thiophene-4,9-diones. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6226-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Bannwitz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Krane
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Vortherms
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Kalin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Cathrin Lindenschmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nader Zahedi Golpayegani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Tentrop
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Prinz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, PharmaCampus, Westphalian Wilhelms University, Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Neufeind S, Hülsken N, Neudörfl JM, Schlörer N, Schmalz HG. Total Synthesis of cyclo-Mumbaistatin Analogues through Anionic Homo-Fries Rearrangement. Chemistry 2011; 17:2633-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Kratz U, Prinz H, Müller K. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 10-benzyl-substituted 4,5-dichloro-10H-anthracen-9-ones as inhibitors of keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5278-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Putic A, Stecher L, Prinz H, Müller K. Structure-activity relationship studies of acridones as potential antipsoriatic agents. 2. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 10-substituted hydroxy-10H-acridin-9-ones against human keratinocyte growth. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5345-52. [PMID: 20850910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of 10-substituted hydroxy-10H-acridin-9-ones were synthesized and studied as potential antipsoriatic agents. The antiproliferative activity of the novel derivatives, which can be considered as aza-analogues of the antipsoriatic drug anthralin, was determined using the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Structure-activity relationships with respect to the nature of the N-substituent at the acridone scaffold were delineated. Release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was used to exclude non-specific cytotoxic effects. As compared to anthralin, N-substitution of the acridone scaffold in the target compounds provided agents devoid of radical producing properties, which was documented by their ineffectiveness to interact with the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. This was in excellent agreement with the data obtained from the LDH assay in which the novel compounds did not induce membrane damage. Benzyl substitution at the 10-position yielded keratinocyte growth inhibitory activity in the low micromolar range. The most potent inhibitor of keratinocyte hyperproliferation was compound 8a having an N-methyl group and a 1,3-dihydroxy arrangement at the acridone scaffold, with an IC(50) value comparable to that of anthralin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Putic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Hittorfstraße 58-62, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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9
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Chen RF, Shen YC, Huang HS, Liao JF, Ho LK, Chou YC, Wang WY, Chen CF. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of anthraquinones and anthracenes derivatives in human leucocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:915-9. [PMID: 15233871 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A variety of anthracene- and anthraquinone-related derivatives, modified from three types of lead structures, including 9-acyloxy 1,5-dichloroanthracene (type I), 1,5-bisacyloxy-anthraquinones with O-linked substituents (type II) and 1,5-bisacyloxy-anthraquinones with S-linked substituents (type III), were synthesized and evaluated by an in-vitro bioassay for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects in human leucocytes. Among these derivatives, type I compounds displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity against phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide anion production, a bio-marker of inflammatory mediator production by neutrophils, with 50% inhibition (IC50) concentrations (μM) for compounds 1f, 1g, 1h and 1m being 13.8±3.0, 6.3±4.1, 33.2±1.3 and 33.9±5.7, respectively. Type II and type III derivatives (i.e., 1,5-bisacyloxy anthraquinone-related compounds) and the reference compound, emodin, exhibited relatively minor (20–40%) inhibitory effect against superoxide production by neutrophils. Furthermore, none of these compounds showed a significant cytotoxic effect in human neutrophils. In conclusion, these results suggest that compounds modified from 9-acyloxy 1,5-dichloroanthracence (type I) are more powerful than the other two types as anti-inflammatory drugs. This is the first demonstration that derivatives modified from anthracenes or anthraquinones possess anti-inflammatory activity with no significant cytotoxicity in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fu Chen
- Department & Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Dodou K, Anderson RJ, Lough WJ, Small DAP, Shelley MD, Groundwater PW. Synthesis of gossypol atropisomers and derivatives and evaluation of their anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:4228-37. [PMID: 15878283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol 1, gossypolone 2, and a series of bis 3 and half Schiff's bases 4 of gossypol were synthesised and tested for anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity. (-)-Gossypol (-)-1 was the most potent inhibitor of the proliferation of the HPV-16 keratinocyte cell line (using an MTT viability assay) with a GI50 of 4.8 microM. The bis Schiff's base of (-)-gossypol with L-tyrosine ethyl ester (-)-3b was the most potent inhibitor of iron/ascorbate dependent lipid peroxidation (using the thiobarbituric acid test), with an IC50 of 11.7 microM, with (-)-gossypol being the next most potent of the series, with an IC50 of 13.1 microM. The results from these initial assays suggest that gossypol, as either a racemic mixture rac-1, or the individual atropisomers (-)-1 or (+)-1, has potential for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Dodou
- Sunderland Pharmacy School, University of Sunderland, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
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11
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McGill A, Frank A, Emmett N, Turnbull DM, Birch-Machin MA, Reynolds NJ. The antipsoriatic drug anthralin accumulates in keratinocyte mitochondria, dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces apoptosis through a pathway dependent on respiratory competent mitochondria. FASEB J 2005; 19:1012-4. [PMID: 15802490 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2664fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthralin is a potent topical drug, inducing clearance of psoriatic plaques. Anthralin disrupts mitochondrial function and structure, but its mechanism of action remains undefined. This study aimed to determine whether anthralin induced keratinocyte apoptosis as well as to investigate molecular mechanisms and the role of mitochondria. We studied human keratinocytes and human 143B rho(0) cells, which lack mitochondrial DNA and a functional respiratory chain. We show that anthralin disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and causes endogenous cytochrome c release, resulting in the activation of caspase-3 and characteristic morphological changes of apoptosis. Disruption of DeltaPsim and cytochrome c release were independent of mitochondrial permeability transition or caspase activation. Human 143B rho(0) cells were resistant to anthralin-induced cell death, disruption of DeltaPsim, and cytochrome c release compared with the isogenic 143B rho+ cell line. Using the intrinsic fluorescence of anthralin, rapid accumulation within mitochondria was observed independent of DeltaPsim. Using assays that measure individual respiratory chain complexes, we show that anthralin specifically interacts with ubiquinone pool. These data indicate that anthralin induces apoptosis through a novel mitochondrial pathway dependent on oxidative respiration and involving electron transfer with the ubiquinone pool. These studies identify keratinocyte apoptosis as a potentially important mechanism involved in the clearance of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McGill
- Skin and Environmental Interactions Research Group, School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Muller K, Altmann R, Prinz H. 2-Arylalkyl-substituted anthracenones as inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase enzymes. 2. Structure-activity relationships of the linker chain. Eur J Med Chem 2002; 37:83-9. [PMID: 11841878 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(01)01291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-arylalkyl-substituted anthracenones were tested as inhibitors of three types of 12-lipoxygenase isoforms in epidermal homogenate of mice, bovine platelets and porcine leukocytes. Their inhibitory activities were compared with those to inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme in bovine leukocytes. The compounds were synthesised by Marschalk, Wittig or Horner-Emmons reaction at the anthracenedione stage and then reduced to the anthracenones. Structure-activity relationship for the chain linking the anthracenone nucleus and the phenyl ring terminus was investigated. The 2-phenylethyl analogues were among the most potent inhibitors, and 3,4-dimethoxy-substituted 10f was identified as a selective inhibitor of the 12-LO enzymes over 5-LO. Selectivity for 12-LO isoforms was observed with an increase in the overall lipophilicity of the inhibitors. However, none of the linker chains of the 2-substituted anthracenones provided inhibitors that were able to discriminate between the 12-LO isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Muller
- Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster, Institut fur Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Hittorfstrasse 58-62, D-48149 Munster, Germany.
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13
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Müller K, Reindl H, Breu K. Heterocyclic substituted anthralin derivatives as inhibitors of keratinocyte growth and inducers of differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:47-50. [PMID: 11140730 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic substituted derivatives of the antipsoriatic anthralin were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their antiproliferative action against keratinocytes and their ability to induce keratinocyte differentiation. The indole-2-carboxylic acid analogue 2e exhibited the same excellent antiproliferative activity as anthralin and also induced terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. As a benefit of its strongly diminished potential to generate oxygen radicals, 2e did not induce damage of keratinocyte membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
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14
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Müller K, Breu K. 10-omega-phenylalkyl-9(10H)-anthracenones as inhibitors of keratinocyte growth with reduced membrane damaging properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1998; 8:3211-6. [PMID: 9873705 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(98)00580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Work aimed at further improving the benefit to risk ratio of the antipsoriatic agent anthralin has led to 10-omega-phenylalkyl-9(10H)-anthracenones, members of which are equally potent as inhibitors of the growth of HaCaT keratinocytes. In contrast to anthralin, induction of membrane injury is strongly reduced as documented by the release of LDH activity from cytoplasm of keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Müller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany.
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