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Zheng W, Dai X, Xu B, Tian W, Shi J. Discovery and development of Factor Xa inhibitors (2015-2022). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1105880. [PMID: 36909153 PMCID: PMC9993480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As a pathological coagulation process, thrombus can lead to many serious diseases, including ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). And anticoagulant drugs are one of the most effective ways to prevent and treat these diseases. Although macromolecular anticoagulant drugs such as low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are widely used in the clinic, their characteristics of requiring injectable use hinder their further promotion in the clinic, and the disadvantages of oral anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin and dabigatran etexilate, which can easily cause bleeding adverse effects, are also not addressed. Factor Xa (FXa) has gained attention because it lies at the intersection of the coagulation cascade pathways, whereas subsequently introduced Factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban and apixaban, among others, have gained market popularity because of their high potency for anticoagulation and high specificity for Factor Xa when administered orally. But some of the drawbacks that these Factor Xa inhibitors have simultaneously such as fewer indications and the lack of an effective reversal drug when bleeding occurs are urgently addressed. The development of new Factor Xa inhibitors therefore becomes one means of addressing these questions. This article summarizes the small molecule Factor Xainhibitors developed from 2015 to 2022, classifies them according to their scaffolds, focuses on the analysis of their structure-activity relationships, and provides a brief assessment of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Binyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Operations Management Department, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu Sichuan China School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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2
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Fu M, Li H, Su M, Cao Z, Liu Y, Liu Q, Guo C. Synthesis of 3‐Nitroisoxazoles via Copper Acetate‐Mediated Reaction of Benzaldehydes with Nitromethane. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqiang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Miaodong Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhong Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
| | - Cancheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of EducationHunan University Changsha 410082 People's Republic of China
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3
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Babulreddy A, Hymavathi RV, Hussain MM, Narayana Swamy G. Synthesis, Characterization, andIn VitroAntimicrobial Activity of Methyleneamine-Linked Bis-heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. V. Hymavathi
- Department of Bio-Chemistry; Sri Krishnadevaraya University; Anantapur; 515003; Andhra Pradesh; India
| | - Md. Manzoor Hussain
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Krishnadevaraya University; Anantapur; 515003; Andhra Pradesh; India
| | - G. Narayana Swamy
- Department of Chemistry; Sri Krishnadevaraya University; Anantapur; 515003; Andhra Pradesh; India
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Hansen SL, Sterjev Z, Werngreen M, Simonsen BJ, Knudsen KE, Nielsen AH, Pedersen ME, Badolo L, Kristiansen U, Vestergaard HT. Does brain slices from pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice provide a more predictive screening model for antiepileptic drugs? Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 682:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Hernández Linares MG, Guerrero Luna G, Bernès S. (R)-1-Phenyl-ethyl-ammonium trifluoro-acetate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1118. [PMID: 21579169 PMCID: PMC2979250 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810013565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal structure of the title salt, C(8)H(12)N(+)·C(2)F(3)O(2) (-), all of the ammonium H atoms serve as donors for hydrogen bonds to carboxyl-ate O atoms, forming an R(4) (3)(10) ring motif based on two cations and two anions. Since both cations and anions act as inter-ion bridging groups, R(10) rings aggregate in a one-dimensional supra-molecular network by sharing the strongest N-H⋯O bond. Edge-sharing motifs lie on the twofold screw axis parallel to [010], and anti-parallel packing of these 2(1)-column structural units results in the crystal structure. This arrangement is one of the most commonly occurring in conglomerates of chiral 1-phenyl-ethyl-amine with achiral monocarboxylic acids, confirming that these ionic salts are particularly robust supra-molecular heterosynthons useful in crystal engineering.
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Lemmerer A, Bourne SA, Caira MR, Cotton J, Hendricks U, Peinke LC, Trollope L. Incorporating active pharmaceutical ingredients into a molecular salt using a chiral counterion. CrystEngComm 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Stereochemistry of cycloaddition of (S)-N-(1-phenylethyl)-C-phosphorylated nitrone with cyclopentene and 2,3-dihydrofuran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Mahalanabis KK, Chowdhury SD, Sarkar M, Misra M. Synthesis of Substituted Isoxazolones and Isoxazoles from Cyanoenaminones. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.3184/030823406776330864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Cyano-β-enaminones, obtained by regioselective acylation of β-aminocrotononitrile, are smoothly and regiospecifically converted into substituted 5-isoxazolones, which on alkaline hydrolysis afford 4-acyl-3-substituted-5-hydroxyisoxazoles in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manisha Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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9
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Madsen U, Pickering DS, Nielsen B, Bräuner-Osborne H. 4-Alkylated homoibotenic acid (HIBO) analogues: Versatile pharmacological agents with diverse selectivity profiles towards metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes. Neuropharmacology 2005; 49 Suppl 1:114-9. [PMID: 15996690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4-Alkylated analogues of homoibotenic acid (HIBO) have previously shown high potency and selectivity at ionotropic and metabotropic glutamic acid receptor (iGluR and mGluR) subtypes. Compounds with different selectivity profiles are valuable pharmacological tools for neuropharmacological studies, and the series of 4-alkyl-HIBO analogues have been extended in this paper in the search for versatile agents. Pharmacological characterization of five new analogues, branched and unbranched 4-alkyl-HIBO analogues, have been carried out. The present compounds are all weak antagonists at Group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and 5) presenting only small differences in potencies (Ki values ranging from 89 to 670 microM). Affinities were studied at native and cloned iGluRs, and the compounds described show preference for the AMPA receptor subtypes GluR1 and 2 over GluR3 and 4. However, compared to previous 4-alkyl-HIBO analogues, these compounds show a remarkably high affinity for the Kain preferring subtype GluR5. The observed GluR5 affinities were either similar or higher compared to their GluR1 and 2 affinity. Isopropyl-HIBO showed the highest affinity for GluR5 (Ki=0.16 microM), and represents a unique compound with high affinity towards the three subtypes GluR1, 2 and 5. In general, these compounds represent new selectivity profiles compared to previously reported Glu receptor analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Madsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Passacantilli P, Pepe S, Piancatelli G, Pigini D, Squarcia A. Oxime-based methods for synthesis of stereodefined acyclic polyfunctionalized δ-azido-nitriles and 5-substituted isoxazoles from carbohydrate derivatives. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Vestergaard HT, Vogensen SB, Madsen U, Ebert B. Analogues of homoibotenic acid show potent and selective activity following sensitisation by quisqualic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 488:101-9. [PMID: 15044041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quisqualic acid induces sensitisation of neurones to depolarisation by analogues of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (AP4), phenylglycine, and homoibotenic acid (HIBO). Thus, after administration of quisqualate these analogues become active at concentrations at which they are otherwise inactive. The mechanisms behind quisqualate-induced sensitisation are poorly understood and have not previously been quantified properly. In this study, we have tested the activity of a number of 4-alkyl- and 4-aryl-substituted analogues of HIBO as regards quisqualate-sensitisation, and present a method for quantifying the sensitisation induced by quisqualate at cortical neurones. These analogues are generally more potent and selective than (S)-AP4 or its homologue (S)-AP5 following quisqualate-sensitisation. Furthermore, we found a statistically significant correlation between the ligands' ability to inhibit CaCl(2)-dependent (S)-[(3)H]glutamate uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes, and their potency following quisqualate-induced depolarisation. This demonstrates the involvement of a transport system in the mechanism underlying the quisqualate-effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik T Vestergaard
- Department of Pharmacology, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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12
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Brehm L, Greenwood JR, Hansen KB, Nielsen B, Egebjerg J, Stensbøl TB, Bräuner-Osborne H, Sløk FA, Kronborg TTA, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. (S)-2-Amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid, a potent and selective agonist at the GluR5 subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Synthesis, modeling, and molecular pharmacology. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1350-8. [PMID: 12672235 DOI: 10.1021/jm0204441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-7,8-dihydro-6H-cyclohepta[d]isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (4-AHCP) as a highly effective agonist at non-N-methyl-d-aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate (Glu) receptors in vivo, which is more potent than (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) but inactive at NMDA receptors. However, 4-AHCP was found to be much weaker than AMPA as an inhibitor of [(3)H]AMPA binding and to have limited effect in a [(3)H]kainic acid binding assay using rat cortical membranes. To shed light on the mechanism(s) underlying this quite enigmatic pharmacological profile of 4-AHCP, we have now developed a synthesis of (S)-4-AHCP (6) and (R)-4-AHCP (7). At cloned metabotropic Glu receptors mGluR1alpha (group I), mGluR2 (group II), and mGluR4a (group III), neither 6 nor 7 showed significant agonist or antagonist effects. The stereoisomer 6, but not 7, activated cloned AMPA receptor subunits GluR1o, GluR3o, and GluR4o with EC(50) values in the range 4.5-15 microM and the coexpressed kainate-preferring subunits GluR6 + KA2 (EC(50) = 6.4 microM). Compound 6, but not 7, proved to be a very potent agonist (EC(50) = 0.13 microM) at the kainate-preferring GluR5 subunit, equipotent with (S)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxyisothiazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(S)-Thio-ATPA, 4] and almost 4 times more potent than (S)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid [(S)-ATPA, 3]. Compound 6 thus represents a new structural class of GluR5 agonists. Molecular modeling and docking to a crystal structure of the extracellular binding domain of the AMPA subunit GluR2 has enabled identification of the probable active conformation and binding mode of 6. We are able to rationalize the observed selectivities by comparing the docking of 4 and 6 to subtype constructs, i.e., a crystal structure of the extracellular binding domain of GluR2 and a homology model of GluR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Brehm
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Johansen TN, Greenwood JR, Frydenvang K, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Stereostructure-activity studies on agonists at the AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Chirality 2003; 15:167-79. [PMID: 12520509 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
(S)-Glutamic acid (Glu), the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, operates through ionotropic as well as metabotropic receptors and is considered to be involved in certain neurological disorders and degenerative brain diseases that are currently without any satisfactory therapeutic treatment. Until recently, development of selective Glu receptor agonists had mainly been based on lead compounds, which were frequently naturally occurring excitants structurally related to Glu. These Glu receptor agonists generally contain heterocyclic acidic moieties, which has stimulated the use of bioisosteric replacement approaches for the design of subtype-selective agonists. Furthermore, most of these leads are conformationally restricted and stereochemically well-defined Glu analogs. Crystallization of the agonist binding domain of the GluR2 subunit of the (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subtype of ionotropic Glu receptors in the presence or absence of an agonist has provided important information about ligand-receptor interaction mechanisms. The availability of these binding domain crystal structures has formed the basis for rational design of ligands, especially for the AMPA and kainate subtypes of ionotropic Glu receptors. This mini-review will focus on structure-activity relationships on AMPA and kainate receptor agonists with special emphasis on stereochemical and three-dimensional aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy N Johansen
- NeuroScience PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Weinig HG, Passacantilli P, Colapietro M, Piancatelli G. Glycal-mediated synthesis of enantiomerically pure 5-substituted isoxazoles containing a differentially O-benzylated glycerol moiety. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Kromann H, Sløk FA, Stensbøl TB, Bräuner-Osborne H, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Selective antagonists at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: synthesis and molecular pharmacology of 4-aryl-3-isoxazolol amino acids. J Med Chem 2002; 45:988-91. [PMID: 11831912 DOI: 10.1021/jm010443t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homologation of (S)-glutamic acid (Glu, 1) and Glu analogues has previously provided ligands with activity at metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs). The homologue of ibotenic acid (7), 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (HIBO, 8), and the 4-phenyl derivative of 8, compound 9a, are both antagonists at group I mGluRs. Here we report the synthesis and molecular pharmacology of HIBO analogues 9b-h containing different 4-aryl substituents. All of these compounds possess antagonist activity at group I mGluRs but are inactive at group II and III mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasse Kromann
- NeuroScience PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Johansen TN, Stensbøl TB, Nielsen B, Vogensen SB, Frydenvang K, Sløk FA, Bräüner-Osborne H, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Resolution, configurational assignment, and enantiopharmacology at glutamate receptors of 2-amino-3-(3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ACPA) and demethyl-ACPA. Chirality 2002; 13:523-32. [PMID: 11579444 DOI: 10.1002/chir.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-carboxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (ACPA) as a potent agonist at the (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subtype of (S)-glutamic acid (Glu) receptors. We now report the chromatographic resolution of ACPA and (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-carboxy-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid (demethyl-ACPA) using a Sumichiral OA-5000 column. The configuration of the enantiomers of both compounds have been assigned based on X-ray crystallographic analyses, supported by circular dichroism spectra and elution orders on chiral HPLC columns. Furthermore, the enantiopharmacology of ACPA and demethyl-ACPA was investigated using radioligand binding and cortical wedge electrophysiological assay systems and cloned metabotropic Glu receptors. (S)-ACPA showed high affinity in AMPA binding (IC(50) = 0.025 microM), low affinity in kainic acid binding (IC(50) = 3.6 microM), and potent AMPA receptor agonist activity on cortical neurons (EC(50) = 0.25 microM), whereas (R)-ACPA was essentially inactive. Like (S)-ACPA, (S)-demethyl-ACPA displayed high AMPA receptor affinity (IC(50) = 0.039 microM), but was found to be a relatively weak AMPA receptor agonist (EC(50) = 12 microM). The stereoselectivity observed for demethyl-ACPA was high when based on AMPA receptor affinity (eudismic ratio = 250), but low when based on electrophysiological activity (eudismic ratio = 10). (R)-Demethyl-ACPA also possessed a weak NMDA receptor antagonist activity (IC(50) = 220 microM). Among the enantiomers tested, only (S)-demethyl-ACPA showed activity at metabotropic receptors, being a weak antagonist at the mGlu(2) receptor subtype (K(B) = 148 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Johansen
- NeuroScience PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Madsen U, Bräuner-Osborne H, Frydenvang K, Hvene L, Johansen TN, Nielsen B, Sánchez C, Stensbøl TB, Bischoff F, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Synthesis and pharmacology of 3-isoxazolol amino acids as selective antagonists at group I metabotropic glutamic acid receptors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1051-9. [PMID: 11297452 DOI: 10.1021/jm000441t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using ibotenic acid (2) as a lead, two series of 3-isoxazolol amino acid ligands for (S)-glutamic acid (Glu, 1) receptors have been developed. Whereas analogues of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [AMPA, (RS)-3] interact selectively with ionotropic Glu receptors (iGluRs), the few analogues of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-isoxazolyl)propionic acid [HIBO, (RS)-4] so far known typically interact with iGluRs as well as metabotropic Glu receptors (mGluRs). We here report the synthesis and pharmacology of a series of 4-substituted analogues of HIBO. The hexyl analogue 9 was shown to be an antagonist at group I mGluRs. The effects of 9 were shown to reside exclusively in (S)-9 (K(b) = 30 microM at mGlu(1) and K(b) = 61 microM at mGlu(5)). The lower homologue of 9, compound 8, showed comparable effects at mGluRs, but 8 also was a weak agonist at the AMPA subtype of iGluRs. Like 9, the higher homologue, compound 10, did not interact with iGluRs, but 10 selectively antagonized mGlu(1) (K(b) = 160 microM) showing very weak antagonist effect at mGlu(5) (K(b) = 990 microM). The phenyl analogue 11 turned out to be an AMPA agonist and an antagonist at mGlu(1) and mGlu(5), and these effects were shown to originate in (S)-11 (EC(50) = 395 microM, K(b) = 86 and 90 microM, respectively). Compound 9, administered icv, but not sc, was shown to protect mice against convulsions induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA). Compounds 9 and 11 were resolved using chiral HPLC, and the configurational assignments of the enantiomers were based on X-ray crystallographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Madsen
- Centre for Drug Design and Transport, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kromann H, Sløk FA, Johansen TN, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. A convenient synthesis of 4-substituted 3-ethoxy-5-methylisoxazoles by palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Vogensen SB, Jensen HS, Stensbøl TB, Frydenvang K, Bang-Andersen B, Johansen TN, Egebjerg J, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Resolution, configurational assignment, and enantiopharmacology of 2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-methyl-2H- tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol-4-yl]propionic acid, a potent GluR3- and GluR4-preferring AMPA receptor agonist. Chirality 2000; 12:705-13. [PMID: 11054828 DOI: 10.1002/1520-636x(2000)12:10<705::aid-chir2>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that (RS)-2-amino-3-[3-hydroxy-5-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol -4-yl] propionic acid (2-Me-Tet-AMPA) is a selective agonist at (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, markedly more potent than AMPA itself, whereas the isomeric compound 1-Me-Tet-AMPA is essentially inactive. We here report the enantiopharmacology of 2-Me-Tet-AMPA in radioligand binding and cortical wedge electrophysiological assay systems, and using cloned AMPA (GluR1-4) and kainic acid (KA) (GluR5, 6, and KA2) receptor subtypes expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 2-Me-Tet-AMPA was resolved using preparative chiral HPLC. Zwitterion (-)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA was assigned the (R)-configuration based on an X-ray crystallographic analysis supported by the elution order of (-)- and (+)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA using four different chiral HPLC columns and by circular dichroism spectra. None of the compounds tested showed detectable affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor sites, and (R)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA was essentially inactive in all of the test systems used. Whereas (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA showed low affinity (IC(50) = 11 microM) in the [(3)H]KA binding assay, it was significantly more potent (IC(50) = 0.009 microM) than AMPA (IC(50) = 0.039 microM) in the [(3)H]AMPA binding assay, and in agreement with these findings, (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA (EC(50) = 0.11 microM) was markedly more potent than AMPA (EC(50) = 3.5 microM) in the electrophysiological cortical wedge model. In contrast to AMPA, which showed comparable potencies (EC(50) = 1.3-3.5 microM) at receptors formed by the AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4) in Xenopus oocytes, more potent effects and a substantially higher degree of subunit selectivity were observed for (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA: GluR1o (EC(50) = 0.16 microM), GluR1o/GluR2i (EC(50) = 0.12 microM), GluR3o (EC(50) = 0.014 microM) and GluR4o (EC(50) = 0.009 microM). At the KA-preferring receptors GluR5 and GluR6/KA2, (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA showed much weaker agonist effects (EC(50) = 8.7 and 15.3 microM, respectively). It is concluded that (S)-2-Me-Tet-AMPA is a subunit-selective and highly potent AMPA receptor agonist and a potentially useful tool for studies of physiological AMPA receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Vogensen
- NeuroScience, PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bräuner-Osborne H, Egebjerg J, Nielsen EO, Madsen U, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2609-45. [PMID: 10893301 DOI: 10.1021/jm000007r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Drug Design
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/chemistry
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/metabolism
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/therapeutic use
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/chemistry
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/metabolism
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Ligands
- N-Methylaspartate/agonists
- N-Methylaspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- N-Methylaspartate/chemistry
- N-Methylaspartate/metabolism
- Receptors, AMPA/agonists
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/chemistry
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Glutamate/chemistry
- Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects
- Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/agonists
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/agonists
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/chemistry
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- Synapses/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bräuner-Osborne
- NeuroScience PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Lees GJ. Pharmacology of AMPA/kainate receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Drugs 2000; 59:33-78. [PMID: 10718099 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200059010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It has been postulated, consistent with the ubiquitous presence of glutamatergic neurons in the brain, that defects in glutamatergic neurotransmission are associated with many human neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review evaluates the possible application of ligands acting on glutamate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and kainate (KA) receptors to minimise the pathology and/or symptoms of various diseases. Glutamate activation of AMPA receptors is thought to mediate most fast synaptic neurotransmission in the brain, while transmission via KA receptors contributes only a minor component. Variants of the protein subunits forming these receptors greatly extend the pharmacological and electrophysiological properties of AMPA/KA receptors. Disease and drug use can differentially affect the expression of the subunits and their variants. Ligands bind to AMPA receptors by competing with glutamate at the glutamate binding site, or non-competitively at other sites on the proteins (allosteric modulators). Ligands showing selective competitive antagonist actions at the AMPA/ KA class of glutamate receptors were first reported in 1988, and the systemically active antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoyl-benzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) was first shown to have useful therapeutic effects on animal models of neurological diseases in 1990. Since then, newer antagonists with increased potency, higher specificity, increased water solubility, and a longer duration of action in vivo have been developed. Negative allosteric modulators such as the prototype GYKI-52466 also block AMPA receptors but have little action at KA receptors. Positive allosteric modulators enhance glutamatergic neurotransmission at AMPA receptors. Polyamines and adamantane derivatives bind within the ion channel of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors. The latest developments include ligands selective for KA receptors containing Glu-R5 subunits. Evidence for advantages of AMPA receptor antagonists over N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for symptomatic treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and for minimising neuronal loss occurring after acute neurological diseases, such as physical trauma, ischaemia or status epilepticus, have been shown in animal models. However, as yet AMPA receptor antagonists have not been shown to be effective in clinical trials. On the other hand, a limited number of clinical trials have been reported for AMPA receptor ligands that enhance glutamatergic neurotransmission by extending the ion channel opening time (positive allosteric modulators). These acute studies demonstrate enhanced memory capability in both young and aged humans, without any apparent serious adverse effects. The use of these allosteric modulators as antipsychotic drugs is also possible. However, the long term use of both direct agonists and positive allosteric modulators must be approached with considerable caution because of potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Lees
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, University of Auckland School of Medicine, New Zealand.
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Bräuner-Osborne H, Nielsen B, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Molecular pharmacology of homologues of ibotenic acid at cloned metabotropic glutamic acid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 350:311-6. [PMID: 9696422 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of the enantiomers of 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)propionic acid (homoibotenic acid, HIBO) and analogues substituted with a methyl, bromo or butyl group in the four position of the ring at cloned metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In contrast to the parent compound ibotenic acid, which is a potent group I and II agonist, the (S)-forms of homoibotenic acid and its analogues are selective and potent group I antagonists whereas the (R)-forms are inactive both as agonists and antagonists at group I, II, and III mGlu receptors. Interestingly, (S)-homoibotenic acid and the analogues display equal potency at both mGlu1alpha and mGlu5a with Ki values in the range of 97 to 490 microM, (S)-homoibotenic acid and (S)-2-amino-3-(4-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-5-yl)propionic acid [(S)-4-butylhomoibotenic acid] displaying the lowest and highest potency, respectively. The homoibotenic acid analogues thereby differ from mGlu receptor antagonists derived from phenylglycine such as (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine which only antagonizes mGlu1alpha (Ki = 18 microM) showing no effect at mGlu5a (Ki > 300 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bräuner-Osborne
- PharmaBiotec Research Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen
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