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Paul S, Ghodake BM, Bhattacharya AK. Late-Stage C(sp 2 )-H Arylation of Artemisinic Acid and Arteannuin B: Effect of Olefin Migration Towards Synthesis of C-13 Arylated Artemisinin Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300162. [PMID: 36867394 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, C-H bond functionalization has emerged as a pivotal tool for late-stage functionalization of complex natural products for the synthesis of potent biologically active derivatives. Artemisinin and its C-12 functionalized semi-synthetic derivatives are well-known clinically used anti-malarial drugs due to the presence of the essential 1,2,4-trioxane pharmacophore. However, in the wake of parasite developing resistance against artemisinin-based drugs, we conceptualized the synthesis of C-13 functionalized artemisinin derivatives as new antimalarials. In this regard, we envisaged that artemisinic acid could be a suitable precursor for the synthesis of C-13 functionalized artemisinin derivatives. Herein, we report C-13 arylation of artemisinic acid, a sesquiterpene acid and our attempts towards synthesis of C-13 arylated artemisinin derivatives. However, all our efforts resulted in the formation of a novel ring-contracted rearranged product. Additionally, we have extended our developed protocol for C-13 arylation of arteannuin B, a sesquiterpene lactone epoxide considered to be the biogenetic precursor of artemisinic acid. Indeed, the synthesis of C-13 arylated arteannuin B renders our developed protocol to be effective in sesquiterpene lactone as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Paul
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
| | - Balaji M Ghodake
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
| | - Asish K Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, UP, 201 002, India
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2
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Structural modification aimed for improving solubility of lead compounds in early phase drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 56:116614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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3
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Structure-activity relationship study of dihydroartemisinin C-10 hemiacetal derivatives as Toll-like receptor 4 antagonists. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105107. [PMID: 34175717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a natural product isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua and one of the clinical frontline drugs against malarial infections, has recently been discovered as a Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist. However, the TLR4 antagonistic activity of DHA is modest and it exhibits cellular toxicity. In this work, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of DHA as TLR4 antagonist was explored. Since destroying the sesquiterpene endoperoxide scaffold substantially compromised the TLR4 antagonistic activity and molecular dynamics analysis showed that the C-10 hydroxyl group formed a hydrogen bond with E72 of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) to prevent it moving deeper into MD2, SAR of DHA was focused on the C-10 hemiacetal position. With extending the length of the linear alkane chain at C10 position, the TLR4 antagonistic activity of DHA analogs increased first and then decreased with the best TLR4 antagonism occurring at the length of the carbon chain of 3-4 carbons. In contrast, the cellular toxicity of DHA analogs was raised with the increasing length of the linear alkane chain. The TLR4 antagonistic activity of DHA derivatives with substituted halogen as the terminal functional group decreased with the decrease of electronegativity of the substituted halogen, which implies the electron-rich functional group at the end of the alkane chain appears preferred. Therefore, DHA derivative 2k with alkynyl as the end functional group, exhibited 14 times more potent TLR4 antagonistic activity than DHA. Moreover, 2k showed less cellular toxicity than DHA. Cellular signaling characterizations indicated that 2k inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 dimerization and endocytosis and suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB but not MAPKs activation, culminating in blocking LPS-induced TLR4 signaling downstream pro-inflammatory factors NO and IL-1β. Further, 2k was active in vivo; it significantly increased and prolonged morphine analgesia. Collectively, this study provides a structural guidance to reposition DHA derivatives as TLR4 antagonists.
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Joshi MC, Egan TJ. Quinoline Containing Side-chain Antimalarial Analogs: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Application. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:617-697. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200127141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The side-chains of quinoline antimalarial agents are the major concern of focus to build
novel and efficaciaous bioactive and clinical antimalarials. Bioative antimalarial analogs may play a
critical role in pH trapping in the food vacuole of RBC’s with the help of fragmented amino acid, thus
lead to β-hematin inhibition. Here, the authors tried to summarize a useful, comprehensive compilation
of side-chain modified ACQs along with their synthesis, biophysical and therapeutic applications etc.
of potent antiplasmodial agents and therefore, opening the door towards the potential clinical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, Benito Juarez Marg, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Tiwari MK, Chaudhary S. Artemisinin-derived antimalarial endoperoxides from bench-side to bed-side: Chronological advancements and future challenges. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1220-1275. [PMID: 31930540 DOI: 10.1002/med.21657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO World Malaria Report (2018), nearly 219 million new cases of malaria occurred and a total no. of 435 000 people died in 2017 due to this infectious disease. This is due to the rapid spread of parasite-resistant strains. Artemisinin (ART), a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has been recognized as a novel class of antimalarial drugs. The 2015 "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine" was given to Prof Dr Tu Youyou for the discovery of ART. Hence, ART is termed as "Nobel medicine." The present review article accommodates insights from the chronological advancements and direct statistics witnessed during the past 48 years (1971-2019) in the medicinal chemistry of ART-derived antimalarial endoperoxides, and their clinical utility in malaria chemotherapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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6
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Zhu Y, Klausen C, Zhou J, Guo X, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Li Z, Cheng JC, Xie S, Yang W, Li Y, Leung PCK. Novel dihydroartemisinin dimer containing nitrogen atoms inhibits growth of endometrial cancer cells and may correlate with increasing intracellular peroxynitrite. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15528. [PMID: 31664127 PMCID: PMC6820742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a novel dimer, SM1044, selected from a series of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) derivatives containing nitrogen atoms comprising simple aliphatic amine linkers, showed strong growth inhibition in six types of human endometrial cancer (EC) cells, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and 95% confidence interval (CI) < 3.6 (1.16~11.23) μM. SM1044 evoked apoptosis and activated caspase-3, -8 and -9 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and these effects were manifested early in RL95-2 compared to KLE cells, possibly correlated with the induction of intracellular ONOO-. Catalase and uric acid attenuated the growth inhibitory effects of SM1044 on EC cells, but sodium pyruvate did not. In vivo, the average xenograft tumour growth inhibition rates ranged from 35.8% to 49.9%, respectively, after 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg SM1044 intraperitoneal treatment, and no obvious behavioural and histopathological abnormalities were observed in SM1044-treated mice in this context. SM1044 predominantly accumulated in the uteri of mice after a single injection. SM1044 displayed efficacy as a tumour suppressor with distinct mechanism of action and unique tissue distribution, properties that distinguish it from other artemisinin analogues. Our findings provide a new clue for artemisinin analogue against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research; Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Christian Klausen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jieyun Zhou
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research; Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiangjie Guo
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research; Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Zhao Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research; Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Shuwu Xie
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research; Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research; Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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7
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Romero AH. Role of Trifluoromethyl Substitution in Design of Antimalarial Quinolones: a Comprehensive Review. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:9. [PMID: 30835005 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-019-0234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria represents a significant health issue, and novel effective drugs are needed to address parasite resistance that has emerged to the current drug arsenal. The most popular antimalarial drugs are focused on the 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline [e.g., chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine (AQ), isoquine (IQ), and tebuquine (TBQ)], artemisinin, and atovaquone systems. Recently, endochin has been used as a platform to design a variety of novel potent and safe antimalarial agents named endochin-like quinolones (ELQs). Also, antimalarial quinolones have been constructed from other quinolones drugs such as ICI-56780 and floxacrine. Trifluoromethyl substitution has provided a significant increase in the antimalarial response of many of the designed ELQs against Plasmodium-resistant strains and for in vivo models. In particular, attachment of a substituted trifluoromethoxy (or trifluoromethyl in some cases) biaryl side chain at 2-, 3-, 4-, or 6-position of the quinolone core has shown to be crucially important to generate selective and potent novel ELQs. Furthermore, 6-chloro and 7-methoxy moieties on the quinolone core have been identified as essential pharmacophores when the trifluoromethoxy biaryl side chain is placed at 2- or 3-position of the quinolone core. Methyl or ethyl ester attached at 3-position is essential when the trifluoromethoxy aryl side chain is attached at 6- or 7-position of the quinolone core. Some promising ELQs are currently under clinical trials, representing an excellent platform for the design of new potent, selective, effective, and safe antimalarial drugs against emergent resistance malarial models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Romero
- Cátedra de Química General, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Los Chaguaramos, Caracas, 1041-A, Venezuela.
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8
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Efferth T. Beyond malaria: The inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1730-1737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Giang LNT, Tien DD, Anh DTT, Dung NT, Thuong NH, Tan LQ, Thanh NH, Anh LTT, Van Tuyen N, Van Kiem P. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Artemisinin Derivatives Containing an Aminopropanol Group. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of novel artemisinin derivatives were designed and synthesized in which the amino propanol group was bonded to the artemisinin nucleus through C-C linkage. Ten new compounds were thus successfully prepared and evaluated as cytotoxic agents, revealing an interesting anticancer activity in KB and HepG2 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Nhat Thuy Giang
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Doan Duy Tien
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thi Tuyet Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Dung
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Hanh Thuong
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luc Quang Tan
- Thai Nguyen University-Lao Cai Campus, Group 13, Binh Minh Ward, Lao Cai City, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ha Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Tu Anh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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10
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Cheng C, Wang T, Song Z, Peng L, Gao M, Hermine O, Rousseaux S, Khochbin S, Mi J, Wang J. Induction of autophagy and autophagy-dependent apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by a new antimalarial artemisinin derivative, SM1044. Cancer Med 2018; 7:380-396. [PMID: 29277967 PMCID: PMC5806110 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. R-CHOP is currently the standard therapy for DLBCL, but the prognosis of refractory or recurrent patients remains poor. In this study, we synthesized a new water-soluble antimalarial drug artemisinin derivative, SM1044. The treatment of DLBCL cell lines with SM1044 induces autophagy-dependent apoptosis, which is directed by an accelerated degradation of the antiapoptosis protein Survivin, via its acetylation-dependent interaction with the autophagy-related protein LC3-II. Additionally, SM1044 also stimulates the de novo synthesis of ceramide, which in turn activates the CaMKK2-AMPK-ULK1 axis, leading to the initiation of autophagy. Our findings not only elucidate the mechanism of autophagy-dependent apoptosis in DLBCL cells, but also suggest that SM1044 is a promising therapeutic molecule for the treatment of DLBCL, along with R-CHOP regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsDepartment of HematologyShanghai Institute of HematologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Systems BiomedicinePôle Sino‐Français des Sciences du Vivant et GenomiqueRui Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsDepartment of HematologyShanghai Institute of HematologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Systems BiomedicinePôle Sino‐Français des Sciences du Vivant et GenomiqueRui Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhiqun Song
- Department of Blood Transfusionthe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina
| | - Lijun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsDepartment of HematologyShanghai Institute of HematologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Systems BiomedicinePôle Sino‐Français des Sciences du Vivant et GenomiqueRui Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Mengqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsDepartment of HematologyShanghai Institute of HematologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Systems BiomedicinePôle Sino‐Français des Sciences du Vivant et GenomiqueRui Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Service d'Hématologie AdultesHôpital Necker‐Enfants MaladesAssistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisUniversité Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Sophie Rousseaux
- CNRS UMR 5309/INSERM U1209/Université Grenoble‐Alpes/Institute for Advanced BiosciencesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Saadi Khochbin
- CNRS UMR 5309/INSERM U1209/Université Grenoble‐Alpes/Institute for Advanced BiosciencesLa TroncheFrance
| | - Jian‐Qing Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsDepartment of HematologyShanghai Institute of HematologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Systems BiomedicinePôle Sino‐Français des Sciences du Vivant et GenomiqueRui Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical GenomicsDepartment of HematologyShanghai Institute of HematologyCollaborative Innovation Center of Systems BiomedicinePôle Sino‐Français des Sciences du Vivant et GenomiqueRui Jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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11
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Morake M, Coertzen D, Ngwane A, Wentzel JF, Wong HN, Smit FJ, Birkholtz LM, Pietersen RD, Baker B, Wiid I, N'Da DD, Haynes RK. Preliminary Evaluation of Artemisinin-Cholesterol Conjugates as Potential Drugs for the Treatment of Intractable Forms of Malaria and Tuberculosis. ChemMedChem 2017; 13:67-77. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhitli Morake
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Andile Ngwane
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Johannes F. Wentzel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Ho Ning Wong
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Frans J. Smit
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Ray-Dean Pietersen
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Bienyameen Baker
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Ian Wiid
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - David D. N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; North-West University; Potchefstroom 2520 South Africa
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12
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have been used as traditional medicines since antiquity. With more than 1060 estimated compounds with molecular weights less than 500 Da representing chemical space, NPs occupy a very small percentage; however, they are significantly overrepresented in biologically relevant chemical space. The classical approach concentrates on identifying one or more NPs with biological activity from a source organism. There is much more to be learned from NPs than we can discover this narrow view. In this review, we discuss ways to harness the global properties of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Boufridi
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia; ,
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia; ,
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13
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Thelingwani R, Leandersson C, Bonn B, Smith P, Chibale K, Masimirembwa C. Characterisation of artemisinin–chloroquinoline hybrids for potential metabolic liabilities. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:234-40. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1070975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Insights into drug discovery from natural products through structural modification. Fitoterapia 2015; 103:231-41. [PMID: 25917513 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) have played a key role in drug discovery and are still a prolific source of novel lead compounds or pharmacophores for medicinal chemistry. Pharmacological activity and druggability are two indispensable components advancing NPs from leads to drugs. Although naturally active substances are usually good lead compounds, most of them can hardly satisfy the demands for druggability. Hence, these structural phenotypes have to be modified and optimized to overcome existing deficiencies and shortcomings. This review illustrates druggability optimization of NPs through structural modification with some successful examples.
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15
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Zhou XN, Xia ZG, Wang RB, Qian YJ, Zhou SS, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Kramer R, Yang WZ. Feasibility and roadmap analysis for malaria elimination in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:21-46. [PMID: 25476880 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand the current status of the malaria control programme at the county level in accordance with the criteria of the World Health Organisation, the gaps and feasibility of malaria elimination at the county and national levels were analysed based on three kinds of indicators: transmission capacity, capacity of the professional team, and the intensity of intervention. Finally, a roadmap for national malaria elimination in the People's Republic of China is proposed based on the results of a feasibility assessment at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Bo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Randall Kramer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Joubert JP, Smit FJ, du Plessis L, Smith PJ, N’Da DD. Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of aminoacridines and artemisinin–acridine hybrids. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 56:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Theoretical study of the gas-phase thermolysis of 3-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetroxane. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2224. [PMID: 24850494 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic organic peroxides are a broad and highly sought-after class of peroxide compounds that present high reactivity and even explosive character. The unusually high reactivity of these peroxides can generally be attributed to the rupture of O-O bonds. Cyclic diperoxides are a very interesting series of substituted compounds in which tetroxane is the most prominent member. Gas-phase thermolysis of the simplest substituted member of the series [3-methyl-1,2,4,5-tetroxane or methylformaldehyde diperoxide (MFDP)] has been observed to yield one acetaldehyde, one formaldehyde, and one oxygen molecule as reaction products. DFT at the 6-311 + G** level of theory using the BHANDHLYP correlation-exchange functional was applied via the Gaussian09 program to calculate the critical points of the potential energy surface (PES) of this reaction. Equatorial and axial isomers were studied. The singlet state PES of MFDP was calculated, and an open diradical structure was found to be the first intermediate in a stepwise reaction. Two PESs were subsequently obtained: singlet state (S) and triplet state (T) PESs. After that, two alternative stepwise reactions were found to be possible: 1) one in which either an acetaldehyde, or 2) formaldehyde molecule is initially formed. For second one, exothermic reactions were observed for both the S and T PESs. The reaction products include a oxygen molecule in either S or T state, with the T reaction being the most exothermic. When calculations were performed at the CASSCF(10,10)/6-311 + G** level, spin-orbit coupling permitted S to T crossing at the open diradical intermediate stage, a non-adiabatic reaction was observed, and lower activation energies and higher exothermicity were generally seen for the T PES than for the S PES. These results were compared with the corresponding results for tetroxane. The spin-orbit coupling of MFDP and tetroxane yielded identical values, so it appears that the methyl substituent does not have any effect on this coupling.
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Cloete TT, de Kock C, Smith PJ, N'Da DD. Synthesis, in vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of a series of artemisinin–triazine hybrids and hybrid-dimers. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 76:470-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Antimicrobial activity of artemisinin and precursor derived from in vitro plantlets of Artemisia annua L. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:215872. [PMID: 24575401 PMCID: PMC3915762 DOI: 10.1155/2014/215872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L., a medicinal herb, produces secondary metabolites with antimicrobial property. In Malaysia due to the tropical hot climate, A. annua could not be planted for production of artemisinin, the main bioactive compound. In this study, the leaves of three in vitro A. annua L. clones were, extracted and two bioactive compounds, artemisinin and a precursor, were isolated by thin layer chromatography. These compounds were found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but not Candida albicans. Their antimicrobial activity was similar to that of antibactericidal antibiotic streptomycin. They were found to inhibit the growth of the tested microbes at the minimum inhibition concentration of 0.09 mg/mL, and toxicity test using brine shrimp showed that even the low concentration of 0.09 mg/mL was very lethal towards the brine shrimps with 100% mortality rate. This study hence indicated that in vitro cultured plantlets of A. annua can be used as the alternative method for production of artemisinin and its precursor with antimicrobial activities.
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Chen SB, Ju C, Chen JH, Zheng B, Huang F, Xiao N, Zhou X, Ernest T, Zhou XN. Operational research needs toward malaria elimination in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 86:109-33. [PMID: 25476883 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the implementation of a national malaria elimination programme from 2010 to 2020, we performed a systematic review to assess research challenges in the People's Republic of China (P.R. China) and define research priorities in the next few years. A systematic search was conducted for articles published from January 2000 to December 2012 in international journals from PubMed and Chinese journals from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In total, 2532 articles from CNKI and 308 articles from PubMed published between 2010 and 2012 related to malaria after unrelated references and review or comment were further excluded, and a set of research gaps have been identified that could hinder progress toward malaria elimination in P.R. China. For example, there is a lack of sensitive and specific tests for the diagnosis of malaria cases with low parasitemia, and there is a need for surveillance tools that can evaluate the epidemic status for guiding the elimination strategy. Hence, we argue that malaria elimination will be accelerated in P.R. China through the development of new tests, such as detection of parasite or drug resistance, monitoring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, active malaria screening methods, and understanding the effects of the environment and climate variation on vector distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Bo Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Ju
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tambo Ernest
- Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science; Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Yadav N, Sharma C, Awasthi SK. Diversification in the synthesis of antimalarial trioxane and tetraoxane analogs. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42513d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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22
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Cloete TT, Krebs HJ, Clark JA, Connelly MC, Orcutt A, Sigal MS, Kiplin Guy R, N’Da DD. Antimalarial activity of 10-alkyl/aryl esters and -aminoethylethers of artemisinin. Bioorg Chem 2013; 46:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Synthesis and evaluation in vitro of 1-[2-(10-dihydroartemisininoxy) ethyl]-3-phenylurea derivatives as potential agents against cancer. Med Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Qinghaosu and its derivatives are widely used in the world as a new generation of antimalarial drug. Up to now, some important progresses of Qinghaosu research have been made, including synthesis of new qinghaosu derivatives and analogs, investigation on their bioactivities and mode of actions. The present review briefly describes these efforts made by researchers in China, particularly in this Institute.
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Synthesis, antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of 10-aminoethylether derivatives of artemisinin. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Steyn M, N'Da DD, Breytenbach JC, Smith PJ, Meredith S, Breytenbach WJ. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of ethylene glycol oligomeric ethers of artemisinin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:278-86. [PMID: 21235593 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of ethylene glycol ether derivatives of the antimalarial drug artemisinin, determine their values for selected physicochemical properties and evaluate their antimalarial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum strains. METHODS The ethers were synthesized in a one-step process by coupling ethylene glycol moieties of various chain lengths to carbon C-10 of artemisinin. The aqueous solubility and log D values were determined in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4). The derivatives were screened for antimalarial activity alongside artemether and chloroquine against chloroquine-sensitive (D10) and moderately chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains of P. falciparum. KEY FINDINGS The aqueous solubility within each series increased as the ethylene glycol chain lengthened. The IC50 values revealed that all the derivatives were active against both D10 and Dd2 strains. All were less potent than artemether irrespective of the strain. However, they proved to be more potent than chloroquine against the resistant strain. Compound 8, featuring three ethylene oxide units, was the most active of all the synthesized ethers. CONCLUSIONS The conjugation of dihydroartemisinin to ethylene glycol units of various chain lengths through etheral linkage led to water-soluble derivatives. The strategy did not result in an increase of antimalarial activity compared with artemether. It is nevertheless a promising approach to further investigate and synthesize water-soluble derivatives of artemisinin that may be more active than artemether by increasing the ethylene glycol chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minette Steyn
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Schiaffo CE, Rottman M, Wittlin S, Dussault PH. 3-Alkoxy-1,2-Dioxolanes: Synthesis and Evaluation as Potential Antimalarial Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:316-319. [PMID: 21666827 DOI: 10.1021/ml100308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of 3-alkoxy-1,2-dioxolanes exhibit promising levels of antimalarial activity against P. falciparum. A new route to the 1,2-dioxolane core is reported based on tandem peroxidation/cyclization of enones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Schiaffo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Matthias Rottman
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick H. Dussault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Synthesis, in vitro antimalarial and cytotoxicity of artemisinin-aminoquinoline hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1683-6. [PMID: 21316959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) was coupled to different aminoquinoline moieties forming hybrids 9-14, which were then treated with oxalic acid to form oxalate salts (9a-14a). Compounds 9a, 10a, 12, 12a, and 14a showed comparable potency in vitro to that of chloroquine (CQ) against the chloroquine sensitive (CQS) strain, and were found to be more potent against the chloroquine resistant CQR strain. Hybrids 12 and its oxalate salt 12a were the most active against CQR strain, being 9- and 7-fold more active than CQ, respectively (17.12 nM; 20.76 nM vs 157.9 nM). An optimum chain length was identified having 2 or 3 Cs with or without an extra methylene substituent.
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Lombard MC, N’Da DD, Breytenbach JC, Smith PJ, Lategan CA. Artemisinin–quinoline hybrid-dimers: Synthesis and in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6975-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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A golden phoenix arising from the herbal nest — A review and reflection on the study of antimalarial drug Qinghaosu. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11458-010-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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Lombard MC, Fernandes MA, Breytenbach JC, N’Da DD. 1-Bromo-2-(10β-dihydro-artemisin-oxy)ethane. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o2182-o2183. [PMID: 21588460 PMCID: PMC3007557 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810029090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, C(17)H(27)BrO(5), DEB, is a derivative of artemisinin which is used in malara therapy. The OR-group at C12 is cis to the CH(3)-group at C11 and axially oriented on ring D which has a chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by several weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions, which combine to form a C-H-O bonded network parallel to (001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli C. Lombard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, PO NWU 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Manuel A. Fernandes
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jaco C. Breytenbach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, PO NWU 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - David D. N’Da
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, North-West University, PO NWU 2520, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Chaturvedi D, Goswami A, Saikia PP, Barua NC, Rao PG. Artemisinin and its derivatives: a novel class of anti-malarial and anti-cancer agents. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 39:435-54. [PMID: 20111769 DOI: 10.1039/b816679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this tutorial review, an effort towards presentation of a comprehensive account of the recent developments on various kinds of artemisinin derivatives including artemisinin dimers, trimers and tetramers has been made and their efficacy towards malaria parasites and different cancer cells lines was compared with that of artemisinins, and various other anti-malarial and anti-cancer drugs. It is expected that this review will provide first-hand information on artemisinin chemistry to organic/medicinal chemists, and pharmacologists working on anticancer and anti-malarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devdutt Chaturvedi
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, North-East Institute of Science & Technology, Assam, Jorhat-785006, India
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Kumar V, Mahajan A, Chibale K. Synthetic medicinal chemistry of selected antimalarial natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2236-75. [PMID: 19157883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products remain a rich source of novel molecular scaffolds for novel antimalarial agents in the fight against malaria. This has been well demonstrated in the case of quinine and artemisinin both of which have served as templates for the development of structurally simpler analogues that either served or continue to serve as effective antimalarials. This review will expound on these two natural products as well as other selected natural products that have served either as antimalarial agents or as potential lead compounds in the development of antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosh 7701, South Africa
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Romero JM, Jorge NL, Gómez-Vara ME, Jubert AH, Castro EA. Spectroscopic study of the dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetroxane (cyclohexanone diperoxide). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 70:775-779. [PMID: 17981081 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to present results derived from experimental IR and UV spectra and theoretical studies of DPCH, in order to get a more deeper insight on the physicochemical properties of this compound to gain a more deep knowledge of its action, helping in the design of new compounds with antimalaric effects. Experimental results are analyzed on the basis of theoretical calculations, which allow to derive suitable interpretations of spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Romero
- Area Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, UNNE, Campus Universitario, Av. Libertad 5400, (3400) Corrientes, Argentina
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Park J, Lee HY, Cho MH, Park SB. Development of a cy3-labeled glucose bioprobe and its application in bioimaging and screening for anticancer agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2018-22. [PMID: 17285672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Park J, Lee H, Cho MH, Park S. Development of a Cy3-Labeled Glucose Bioprobe and Its Application in Bioimaging and Screening for Anticancer Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Tang Y, Dong Y, Wittlin S, Charman SA, Chollet J, Chiu FCK, Charman WN, Matile H, Urwyler H, Dorn A, Bajpai S, Wang X, Padmanilayam M, Karle JM, Brun R, Vennerstrom JL. Weak base dispiro-1,2,4-trioxolanes: Potent antimalarial ozonides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1260-5. [PMID: 17189686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty weak base 1,2,4-dispiro trioxolanes (secondary ozonides) were synthesized. Amino amide trioxolanes had the best combination of antimalarial and biopharmaceutical properties. Guanidine, aminoxy, and amino acid trioxolanes had poor antimalarial activity. Lipophilic trioxolanes were less stable metabolically than their more polar counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lin YL, Yang CC, Hsu HK, Hsu SL, Chang CMJ. Response surface methodology to supercritical fluids extraction of artemisinin and the effects on rat hepatic stellate cell in vitro. J Supercrit Fluids 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kim BJ, Sasaki T. RECENT PROGRESS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ARTEMISININ AND ITS DERIVATIVES. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940609355981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Zahouily M, Lazar M, Elmakssoudi A, Rakik J, Elaychi S, Rayadh A. QSAR for anti-malarial activity of 2-aziridinyl and 2,3-bis(aziridinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinonyl sulfonate and acylate derivatives. J Mol Model 2005; 12:398-405. [PMID: 16341716 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-005-0059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity antimalarial relationships have been studied for 63 analogues of 2-aziridinyl and 2,3-bis(aziridinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinonyl sulfonate and acylate derivatives by means of multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The antimalarial activity [-log(IC50x10(6))] of the compounds studied were well correlated with descriptors encoding the chemical structure. Using the pertinent descriptors revealed by a stepwise procedure in the multiple linear regression technique, a correlation coefficient of 0.9394 (s=0.2121) for the training set was obtained for the ANN model in a [3-5-1] configuration. The results show that the antimalarial activity of 2-aziridinyl and 2,3-bis(aziridinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinonyl sulfonate and acylate derivatives is strongly dependent on hydrophobic character, hydrogen-bond acceptors and also steric factors of the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zahouily
- UFR Chimie Appliquée, Laboratoire de Catalyse, Chimiométrie et Environnement, Département de Chimie, B.P. 146, 20650, Mohammadia, Maroc.
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Haynes RK, Chan HW, Ho WY, Ko CKF, Gerena L, Kyle DE, Peters W, Robinson BL. Convenient Access Both to Highly Antimalaria-Active 10-Arylaminoartemisinins, and to 10-Alkyl Ethers Including Artemether, Arteether, and Artelinate. Chembiochem 2005; 6:659-67. [PMID: 15812783 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An economical phase-transfer method is used to prepare 10-arylaminoartemisinins from DHA and arylamines, and artemether, arteether, and artelinate from the corresponding alcohols. In vivo sc screens against Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii in mice reveal that the p-fluorophenylamino derivative 5 g is some 13 and 70 times, respectively, more active than artesunate; this reflects the very high sc activity of 10-alkylaminoartemisinins. However, through the po route, the compounds are less active than the alkylaminoartemisinins, but still approximately equipotent with artesunate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Sriram D, Rao VS, Chandrasekhara KVG, Yogeeswari P. Progress in the research of artemisinin and its analogues as antimalarials: an update. Nat Prod Res 2004; 18:503-27. [PMID: 15595609 DOI: 10.1080/14786410310001620556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the number one infectious disease in the world today. Worldwide, over two million people die each year from malaria. This shocking reality is largely due to the emergence of drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from Artemesia annua has been shown to be a fast acting, safe and effective drug against multidrug-resistant and sensitive strains of P. falciparum. This article reports a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin related antimalarial issues that have appeared from 1980s to the beginning of 2003. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including a brief introduction about discovery, phytochemical aspects, antimalarial mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and major drawbacks and various structural modifications made to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmarajan Sriram
- Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333 031, Rajasthan, India
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Ploypradith P. Development of artemisinin and its structurally simplified trioxane derivatives as antimalarial drugs. Acta Trop 2004; 89:329-42. [PMID: 14744559 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin and simplified trioxane analogs constitute a promising class of antimalarial chemotherapeutic agents. Their development since the early 1970s into clinical trials and clinical use has drawn much attention from medical scientists worldwide although the crude extract containing artemisinin has been used in China for treatment of fever for many centuries. Many research groups have independently and collaboratively conducted various studies on the artemisinin system both in search for the new compounds more antimalarially active than the parent artemisinin and in an attempt to understand its molecular mechanism(s) of action. Ongoing studies have provided a better understanding of the putative intermediates essential for the antimalarial activity and have led to designer trioxanes whose chemical structures have been simplified and modified to increase efficacy while lowering toxicity. Other desirable features beneficial to clinical uses such as bioavailability, drug stability and water solubility have been considered, and portions of the trioxane skeleton have been added or modified to accommodate these parameters accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonsakdi Ploypradith
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Vipavadee-Rangsit Highway, 10210, Bangkok, Thailand
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Li Y, Yang ZS, Zhang H, Cao BJ, Wang FD, Zhang Y, Shi YL, Yang JD, Wu BA. Artemisinin derivatives bearing Mannich base group: synthesis and antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4363-8. [PMID: 13129573 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel artemisinin derivatives bearing Mannich base group were prepared and tested for their antimalarial activity. These water-soluble artemisinin derivatives were more stable than sodium artesunate and few compounds were found to be more active against Plasmodium berghei in mice than artesunic acid by oral administration. Two most potent derivatives 17b and 17d were examined for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium knowlesi in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Synthesis of novel macrocyclic peroxides by bis(sym-collidine)iodine (I) hexafluorophosphate-mediated cyclization of unsaturated hydroperoxides and unsaturated alcohols. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Barlocco D. Monitor: molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The isolation in 1972 of artemisinin by Chinese scientists, and their development of all the derivatives now used in the treatment of malaria today, were of outstanding importance. The results which have accumulated both from the Chinese work and from that subsequently conducted on a worldwide basis provide for a relatively comprehensive understanding of the chemistry, pharmacological profiles, toxicology, metabolism, and effects on the malaria parasite. The optimal regimens for use in the field are also apparent, particularly in combinations with longer half-life quinoline antimalarials. Thus the future use of the artemisinin class of drug appears assured. However, the mechanism of action needs to be clarified. More importantly from a clinical viewpoint, problems inherent in the current derivatives must be addressed, particularly that of neurotoxicity, if new artemisinin derivatives are to be introduced in a normal drug regulatory environment. The application of established principles of modern drug design should indeed allow for the first truly rationally designed, in so far as the target is still unknown, derivatives to come to hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Pandey SK, Naware NB, Trivedi P, Saxena AK. Molecular modeling and 3D-QSAR studies in 2-aziridinyl-and 2,3-bis(aziridinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinonyl sulfonate and acylate derivatives as potential antimalarial agents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 12:547-564. [PMID: 11813805 DOI: 10.1080/10629360108039834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is still continuing to be one of the most dreadful diseases of the tropical countries particularly due to the development of resistance to the existing antimalarials. From observed, antimalarial activity of 2-aziridinyl- and 2,3-bis(aziridinyl)-1,4-naphthoquinonyl sulfonate and acylate derivatives acting through redox cycling mechanism, molecular modeling and three dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies have been carried out on a set of 63 compounds to identify important pharmacophors. Among several 3D-QSAR models generated, three models with correlation coefficient r > 0.82, match > 0.60 and chance = 0.00 have shown two common biophoric sites: one being the oxygen atom at position 1 of the naphthoquinone ring in terms of pi-population, charge and electron donating ability while the second being the center of the phenyl ring in terms of its 6pi-electrons. In addition to these sites, the models also share two common secondary sites: one positively contributing H-acceptor site while the second site contributing negatively in terms of steric refractivity. All these models showed good agreement between the experimental, calculated and predicted antimalarial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Pandey
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, (CDRI) Chattar Manzil, Lucknow, India
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