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Wu H, Sumita A, Otani Y, Ohwada T. Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Aminocarboxylic Acids in Strong Brønsted Acid Promoted by Lewis Base P 4O 10. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15224-15249. [PMID: 36318089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The amino group in aminocarboxylic acids is sufficiently basic to be protonated in strong acids, and consequently, ionization of the carboxylic acid to an acylium ion is blocked due to charge-charge repulsion. Thus, acylation of aromatic compounds is significantly retarded in Friedel-Craft type reactions. We found that Friedel-Crafts acylation with aminocarboxylic acids can proceed smoothly even in a strong Brønsted acid (triflic acid, TfOH) if the Lewis base P4O10 is added. Here we describe the Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of anthranilic acid and α- to δ-aminocarboxylic acids with benzene derivatives in the presence of P4O10. Non-amino-containing carboxylic acids as well as N-containing heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are available, and α-amino acids can be directly utilized without any protective group. Most substrates afford acylation products in high yields, although some epimerization/racemization may occur. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that P4O10 neutralizes the protonated amine, converting the N-H covalent bond to a N-hydrogen bond and allowing the carboxylic acid OH functionality to serve as a good leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akinari Sumita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Pawar CM, Sreenath S, Dave V, Bavdane PP, Singh V, Verma V, Nagarale RK. Chemically stable and high acid recovery anion exchange membrane. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Ward JS, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Rissanen K. Iodine(i) complexes incorporating sterically bulky 2-substituted pyridines. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8674-8682. [PMID: 35424827 PMCID: PMC8984907 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The silver(i) and iodine(i) complexes of the 2-substituted pyridines 2-(diphenylmethyl)pyridine (1) and 2-(1,1-diphenylethyl)pyridine (2), along with their potential protonated side products, were synthesised to investigate the steric limitations of iodine(i) complex formation. The complexes were characterised by 1H and 1H–15N HMBC NMR, X-ray crystallography, and DFT calculations. The solid-state structures for the silver(i) and iodine(i) complexes were extensively compared to the literature and analysed by DFT to examine the influence of the sterically bulky pyridines and their anions. The silver(i) and iodine(i) complexes of two sterically bulky 2-substituted pyridines, along with their potential protonated side products, were synthesised to investigate the steric limitations of iodine(i) ion formation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jas S Ward
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crts de Valldemossa km 7.6 07122 Palma de Mallorca Baleares Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crts de Valldemossa km 7.6 07122 Palma de Mallorca Baleares Spain
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry Jyväskylä 40014 Finland
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5
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Suzdalev KF, Krachkovskaya AV, Tkachev VV, Kurbatov SV, Aldoshin SM. Pyrano[3,4-c]pyrandiium dication. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Wang ZS, Chen YB, Zhang HW, Sun Z, Zhu C, Ye LW. Ynamide Smiles Rearrangement Triggered by Visible-Light-Mediated Regioselective Ketyl-Ynamide Coupling: Rapid Access to Functionalized Indoles and Isoquinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3636-3644. [PMID: 32003986 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, significant advances have been made on radical Smiles rearrangement. However, the eventually formed radical intermediates in these reactions are limited to the amidyl radical, except for the few examples initiated by a N-centered radical. Here, a novel and practical radical Smiles rearrangement triggered by photoredox-catalyzed regioselective ketyl-ynamide coupling is reported, which represents the first radical Smiles rearrangement of ynamides. This method enables facile access to a variety of valuable 2-benzhydrylindoles with broad substrate scope in generally good yields under mild reaction conditions. In addition, this chemistry can also be extended to the divergent synthesis of versatile 3-benzhydrylisoquinolines through a similar ketyl-ynamide coupling and radical Smiles rearrangement, followed by dehydrogenative oxidation. Moreover, such an ynamide Smiles rearrangement initiated by intermolecular photoredox catalysis via addition of external radical sources is also achieved. By control experiments, the reaction was shown to proceed via key ketyl radical and α-imino carbon radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Shu Wang
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Yang-Bo Chen
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Hao-Wen Zhang
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Zhou Sun
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Chunyin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- iChEM, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
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7
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Cetina-Mancilla E, Olvera LI, Balmaseda J, Forster M, Ruiz-Treviño FA, Cárdenas J, Vivaldo-Lima E, Zolotukhin MG. Well-defined, linear, wholly aromatic polymers with controlled content and position of pyridine moieties in macromolecules from one-pot, room temperature, metal-free step-polymerizations. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00946f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of processable, aromatic pyridine-containing polymers has always been a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoc Cetina-Mancilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Apartado Postal 70-360
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 04510 Ciudad de México
| | - Lilian I. Olvera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Apartado Postal 70-360
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 04510 Ciudad de México
| | - Jorge Balmaseda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Apartado Postal 70-360
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 04510 Ciudad de México
| | - Michael Forster
- Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Wuppertal University
- D-42097 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - F. Alberto Ruiz-Treviño
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Iberoamericana
- 01219 Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Jorge Cárdenas
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Apartado Postal 70-360
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 04510 Ciudad de México
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo-Lima
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Ciudad de México
- Mexico
| | - Mikhail G. Zolotukhin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Apartado Postal 70-360
- Ciudad Universitaria
- 04510 Ciudad de México
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8
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Ryabukhin DS, Turdakov AN, Soldatova NS, Kompanets MO, Ivanov AY, Boyarskaya IA, Vasilyev AV. Reactions of 2-carbonyl- and 2-hydroxy(or methoxy)alkyl-substituted benzimidazoles with arenes in the superacid CF 3SO 3H. NMR and DFT studies of dicationic electrophilic species. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1962-1973. [PMID: 31501662 PMCID: PMC6720581 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of 2-carbonyl- and 2-hydroxy(or methoxy)alkylbenzimidazoles with arenes in the Brønsted superacid TfOH resulted in the formation of the corresponding Friedel-Crafts reaction products, 2-diarylmethyl and 2-arylmethyl-substituted benzimidazoles, in yields up to 90%. The reaction intermediates, protonated species derived from starting benzimidazoles in TfOH, were thoroughly studied by means of NMR and DFT calculations and plausible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Ryabukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutsky per., 5, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey N Turdakov
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutsky per., 5, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S Soldatova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail O Kompanets
- Litvinenko Institute of Physico-Organic and Coal Chemistry, NAS of Ukraine, Kharkivske Hgw, 50, Kyiv, 02160, Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Prosp. Peremohy, 37, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Yu Ivanov
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Research Park, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr., 26, Saint Petersburg, Petrodvoretz, 198504, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A Boyarskaya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksander V Vasilyev
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Institutsky per., 5, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russian Federation
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation
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9
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Superelectrophilic Activation of Phenylglyoxamides: Efficient Synthesis of Triarylacetamides and Fluorenecarboxamides by Superacid Catalysis. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-0962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Gasonoo M, Sumita A, Boblak KN, Giuffre K, Ohwada T, Klumpp DA. Synthesis of Heterocycle-Containing 9,9-Diarylfluorenes Using Superelectrophiles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6044-6053. [PMID: 28557443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A superacid-promoted method for the synthesis of 9,9-diarylfluorenes is described. The chemistry involves cyclizations and arylations with biphenyl-substituted heterocyclic ketones and a mechanism is proposed involving superelectrophilic intermediates. The key reactive intermediates-dicationic and trication fluorenyl cations have been observed by low-temperature NMR and the mechanism has been further studied using DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makafui Gasonoo
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Akinari Sumita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kenneth N Boblak
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Kristen Giuffre
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Douglas A Klumpp
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Illinois University , DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
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11
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Lian Y, Burford K, Londregan AT. Expedient synthesis of gem-dialkylbenzyl heterocycles through olefinic hydroarylation. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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13
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Prakash GS, Paknia F, Kulkarni A, Narayanan A, Wang F, Rasul G, Mathew T, Olah GA. Taming of superacids: PVP-triflic acid as an effective solid triflic acid equivalent for Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation and acylation. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Liu B, Fan Y, Lv X, Liu X, Yang Y, Jia Y. Generation and Reactions of Heteroaromatic Lithium Compounds by Using In-Line Mixer in a Continuous Flow Microreactor System at Mild Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op300205j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binjie Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Lv
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Yongtai Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai
200433, P.R. China
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15
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Segawa Y, Higashihara T, Ueda M. Synthesis of hyperbranched polymers with controlled structure. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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Prakash GKS, Paknia F, Mathew T, Mlostoń G, Joschek JP, Olah GA. Fluoroanalogs of DDT: Superacidic BF3–H2O Catalyzed Facile Synthesis of 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2-diarylethanes and 1,1-Difluoro-2,2-diarylethanes. Org Lett 2011; 13:4128-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol201669a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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O'Connor MJ, Boblak KN, Topinka MJ, Kindelin PJ, Briski JM, Zheng C, Klumpp DA. Superelectrophiles and the effects of trifluoromethyl substituents. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3266-7. [PMID: 20178387 DOI: 10.1021/ja1001482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trifluoromethyl-substituted superelectrophiles were generated in superacid (CF(3)SO(3)H), and their chemistry was examined. The strong electron-withdrawing properties of the trifluoromethyl group are found to enhance the electrophilic character at cationic sites in superelectrophiles. This leads to greater positive-charge delocalization in the superelectrophiles. These effects are manifested by the unusual chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivities shown by the superelectrophiles in chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
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18
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Sai KKS, Tokarz MJ, Malunchuk AP, Zheng C, Gilbert TM, Klumpp DA. N-Heterocyclic Superelectrophiles and Evidence for Single Electron Transfer Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14388-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8062953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J. Tokarz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Andrew P. Malunchuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Chong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Thomas M. Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
| | - Douglas A. Klumpp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115
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Koltunov KY, Prakash GKS, Rasul G, Olah GA. Superacidic Activation of Maleimide and Phthalimide and Their Reactions with Cyclohexane and Arenes. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Klumpp DA, Kindelin PJ, Li A. Superacid-promoted reactions of pyrazolecarboxaldehydes and the role of dicationic electrophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Rendy R, Zhang Y, McElrea A, Gomez A, Klumpp DA. Superacid-Catalyzed Reactions of Cinnamic Acids and the Role of Superelectrophiles1. J Org Chem 2004; 69:2340-7. [PMID: 15049628 DOI: 10.1021/jo030327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of cinnamic acids and related compounds has been studied. In superacid-catalyzed reactions with arenes, two competing reaction mechanisms are proposed. Both mechanisms involve the formation of dicationic intermediates (superelectrophiles), and the reactions can lead to either chalcone-type products or indanone products. The direct observation of a dicationic species (by low-temperature (13)C NMR) is reported. We provide clear evidence that protonated carboxylic acid groups (or the corresponding acyl cation) can enhance the reactivity of an adjacent electrophilic center. Triflic acid is also found to be an effective acid catalyst for the direct synthesis of some electron-deficient chalcones and heterocyclic chalcones from cinnnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendy Rendy
- Department of Chemistry, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, California 91768, USA
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Zhang Y, McElrea A, Sanchez GV, Do D, Gomez A, Aguirre SL, Rendy R, Klumpp DA. Dicationic electrophiles from olefinic amines in superacid. J Org Chem 2003; 68:5119-22. [PMID: 12816465 DOI: 10.1021/jo030024z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the superacid-catalyzed chemistry of olefinic amines and related compounds. A variety of olefinic amines are found to react with benzene in CF(3)SO(3)H (triflic acid) to give addition products in good yields (75-99%), including the pharmaceutical agents fenpiprane and prozapine. A general mechanism is proposed that invokes the formation of reactive, dicationic electrophiles and the direct observation of a diprotonated species is reported from low-temperature NMR experiments. This chemistry is also used to conveniently prepare functionalized polystyrene beads having pendant amine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, California 91768, USA
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Klumpp DA, Sanchez GV, Aguirre SL, Zhang Y, de Leon S. Chemistry of dicationic electrophiles: superacid-catalyzed reactions of amino acetals. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5028-31. [PMID: 12098332 DOI: 10.1021/jo0111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amino acetals are shown to form highly electrophilic systems in Bronsted superacids. It is proposed that amino acetals give dicationic electrophiles, and this proposal is supported by the direct observation of a dication by low-temperature (13)C NMR. When reacted with C(6)H(6) and superacidic CF(3)SO(3)H, amino acetals are shown to provide 1-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)amines and 1-(2,2-diphenylethyl)amines as condensation products in good yields (50-99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Klumpp
- Department of Chemistry, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 West Temple Avenue, Pomona, California 91768, USA.
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Koltunov KY, Prakash GKS, Rasul G, Olah GA. Reactions of 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-hydroxyquinolines and 5-hydroxyisoquinoline with benzene and cyclohexane in superacids. J Org Chem 2002; 67:4330-6. [PMID: 12054971 DOI: 10.1021/jo020099n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric 5-, 6-, 7-hydroxyquinolines (11-13) and 5-hydroxyisoquinoline (14) gave N,C-diprotonated dications in CF(3)SO(3)H-SbF(5) superacid medium. Compounds 11, 13, 14, and 8-hydroxyquinoline (5) underwent selective ionic hydrogenation with cyclohexane in the presence of aluminum chloride. Compounds 11 and 14 condense with benzene in the presence of aluminum halides. The detailed mechanism of reactions, which involves superelectrophilic dicationic intermediates, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yu Koltunov
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles 90089-1661, USA
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