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Perdicchia D. Borane-Trimethylamine Complex: A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:2017. [PMID: 38731507 PMCID: PMC11085582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Borane-trimethylamine complex (Me3N·BH3; BTM) is the most stable of the amine-borane complexes that are commercially available, and it is cost-effective. It is a valuable reagent in organic chemistry with applications in the reduction of carbonyl groups and carbon-nitrogen double bond reduction, with considerable examples in the reduction of oximes, hydrazones and azines. The transfer hydrogenation of aromatic N-heterocycles and the selective N-monomethylation of primary anilines are further examples of recent applications, whereas the reduction of nitrobenzenes to anilines and the reductive deprotection of N-tritylamines are useful tools in the organic synthesis. Moreover, BTM is the main reagent in the regioselective cleavage of cyclic acetals, a reaction of great importance for carbohydrate chemistry. Recent innovative applications of BTM, such as CO2 utilization as feedstock and radical chemistry by photocatalysis, have extended their usefulness in new reactions. The present review is focused on the applications of borane-trimethylamine complex as a reagent in organic synthesis and has not been covered in previous reviews regarding amine-borane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Perdicchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Geulin A, Bourne-Branchu Y, Ben Ayed K, Lecourt T, Joosten A. Ferrier/Aza-Wacker/Epoxidation/Glycosylation (FAWEG) Sequence to Access 1,2-Trans 3-Amino-3-deoxyglycosides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203987. [PMID: 36793144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Amino-3-deoxyglycosides constitute an essential class of nitrogen-containing sugars. Among them, many important 3-amino-3-deoxyglycosides possess a 1,2-trans relationship. In view of their numerous biological applications, the synthesis of 3-amino-3-deoxyglycosyl donors giving rise to a 1,2-trans glycosidic linkage is thus an important challenge. Even though glycals are highly polyvalent donors, the synthesis and reactivity of 3-amino-3-deoxyglycals have been little studied. In this work, we describe a new sequence, involving a Ferrier rearrangement and subsequent aza-Wacker cyclization that allows the rapid synthesis of orthogonally protected 3-amino-3-deoxyglycals. Finally a 3-amino-3-deoxygalactal derivative was submitted for the first time to an epoxidation/glycosylation with high yield and great diastereoselectivity, highlighting FAWEG (Ferrier/Aza-Wacker/Epoxidation/Glycosylation) as a new approach to access 1,2-trans 3-amino-3-deoxyglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselme Geulin
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Yann Bourne-Branchu
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Kawther Ben Ayed
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Thomas Lecourt
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Antoine Joosten
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000, Rouen, France
- 24 Rue Lucien Tesnière, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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3
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Khan I, Ibrar A, Zaib S. Alkynoates as Versatile and Powerful Chemical Tools for the Rapid Assembly of Diverse Heterocycles under Transition-Metal Catalysis: Recent Developments and Challenges. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:3. [PMID: 33398642 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles, heteroaromatics and spirocyclic entities are ubiquitous components of a wide plethora of synthetic drugs, biologically active natural products, marketed pharmaceuticals and agrochemical targets. Recognizing their high proportion in drugs and rich pharmacological potential, these invaluable structural motifs have garnered significant interest, thus enabling the development of efficient catalytic methodologies providing access to architecturally complex and diverse molecules with high atom-economy and low cost. These chemical processes not only allow the formation of diverse heterocycles but also utilize a range of flexible and easily accessible building units in a single operation to discover diversity-oriented synthetic approaches. Alkynoates are significantly important, diverse and powerful building blocks in organic chemistry due to their unique and inherent properties such as the electronic bias on carbon-carbon triple bonds posed by electron-withdrawing groups or the metallic coordination site provided by carbonyl groups. The present review highlights the comprehensive picture of the utility of alkynoates (2007-2019) for the synthesis of various heterocycles (> 50 types) using transition-metal catalysts (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, Mn, Fe) in various forms. The valuable function of versatile alkynoates (bearing multifunctional groups) as simple and useful starting materials is explored, thus cyclizing with an array of coupling partners to deliver a broad range of oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulfur-containing heterocycles alongside fused-, and spiro-heterocyclic compounds. In addition, these examples will also focus the scope and reaction limitations, as well as mechanistic investigations into the synthesis of these heterocycles. The biological significance will also be discussed, citing relevant examples of drug molecules highlighting each class of heterocycles. This review summarizes the recent developments in the synthetic methods for the synthesis of various heterocycles using alkynoates as readily available starting materials under transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
| | - Aliya Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur, KPK-22620, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
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4
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He QQ, Wimmer N, Verquin G, Meutermans W, Ferro V. Investigations into the decomposition of aminoacyl-substituted monosaccharide scaffolds from a drug discovery library. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4070-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Decomposition of aminoacyl-substituted d-galactoside scaffolds under acidic conditions is dependent on the length of the side chain and is accelerated by the presence of a free hydroxyl group at C-6. In the latter case, evidence is provided that the reaction occurs via an N- to O-acyl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Q. He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- the University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - N. Wimmer
- Alchemia Ltd
- Eight Mile Plains
- Australia
| | | | | | - V. Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- the University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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5
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Svejgaard L, Fuglsang H, Jensen PB, Kelly NM, Pedersen H, Andersen K, Ruhland T, Jensen KJ. Synthesis of Two d‐Glucosamine Derived 3,4‐Epoxides as Potential Scaffolds for Combinatorial Chemistry. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120021699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Svejgaard
- a Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Building 201, Kemitorvet, DK‐2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
- e Analytical Chemistry , Novo Nordisk , Bagsværd , Denmark
| | - Henrik Fuglsang
- a Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Building 201, Kemitorvet, DK‐2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
- f Combio , Valby , Denmark
| | - Peter B. Jensen
- a Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Building 201, Kemitorvet, DK‐2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Nicholas M. Kelly
- a Department of Chemistry , Technical University of Denmark , Building 201, Kemitorvet, DK‐2800 , Lyngby , Denmark
- g ACADIA A/S , Glostrup , Denmark
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- b Department of Spectroscopy , Lundbeck A/S , Ottiliavej 9, DK‐2500 , Valby , Denmark
| | - Kim Andersen
- c Department of Combinatorial Chemistry , Lundbeck A/S , Ottiliavej 9, DK‐2500 , Valby , Denmark
| | - Thomas Ruhland
- c Department of Combinatorial Chemistry , Lundbeck A/S , Ottiliavej 9, DK‐2500 , Valby , Denmark
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- d Department of Chemistry , Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK‐1871 , Frederiksberg , Denmark
- h Department of Chemistry , KVL , Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK‐1871 , Frederiksberg , Denmark
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6
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Gerard B, Marié JC, Pandya BA, Lee MD, Liu H, Marcaurelle LA. Large-scale synthesis of all stereoisomers of a 2,3-unsaturated C-glycoside scaffold. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1898-901. [PMID: 21341742 PMCID: PMC3073442 DOI: 10.1021/jo1022926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
All stereoisomers of a highly functionalized 2,3-unsaturated C-glycoside can be accessed in 10-100 g quantities from readily available starting materials and reagents in 3-7 steps. These chiral scaffolds contain three stereogenic centers along with orthogonally protected functional groups for downstream reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baudouin Gerard
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Marié
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bhaumik A. Pandya
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maurice D. Lee
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Haibo Liu
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lisa A. Marcaurelle
- Chemical Biology Platform, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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7
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Abbenante G, Becker B, Blanc S, Clark C, Condie G, Fraser G, Grathwohl M, Halliday J, Henderson S, Lam A, Liu L, Mann M, Muldoon C, Pearson A, Premraj R, Ramsdale T, Rossetti T, Schafer K, Le Thanh G, Tometzki G, Vari F, Verquin G, Waanders J, West M, Wimmer N, Yau A, Zuegg J, Meutermans W. Biological Diversity from a Structurally Diverse Library: Systematically Scanning Conformational Space Using a Pyranose Scaffold. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5576-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Becker
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Chris Clark
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Glenn Condie
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Judy Halliday
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Ann Lam
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Maretta Mann
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Andrew Pearson
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Tony Rossetti
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Karl Schafer
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Giang Le Thanh
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | - Frank Vari
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael West
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Norbert Wimmer
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Annika Yau
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd, Eight Mile Plains, Queensland 4113, Australia
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8
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Beaver MG, Woerpel KA. Erosion of stereochemical control with increasing nucleophilicity: O-glycosylation at the diffusion limit. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1107-18. [PMID: 20108907 DOI: 10.1021/jo902222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-deoxyglycosyl donors indicated that the reactivity of the oxygen nucleophile has a significant impact on stereoselectivity. Employing ethanol as the nucleophile resulted in a 1:1 (alpha:beta) ratio of diastereomers under S(N)1-like reaction conditions. Stereoselective formation of the 2-deoxy-alpha-O-glycoside was only observed when weaker nucleophiles, such as trifluoroethanol, were employed. The lack of stereoselectivity observed in reactions of common oxygen nucleophiles can be attributed to reaction rates of the stereochemistry-determining step that approach the diffusion limit. In this scenario, both faces of the prochiral oxocarbenium ion are subject to nucleophilic addition to afford a statistical mixture of diastereomeric products. Control experiments confirmed that all nucleophilic substitution reactions were performed under kinetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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9
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Liu W, Jiang H, Zhang M, Qi C. Synthetic Approach to Polysubstituted Furans: An Efficient Addition/Oxidative Cyclization of Alkynoates and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2010; 75:966-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902375k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chaorong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
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10
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Rajaratnam P, Gupta P, Katavic P, Kuipers K, Huyh N, Ryan S, Falzun T, Tometzki GB, Bornaghi L, Le Thanh G, Abbenante G, Liu L, Meutermans W, Wimmer N, West ML. Orthogonally Protected Monosaccharide Building Blocks for Solid Phase Production of Diversity Oriented Libraries. Aust J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The large scale synthesis of three orthogonally protected monosaccharide scaffolds suitable for use in the solid phase preparation of large diversity libraries is presented. Scaffolds based on 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose, 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-allopyranose, and 2,4-diamino-2,4-dideoxy-d-galactopyranose were prepared in good yield and with minimal chromatographic purification from commercially available methyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose and methyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose.
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11
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Rawal GK, Rani S, Kumari N, Vankar YD. Regio- and Stereocontrolled Selective Debenzylation and Substitution Reactions of C-2 Formyl Glycals. Application in the Synthesis of Constrained β-Sugar Amino Acids. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5349-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9008222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish K. Rawal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Shikha Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Nitee Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Yashwant D. Vankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
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12
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Nandy JP, Prakesch M, Khadem S, Reddy PT, Sharma U, Arya P. Advances in Solution- and Solid-Phase Synthesis toward the Generation of Natural Product-like Libraries. Chem Rev 2009; 109:1999-2060. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800188v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti P. Nandy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Prakesch
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shahriar Khadem
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - P. Thirupathi Reddy
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Utpal Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, South Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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13
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Severinsen R, Bourne GT, Tran TT, Ankersen M, Begtrup M, Smythe ML. Library of Biphenyl Privileged Substructures using a Safety-Catch Linker Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:557-66. [DOI: 10.1021/cc800006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Severinsen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia, Purification & Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark, Protagonist Pty. Ltd., Level 7 Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4072 Australia, and The Danish University for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregory T. Bourne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia, Purification & Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark, Protagonist Pty. Ltd., Level 7 Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4072 Australia, and The Danish University for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tran T. Tran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia, Purification & Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark, Protagonist Pty. Ltd., Level 7 Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4072 Australia, and The Danish University for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ankersen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia, Purification & Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark, Protagonist Pty. Ltd., Level 7 Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4072 Australia, and The Danish University for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Begtrup
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia, Purification & Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark, Protagonist Pty. Ltd., Level 7 Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4072 Australia, and The Danish University for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark L. Smythe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia, Purification & Chemistry, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaløv, Denmark, Protagonist Pty. Ltd., Level 7 Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, 4072 Australia, and The Danish University for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Cordeiro A, Jimeno ML, Maestro MA, Camarasa MJ, Quesada E, San-Félix A. Synthesis of highly condensed polycyclic carbohydrates by reaction of a spirocyclic enamino sulfonate derived from d-xylofuranose with bifunctional reagents. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9713-21. [PMID: 17999530 DOI: 10.1021/jo701775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The appropriately substituted 5-O-tosyl derivative (1), easily prepared from 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-d-xylofuranose, serves as a useful precursor for the preparation of highly condensed cyclic carbohydrates. The synthesis involves a first cyclization of the 5-O-tosyl sugar derivative 1 to a highly reactive cyclic enamine, which subsequently undergoes the nucleophilic attack of a bifunctional reagent X(CH2)nZ in a regio- and stereospecific way. Finally, a spontaneous cyclization step allows the formation of a stereochemically defined extra ring, fused to the sugar backbone. The functionalization and size of this ring can be varied by the proper choice of the bifunctional reagent. X-ray diffraction analysis and intensive NMR studies with one of these carbohydrates were performed to highlight the strained nature of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cordeiro
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Drug discovery has long suffered from the difficulty of having to place pharmacophoric groups in just the right spatial arrangement to elicit the desired biological response. Although some molecule classes have been discovered that seem to be privileged structures for at least some drug-receptor interactions, there remains the challenge to design and synthesize molecules with high specific affinity to pharmacologically important targets. With their high density of stereochemical information and their relative rigidity, carbohydrates provide excellent platforms upon which to display a number of substituents in a sterically defined way, hence offering the opportunity to harness their unique features for the drug-discovery process. This review highlights the progress that has been made in the development of carbohydrate scaffolds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd., PO Box 6242, Upper Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122, Australia
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16
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Yeager AR, Min GK, Porco JA, Schaus SE. Exploring Skeletal Diversity via Ring Contraction of Glycal-Derived Scaffolds. Org Lett 2006; 8:5065-8. [PMID: 17048844 DOI: 10.1021/ol0618252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aryl ether C-glycoside scaffolds have been prepared from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal by C-glycosylation followed by allylic substitution with phenols mediated by Pd(0). The aryl ethers were subjected to either [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement to produce 3-pyranyl-phenols or Au(III)-mediated ring contraction to create highly substituted tetrahydrofurans. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Yeager
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University, Life Science and Engineering Building, Boston University, 24 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Peri F, Nicotra F, Leslie CP, Micheli F, Seneci P, Marchioro C. d‐Glucose as a Regioselectively Addressable Scaffold for Combinatorial Chemistry on Solid Phase. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120019014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Peri
- a Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University of Milano–Bicocca , Piazza Della Scienza, 2, I‐20126, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- a Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences , University of Milano–Bicocca , Piazza Della Scienza, 2, I‐20126, Italy
| | - Colin P. Leslie
- b Medicines Research Centre , GlaxoSmithKline SpA , Via Fleming 4, Verona, 37135, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Micheli
- b Medicines Research Centre , GlaxoSmithKline SpA , Via Fleming 4, Verona, 37135, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- b Medicines Research Centre , GlaxoSmithKline SpA , Via Fleming 4, Verona, 37135, Italy
| | - Carla Marchioro
- b Medicines Research Centre , GlaxoSmithKline SpA , Via Fleming 4, Verona, 37135, Italy
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18
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Ingrid Velter, Barbara La Ferla, Francesco Nicotra. Carbohydrate‐Based Molecular Scaffolding. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328300600733020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Velter
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca , Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara La Ferla
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca , Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze , Università degli Studi di Milano‐Bicocca , Milano, Italy
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19
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Cordeiro A, Quesada E, Bonache MC, Velazquez S, Camarasa MJ, San-Félix A. A Cyclic Enamine Derived from 1,2-O-Isopropylidene-α-d-xylofuranose As a Novel Carbohydrate Intermediate To Achieve Skeletal Diversity. J Org Chem 2006; 71:7224-35. [PMID: 16958515 DOI: 10.1021/jo0609531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available carbohydrate 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose was efficiently transformed into the high-added-value synthetic scaffold 8. The transformation requires the synthesis of the 5-O-tosyl derivative 7 and its subsequent intramolecular cyclization under basic conditions to give the cyclic enamine 8. Reaction of 8 with O-, N-, S-, and C-nucleophiles and amino acids allowed its efficient transformation (one-step, high yields, and easy purifications) into fused cyclic sugar derivatives with rather unusual molecular skeletons in a completely regio- and stereoselective manner. The characteristics of the sugar derivative 8 established here, high reactivity, synthetic accessibility, and the potential for conversion into a vast collection of products by the action of different nucleophiles, indicate that it will prove to be a useful chiral intermediate for achieving skeletal diversity. The constrained structures and dense functionalization of the polycyclic sugar derivatives generated from 8 make these compounds promising candidates for use as starting agents for the production of new analogues and as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cordeiro
- Instituto de Química Médica (C.S.I.C.), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Schweizer F, Hindsgaul O. Synthesis of a galacto-configured C-ketoside-based γ-sugar-amino acid and its use in peptide coupling reactions. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1730-6. [PMID: 16616901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-sugar-amino acid analogues in the form of C-ketosides can be prepared in 5-6 steps starting from D-galactono-1,5-lactone. The key step in the synthesis is the trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) promoted C-glycosylation of 2-deoxy-3-ulopyranosonates with trimethylsilyl cyanide. Hydrogenation of the resulting beta-cyano esters provides C-ketoside-based gamma-sugar-amino acids that serve as building blocks for the synthesis of unnatural neoglycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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21
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Chiara JL, García A, Cristóbal-Lumbroso G. Ketone-imide versus ketone-oxime reductive cross-coupling promoted by samarium diiodide: new mechanistic insight gained from a failed aminocyclopentitol synthesis. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4142-51. [PMID: 15876107 DOI: 10.1021/jo050185y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The intramolecular 1,6-ketone/imide reductive coupling promoted by samarium diiodide competes favorably with an alternative 1,5-ketone/oxime ether coupling in a keto-oxime substrate derived from D-glucosamine N-protected with a phthalimido group. This pinacol coupling reaction affords new homochiral alpha-hydroxylactam scaffolds that could be useful in diversity-oriented synthesis. A mechanistic proposal for this reaction that explains the experimental results is supported by DFT quantum-mechanical calculations on model compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Chiara
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Tosin M, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Structurally Defined Scaffolds for Bivalent Ligand Display Based on Glucuronic Acid Anilides. The Degree of Tertiary Amide Isomerism and Folding Depends on the Configuration of a Glycosyl Azide. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4107-17. [PMID: 15876103 DOI: 10.1021/jo050200z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] Syntheses and structural analyses of bivalent carbohydrates based on anilides of glucuronic acid are described. Secondary anilides predominantly adopted the Z-anti structure; there is also evidence for population of the Z-syn isomer. Bivalent tertiary anilides displayed two signal sets in their NMR spectra, consistent with the presence of (i) a major isomer where both amides have E configurations (EE) and (ii) a minor isomer where one amide is E and the other Z (EZ). Qualitative NOE/ROE spectroscopic studies in solution support the proposal that the anti conformation is preferred for E amides. The crystal structure of one bivalent tertiary anilide showed E-anti and E-syn structural isomers; intramolecular carbohydrate-carbohydrate stacking was observed and mediated by carbonyl-pyranose, azide-azide, and pyranose-aromatic interactions. The EE to EZ isomer ratio, or the degree of folding, for tertiary amides, was greatest for a bivalent compound containing two alpha-glycosyl azide groups; this was enhanced in water, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions are partially but not wholly responsible. Computational methods predicted azide-aromatic (N...H-C interaction) and azide-azide interactions for folded isomers. The close contact of the azide and aromatic protons (N...H-C interaction) was observed upon examination of the close packing in the crystal structure of a related monomer. It is proposed that the alpha-azide group is more optimally aligned, compared to the beta-azide, to facilitate interaction and minimize the surface area of the hydrophobic groups exposed to water, and this leads to the increased folding. The alkylation of bivalent secondary anilides induces a switch from Z to E amide that alters the scaffold orientation. The synthesis of a bivalent mannoside, based on a secondary anilide scaffold, for investigation of mannose-binding receptor cross-linking and lattice formation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tosin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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23
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Tosin M, O'Brien C, Fitzpatrick GM, Müller-Bunz H, Glass WK, Murphy PV. Synthesis and Structural Analysis of the Anilides of Glucuronic Acid and Orientation of the Groups on the Carbohydrate Scaffolding. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4096-106. [PMID: 15876102 DOI: 10.1021/jo0501994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] The synthesis of anilides derived from glucuronic acid is described. Secondary anilides had a Z configuration in the solid state and showed intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, on the basis of NMR and IR studies, there was generally no evidence for the same hydrogen bonding in solution. Tertiary anilides showed a strong preference for the E configuration on the basis of NOE studies and molecular mechanics calculations. The alkylation of the secondary anilides induces a configurational switch that alters the orientation of the aromatic group with respect to the pyranose, which has relevance for presentation or orientation of pharmacophoric groups on carbohydrate scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tosin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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24
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Abstract
Monosaccharides and amino acids are fundamental building blocks in the assembly of nature's polymers. They have different structural aspects and, to a significant extent, different functional groups. Oligomerization gives rise to oligosaccharides and peptides, respectively. While carbohydrates and peptides can be found conjoined in nature, e.g., in glycopeptides, the aim of this review is the radical redesign of peptide structures using carbohydrates, particularly monosaccharides and cyclic oligosaccharides, to produce novel peptides, peptidomimetics, and abiotic proteins. These hybrid molecules, chimeras, have properties arising largely from the combination of structural characteristics of carbohydrates with the functional group diversity of peptides. This field includes de novo designed synthetic glycopeptides, sugar (carbohydrate) amino acids, carbohydrate scaffolds for nonpeptidal peptidomimetics of cyclic peptides, cyclodextrin functionalized peptides, and carboproteins, i.e., carbohydrate-based proteinmimetics. These successful applications demonstrate the general utility of carbohydrates in peptide and protein architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud J Jensen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Section for Bioorganic Chemistry, KVL, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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25
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Ying BP, Trogden BG, Kohlman DT, Liang SX, Xu YC. Oxidative C−C Bond-Forming Reaction of Electron-Rich Alkylbenzyl Ether with Trimethylvinyloxysilane. Org Lett 2004; 6:1523-6. [PMID: 15128226 DOI: 10.1021/ol036314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of an electron-rich benzyl ether with DDQ at ambient temperature followed by addition of a silyl enol ether undergoes a C-C bond-forming reaction to afford 3-alkoxy-3-phenyl-propionyl compound. This is a general reaction and works well with a variety of silyl enol ethers to give carbonyl products in yields ranging from 10 to 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Ping Ying
- Discovery Chemistry Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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26
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Timmer MSM, Verdoes M, Sliedregt LAJM, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, Overkleeft HS. The Use of a Mannitol-Derived Fused Oxacycle as a Combinatorial Scaffold. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9406-11. [PMID: 14629165 DOI: 10.1021/jo0349429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and high-yielding solid-phase synthesis of a small library of compounds containing a cis-fused pyranofuran structural motive is described. With use of the cheap and readily available D-(+)-mannitol, a highly functionalized sugar template was synthesized and immobilized on a solid support via an olefinic linker. Modification of this two-point molecular scaffold and subsequent ring-closing metathesis/cleavage gave access to a series of functionalized conformationally constrained fused oxacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie S M Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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27
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Le GT, Abbenante G, Becker B, Grathwohl M, Halliday J, Tometzki G, Zuegg J, Meutermans W. Molecular diversity through sugar scaffolds. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8:701-9. [PMID: 12927513 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharides provide an excellent platform to tailor molecular diversity by appending desired substituents at selected positions around the sugar scaffold. The presence of five functionalized and stereo-controlled centres on the sugar scaffolds gives the chemist plenty of scope to custom design molecules to a pharmacophore model. This review focuses on the peptidomimetic developments in this area, as well as the concept of tailoring structural and functional diversity in a library using carbohydrate scaffolds and how this can lead to increased hit rates and rapid identification of leads, which has promising prospects for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thanh Le
- Alchemia Pty Ltd, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Brisbane Technology Park, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113, Australia.
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28
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. Exploring privileged structures: the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides. Mol Divers 2003; 5:289-304. [PMID: 12549678 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021365402751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Head-to-tail cyclic peptides have been reported to bind to multiple, unrelated classes of receptor with high affinity. They may therefore be considered to be privileged structures. This review outlines the strategies by which both macrocyclic cyclic peptides and cyclic dipeptides or diketopiperazines have been synthesised in combinatorial libraries. It also briefly outlines some of the biological applications of these molecules, thereby justifying their inclusion as privileged structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Qld., Australia
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29
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30
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2443] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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31
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Murphy PV, O'Brien JL, Gorey-Feret LJ, Smith AB. Structure-based design and synthesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors employing beta-D-mannopyranoside scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1763-6. [PMID: 12067556 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary account on the structure-based design, synthesis and evaluation of peptidomimetic inhibitors of HIV-1 protease containing beta-D-mannopyranoside scaffolds is given. The compounds prepared had IC(50) values in the micromolar range. The results provide a platform for the development of more potent carbohydrate-based inhibitors of HIV-1 and other aspartic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Murphy
- Chemistry Department, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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32
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Abstract
Combinatorial syntheses allow production of compound libraries in an expeditious and organized manner immediately applicable for high-throughput screening. Natural products possess a pedigree to justify quality and appreciation in drug discovery and development. Currently, we are seeing a rapid increase in application of natural products in combinatorial chemistry and vice versa. The therapeutic areas of infectious disease and oncology still dominate but many new areas are emerging. Several complex natural products have now been synthesised by solid-phase methods and have created the foundation for preparation of combinatorial libraries. In other examples, natural products or intermediates have served as building blocks or scaffolds in the synthesis of complex natural products, bioactive analogues or designed hybrid molecules. Finally, structural motifs from the biologically active parent molecule have been identified and have served for design of natural product mimicry, which facilitates the creation of combinatorial libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Building 207, Kemitorvet, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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33
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Abstract
The application of combinatorial chemistry to the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compound collections has received increased attention in recent years. New strategies for the solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharide libraries have been reported, and the use of monosaccharides as scaffolds in the generation of combinatorial libraries has been described. Novel approaches to the assembly of carbohydrate-based antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside analogs and vancomycin derivatives, have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Krueger EB, Hopkins TP, Keaney MT, Walters MA, Boldi AM. Solution-phase library synthesis of furanoses. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:229-38. [PMID: 12005483 DOI: 10.1021/cc010078r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solution-phase synthesis of amido-, urea-, and aminofuranoses was achieved. Alkylated furanose aldehydes were treated with primary amines in the presence of sodium triacetoxyborohydride to give secondary amines. Subsequent acylation with acid chlorides and isocyanates afforded amidofuranoses and ureafuranoses, respectively. Second, reductive amination of furanose aldehydes with secondary amines yielded tertiary amines. The resulting acetonides were treated with alcohols in the presence of acid to yield mixed acetals. In the library syntheses, functionalized scavenger resins were used in the purification of intermediates and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine B Krueger
- Discovery Partners International, ChemRx Division, 385 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 1, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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35
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. Exploring privileged structures: the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2002; 16:415-30. [PMID: 12489688 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020863921840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Head-to-tail cyclic peptides have been reported to bind to multiple, unrelated classes of receptor with high affinity. They may therefore be considered to be privileged structures. This review outlines the strategies by which both macrocyclic cyclic peptides and cyclic dipeptides or diketopiperazines have been synthesised in combinatorial libraries. It also briefly outlines some of the biological applications of these molecules, thereby justifying their inclusion as privileged structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Qld., Australia
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36
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Kulkarni BA, Roth GP, Lobkovsky E, Porco JA. Combinatorial synthesis of natural product-like molecules using a first-generation spiroketal scaffold. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:56-72. [PMID: 11831883 DOI: 10.1021/cc010047w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, significant attention has been focused on the synthesis small-molecule libraries based on natural product or natural product-like structures. In this paper, we report our initial studies on the use of the 1,7-dioxaspiro[5,5]undecane (spiroketal) moiety as a rigid-core template for elaboration using parallel synthesis techniques. The synthesis of a spiroketal scaffold that is reminiscent of the spiroketal subunits found in the spiroketal macrolide antibiotics will be described. Elaboration of three independently addressable functional groups on the scaffold using solution-phase parallel synthesis techniques led to the preparation of a small library of natural product-like compounds. These studies pave the way for evaluation of highly functionalized spiroketals in phenotypic assays and as prospective antagonists of protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bheemashankar A Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Streamlined Synthesis, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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37
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Smith AB, Cho YS, Zawacki LE, Hirschmann R, Pettit GR. First generation design, synthesis, and evaluation of azepine-based cryptophycin analogues. Org Lett 2001; 3:4063-6. [PMID: 11735585 DOI: 10.1021/ol016799g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Azepine-based cryptophycin mimics (+)-4 and (+)-5 have been designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation revealed modest in vitro activity against several human tumor cell lines, thereby supporting the utility of novel scaffolds for the design and synthesis of cryptophycin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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38
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2000. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:477-517. [PMID: 11703143 DOI: 10.1021/cc010049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Adolor Corporation, 371 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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