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Visible-light triggered photochemical reaction for the synthesis of dumbbell-like bis aminomethyl-1, 2 dihydrofullerene dimers via addition of α-amino radicals. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jeong HC, Lim SH, Cho DW, Kim SH, Mariano PS. Single electron transfer promoted photoaddition reactions of α-trimethylsilyl substituted secondary N-alkylamines with fullerene C 60. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10502-10510. [PMID: 27766336 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02069k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single electron transfer (SET) promoted photoaddition reactions of secondary N-α-trimethylsilyl-N-alkylamines to C60 were explored to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanistic pathways followed and to expand the library of novel types of organofullerenes that can be generated using this approach. The results show that photoreactions of 10% EtOH-toluene solutions containing C60 and N-α-trimethylsilyl-N-alkylamines produce either aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerenes or symmetric fulleropyrrolidines as major products depending on the nature of alkyl substituents. In contrast, photoreactions of 10% EtOH-ODCB solutions of these amines with C60 mainly lead to the formation of symmetric fulleropyrrolidines. Based on the analysis of product distributions and the results of earlier studies, two feasible mechanistic pathways are proposed for these processes. One route is initiated by SET from the amine substrates to the triplet-excited state of C60 to form the corresponding aminium radicals and C60 anion radicals. EtOH-promoted desilylation of the aminium radicals then takes place to produce aminomethyl radicals which can either add to C60 or couple with the C60 radical anions to form respective radicals or anion precursors of aminomethyl-1,2-dihydrofullerene products. The competing pathway leading to the generation of symmetric fulleropyrrolidines also involves the formation of aminomethyl radicals by using the sequential SET-desilylation process. In this route, the aminomethyl radicals are oxidized by SET to C60 to form iminium ions, which are then transformed to azomethine ylides by a pathway involving a second molecule of the secondary amine. Dipolar cycloaddition of the azomethine ylides to C60 forms the symmetric fulleropyrrolidine cycloadducts. Importantly, the observation that symmetric fulleropyrrolidines are the sole products formed in photoreactions between N-α-trimethylsilyl-N-alkylamines and C60 in 10% EtOH-ODCB has synthetic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Cheol Jeong
- Department of Energy Convergence Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Suk Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea.
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea.
| | - Sung Hong Kim
- Analysis Research Division, Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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Ravelli D, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions via Photogenerated Intermediates. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9850-913. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 724] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ravelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Photogreen Lab, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department
of Chemistry, Photogreen Lab, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Photogreen Lab, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli
12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Lim SH, Jeong HC, Sohn Y, Kim YI, Cho DW, Woo HJ, Shin IS, Yoon UC, Mariano PS. Single Electron Transfer-Promoted Photochemical Reactions of Secondary N-Trimethylsilylmethyl-N-benzylamines Leading to Aminomethylation of Fullerene C60. J Org Chem 2016; 81:2460-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Jeong
- Department
of Energy Convergence Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Youngku Sohn
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Woo
- Department
of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Ik-Soo Shin
- Department
of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Ma J, Harms K, Meggers E. Enantioselective rhodium/ruthenium photoredox catalysis en route to chiral 1,2-aminoalcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10183-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc04397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced enantioselective redox coupling of α-silylalkylamines with 2-acyl imidazoles is catalyzed by a combination of a chiral Rh Lewis acid and a Ru photoredox sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ma
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
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Lim SH, Yi J, Ra CS, Nahm K, Cho DW, Lee GY, Kim J, Yoon UC, Mariano PS. SET-promoted photoaddition reactions of N -α-trimethylsilylmethyl- N , N -dibenzylamines with fullerene C 60 . Electronic factors that govern photoaddition efficiencies. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lim SH, Yi J, Moon GM, Ra CS, Nahm K, Cho DW, Kim K, Hyung TG, Yoon UC, Lee GY, Kim S, Kim J, Mariano PS. Method for the Synthesis of Amine-Functionalized Fullerenes Involving SET-Promoted Photoaddition Reactions of α-Silylamines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6946-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501034t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Jinju Yi
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Moon
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Choon Sup Ra
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Keepyung Nahm
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Kyungmok Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Tae Gyung Hyung
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Ga Ye Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jinheung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Nano Science, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Cho DW, Mariano PS, Yoon UC. Direct and indirect single electron transfer (SET)-photochemical approaches for the preparation of novel phthalimide and naphthalimide-based lariat-type crown ethers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:514-27. [PMID: 24605169 PMCID: PMC3943935 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we describe direct and indirect photochemical approaches that have been developed for the preparation of phthalimide- and naphthalimide-based, lariat-type crown ethers. The direct route utilizes a strategy in which nitrogen-linked side chains containing polyethoxy-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides, possessing terminal α-trialkylsilyl groups, are synthesized utilizing concise routes and UV-irradiation to form macrocyclic ring systems. In contrast, the indirect route developed for the synthesis of lariat-type crown ethers employs sequences in which SET-promoted macrocyclization reactions of α-trialkylsilyl-terminated, polyethoxy-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides are followed by a side chain introduction through substitution reactions at the amidol centers in the macrocyclic ethers. The combined observations made in these investigations demonstrate the unique features of SET-promoted photocyclization reactions that make them well-suited for the use in the synthesis of functionalized crown ethers. In addition, while some limitations exist for the general use of SET-photochemical reactions in large-scale organic synthesis, important characteristics of the photoinduced macrocyclization reactions make them applicable to unique situations in which high temporal and spatial control is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute of Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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Park HJ, Sung NK, Kim SR, Ahn SH, Yoon UC, Cho DW, Mariano PS. Novel Naphthalene Based Lariat-Type Crown Ethers Using Direct Single Electron Transfer Photochemical Strategy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.12.3681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lim SH, Nahm K, Ra CS, Cho DW, Yoon UC, Latham JA, Dunaway-Mariano D, Mariano PS. Effects of alkoxy groups on arene rings of lignin β-O-4 model compounds on the efficiencies of single electron transfer-promoted photochemical and enzymatic C-C Bond Cleavage Reactions. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9431-43. [PMID: 23992466 DOI: 10.1021/jo401680z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To gain information about how alkoxy substitution in arene rings of β-O-4 structural units within lignin governs the efficiencies/rates of radical cation C1-C2 bond cleavage reactions, single electron transfer (SET) photochemical and lignin peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation reactions of dimeric/tetrameric model compounds have been explored. The results show that the radical cations derived from less alkoxy-substituted dimeric β-O-4 models undergo more rapid C1-C2 bond cleavage than those of more alkoxy-substituted analogues. These findings gained support from the results of DFT calculations, which demonstrate that C1-C2 bond dissociation energies of β-O-4 radical cations decrease as the degree of alkoxy substitution decreases. In SET reactions of tetrameric compounds consisting of two β-O-4 units, containing different degrees of alkoxy substitution, regioselective radical cation C-C bond cleavage was observed to occur in one case at the C1-C2 bond in the less alkoxy-substituted β-O-4 moiety. However, regioselective C1-C2 cleavage in the more alkoxy-substituted β-O-4 moiety was observed in another case, suggesting that other factors might participate in controlling this process. These observations show that lignins containing greater proportions of less rather than more alkoxylated rings as part of β-O-4 units would be more efficiently cleaved by SET mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Korea
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Park HJ, Ryu YJ, Kim KM, Yoon UC, Kim E, Sohn Y, Cho DW, Mariano PS. Comparison of Photocyclization Reactions of Fluoro- vs Nonfluoro-Substituted Polymethyleneoxy Donor Linked Phthalimides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.4.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cho DW, Cho DW, Park HJ, Yoon UC, Lee MH, Im C. Synergistic effect of trimethylsilane for photoinduced electron transfer on 1,8-naphthalimides in polar solvent. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Park HJ, Choi JH, Park BN, Yoon UC, Cho DW, Mariano PS. A strategy for the preparation of cyclic polyarenes based on single electron transfer-promoted photocyclization reactions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Cho DW, Yoon UC, Mariano PS. Studies leading to the development of a single-electron transfer (SET) photochemical strategy for syntheses of macrocyclic polyethers, polythioethers, and polyamides. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:204-15. [PMID: 21197953 DOI: 10.1021/ar100125j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic photochemists began to recognize in the 1970s that a new mechanistic pathway involving excited-state single-electron transfer (SET) could be used to drive unique photochemical reactions. Arnold's seminal studies demonstrated that SET photochemical reactions proceed by way of ion radical intermediates, the properties of which govern the nature of the ensuing reaction pathways. Thus, in contrast to classical photochemical reactions, SET-promoted excited-state processes are controlled by the nature and rates of secondary reactions of intermediate ion radicals. In this Account, we discuss our work in harnessing SET pathways for photochemical synthesis, focusing on the successful production of macrocyclic polyethers, polythioethers, and polyamides. One major thrust of our studies in SET photochemistry has been to develop new, efficient reactions that can be used for the preparation of important natural and non-natural substances. Our efforts with α-silyl donor-tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides have led to the discovery of efficient photochemical processes in which excited-state SET is followed by regioselective formation of carbon-centered radicals. The radical formation takes place through nucleophile-assisted desilylation of intermediate α-silyl-substituted ether-, thioether-, amine-, and amide-centered cation radicals. Early laser flash photolysis studies demonstrated that the rates of methanol- and water-promoted bimolecular desilylations of cation radicals (derived from α-silyl electron donors) exceeded the rates of other cation radical α-fragmentation processes, such as α-deprotonation. In addition, mechanistic analyses of a variety of SET-promoted photocyclization reactions of α-silyl polydonor-linked phthalimides and naphthalimides showed that the chemical and quantum efficiencies of the processes are highly dependent on the lengths and types of the chains connecting the imide acceptor and α-silyl electron donor centers. We also observed that reaction efficiencies are controlled by the rates of desilylation at the α-silyl donor cation radical moieties in intermediate zwitterionic biradicals that are formed by either direct excited-state intramolecular SET or by SET between the donor sites in the intervening chains. It is important to note that knowledge about how these factors govern product yields, regiochemical selectivities, and quantum efficiencies was crucial for the design of synthetically useful photochemical reactions of linked polydonor-acceptor substrates. The fruits of these insights are exemplified by synthetic applications in the concise preparation of cyclic peptide mimics, crown ethers and their lariat- and bis-analogs, and substances that serve as fluorescence sensors for important heavy metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Cho DW, Quan C, Park HJ, Yoon UC, Mariano PS. Photochemical Approach to the Preparation of Lariat Crown Ethers Containing Peptide Sidearms. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.2.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Horvat M, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Griesbeck AG, Basarić N. Photoinduced decarboxylation of 3-(N-phthalimido)adamantane-1-carboxylic acid and radical addition to electron deficient alkenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:610-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00357c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Studies aimed at elucidating factors involved in the control of chemoselectivity in single electron transfer promoted photoreactions of branched-polydonor substituted phthalimides. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Intermolecular Photocyclizations of N-(ω-Hydroxyalkyl)tetrachlorophthalimide with Alkenes Leading to Medium- and Large-Ring Heterocycles-Reaction Modes and Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the 1,n-Biradicals. Chemistry 2010; 16:2873-86. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Horvat M, Görner H, Warzecha KD, Neudörfl J, Griesbeck AG, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Basarić N. Photoinitiated domino reactions: N-(adamantyl)phthalimides and N-(adamantylalkyl)phthalimides. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8219-31. [PMID: 19874065 DOI: 10.1021/jo901753z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phthalimides 1-6 undergo photochemical reactions upon direct irradiation as well as triplet sensitization and give rise to new products. Besides formation of the primary photoproducts, the first photochemical step initiates a subsequent thermal domino reaction or a domino sequence of a thermal and a photochemical reaction. The latter, involving two photochemical intramolecular gamma-H abstractions, was observed with phthalimides 1, 3, and 6 and delivered stereospecifically the hexacyclic benzazepine products 12, 19, and 27, respectively. The lowest triplet states of 1-6 were characterized in several solvents upon direct and acetone-sensitized excitation. The intermolecular electron transfer from triethylamine and DABCO was studied, and the radical anions were observed. Electrochemical measurements showed that intramolecular electron transfer from the adamantyl group of 1-6 to the lowest triplet state of the phthalimides is not feasible. The formation of products can be explained by intramolecular H-abstraction from the (alkyl)adamantane to the excited phthalimide, either from the excited singlet state or a hidden upper excited triplet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Horvat
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruder Bosković Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Jeong HC, Park KH, Park HJ, Cho DW, Yoon UC. Azomethine Yilde Forming Photoreaction of N-(Tributylstannyl)methylphthalimide. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2009.53.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cho DW, Lee HY, Oh SW, Choi JH, Park HJ, Mariano PS, Yoon UC. Photoaddition reactions of 1,2-diketones with silyl ketene acetals. formation of beta-hydroxy-gamma-ketoesters. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4539-47. [PMID: 18494523 DOI: 10.1021/jo800473x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions taking place between 1,2-diketones and silyl ketene acetals and their excited state reaction mechanisms have been explored. Irradiation of benzene, acetone, or acetonitrile solutions containing 1,2-diketones and silyl ketene acetals is observed to promote formation of 1,4-dioxenes, resulting from [4 + 2]-cycloaddition, oxetanes, arising by Paterno-Buchi processes, and beta-hydroxy-gamma-ketoesters, generated by SET-promoted Claisen-type condensation. These competitive pathways leading from the excited states of the 1,2-diketones to these products are influenced by solvent polarity and the nature of the silyl ketene acetal and 1,2-diketone. The Claisen-type condensation process, following an SET desilylation pathway and predominating when the photoreactions are carried out in the polar solvent acetonitrile, represents an efficient method to prepare a variety of diversely substituted beta-hydoxy-gamma-ketoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Maeda H, Tierney DL, Mariano PS, Banerjee M, Cho DW, Yoon UC. Lariat-crown ether based fluorescence sensors for heavy metal ions. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cho DW, Choi JH, Oh SW, Quan C, Yoon UC, Wang R, Yang S, Mariano PS. Single Electron Transfer-Promoted Photocyclization Reactions of Linked Acceptor−Polydonor Systems: Effects of Chain Length and Type on the Efficiencies of Macrocyclic Ring-Forming Photoreactions of Tethered α-Silyl Ether Phthalimide Substrates. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:2276-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ja076846l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Jung Hei Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Sun Wha Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Chunsheng Quan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Runtang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Shaorong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
| | - Patrick S. Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
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Sung NK, Cho DW, Choi JH, Choi KW, Yoon UC, Maeda H, Mariano PS. A Facile Approach to the Preparation of Bis-Crown Ethers Based on SET-Promoted Photomacrocyclization Reactions. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8831-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701770x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ma G, Liu H, Zhang W. Photochemistry of N-alkylsuccinimide in methanol and ethanol: An experimental and calculated investigation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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The Synthetic Potential of SET Photochemistry of Silicon-Substituted Polydonor-Linked Phthalimides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.8.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cho DW, Fujitsuka M, Sugimoto A, Yoon UC, Mariano PS, Majima T. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Processes in 1,8-Naphthalimide-Linker-Phenothiazine Dyads. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:11062-8. [PMID: 16771366 DOI: 10.1021/jp057557r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes of 1,8-naphthalimide-linker-phenothiazine (NI-L-PTZ) dyads have been investigated using the nanosecond- and picosecond-transient absorption measurements. Two kinds of linker were introduced, i.e., polymethylene-linked dyad (NI-C8-PTZ and NI-C11-PTZ) and a poly(ethyl ether)-linked one (NI-O-PTZ). The 355 nm pulsed laser excitation of NI-C8-PTZ, NI-C11-PTZ, and NI-O-PTZ in acetonitrile produced NI radical anion (NI*-) and PTZ radical cation (PTZ*+) with the absorption bands around 420 and 520 nm, respectively, through charge transfer from PTZ to NI in the singlet excited state (NI(S1)) as well as in the triplet excited states (NI(T1)) in acetonitrile. On the other hand, the charge transfer process occurred only from NI(S1) in nonpolar solvents. The rates of charge transfer and charge recombination processes largely depended on the solvent polarity and they are affected by the length of linkers and electronic coupling through polyether linker. The PET mechanism is discussed in terms of the free energy change for the charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Cho
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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A novel photochemical approach to the synthesis of naphthalene-containing lariat-type crown ethers and an evaluation of their metal cation binding and fluorescence sensing properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yoon UC, Kwon HC, Hyung TG, Choi KH, Oh SW, Yang S, Zhao Z, Mariano PS. The Photochemistry of Polydonor-Substituted Phthalimides: Curtin-Hammett-Type Control of Competing Reactions of Potentially Interconverting Zwitterionic Biradical Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:1110-24. [PMID: 14746480 DOI: 10.1021/ja0305712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The results of studies designed to obtain information about the factors that control the chemical efficiencies/regioselectivities and quantum yields of single electron transfer (SET)-promoted reactions of acceptor-polydonor systems are reported. Photochemical and photophysical investigations were carried out with bis-donor tethered phthalimides and naphthalimides of general structure N-phthalimido- and N-naphthalimido-CH2CH2-D-CH2CH2-NMsCH2-E (E = SiMe3 or CO2NBu4 and D = NMs, O, S, and NMe). These substrates contain common terminal donor groups (NMsCH2SiMe3 or NMsCH2CO2NBu4) that have known oxidation potentials and cation radical fragmentation rates. Oxidation potentials and fragmentation rates at the other donor site in each of these substrates are varied by incorporating different heteroatoms and/or substituents. Photoproduct distribution, reaction quantum yield, and fluorescence quantum yield measurements were made. The results show that photocyclization reactions of alpha-trimethylsilylmethansulfonamide (E = SiMe3)- and alpha-carboxymethansulfonamide (E = CO2NBu4)-terminated phthalimides and naphthalimides that contain internal sulfonamide, ether, and thioether donor sites (D = NMs, O, or S) are chemically efficient (80-100%) and that they take place exclusively by a pathway involving sequential photoinduced SET (zwitterionic biradical desilylation or decarboxylation) biradical cyclization. In contrast, photoreactions of alpha-trimethylsilylmethansulfonamide- and alpha-carboxymethansulfonamide-terminated phthalimides and naphthalimides that that contain an internal tertiary amine donor site (D = NMe) are chemically inefficient and follow a pathway involving alpha-deprotonation at the tertiary amine radical cation center in intermediate, iminium radical-containing, zwitterionic biradicals. In addition, the quantum efficiencies for photoreactions of alpha-trimethylsilylmethansulfonamide- and alpha-carboxymethansulfonamide-terminated phthalimides are dependent on the nature of the internal donor (eg., phi = 0.12 for D = NMs, E = SiMe3; phi = 0.02 for D = S, E = SiMe3; phi = 0.04 for D = NMe, E = SiMe3). The results of this effort are discussed in terms of how the relative energies of interconverting zwitterionic biradical intermediates and the energy barriers for their alpha-heterolytic fragmentation reactions influence the chemical yields and quantum efficiencies of SET promoted photocyclization reactions of acceptor-polydonor substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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Yoon UC, Jin YX, Oh SW, Park CH, Park JH, Campana CF, Cai X, Duesler EN, Mariano PS. A synthetic strategy for the preparation of cyclic peptide mimetics based on SET-promoted photocyclization processes. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:10664-71. [PMID: 12940751 DOI: 10.1021/ja030297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of cyclic peptide analogues has been developed. The general approach relies on the use of SET-promoted photocyclization reactions of peptides that contain N-terminal phthalimides as light absorbing electron acceptor moieties and C-terminal alpha-amidosilane or alpha-amidocarboxylate centers. Prototypical substrates are prepared by coupling preformed peptides with the acid chloride of N-phthalimidoglycine. Irradiation of these substrates results in the generation of cyclic peptide analogues in modest to good yields. The chemical efficiencies of these processes are not significantly affected by (1) the lengths of the peptide chains separating the phthalimide and alpha-amidosilane or alpha-amidocarboxylate centers and (2) the nature of the penultimate cation radical alpha-heterolytic fragmentation process (i.e., desilylation vs decarboxylation). An evaluation of the effects of N-alkyl substitution on the amide residues in the peptide chain showed that N-alkyl substitution does not have a major impact on the efficiencies of the photocyclization reactions but that it profoundly increases the stability of the cyclic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ung Chan Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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Photoinduced electron transfer chemistry of phthalimdes: an efficient tool for CC-bond formation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-5567(02)00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Photoaddition Reactions of Silyl Ketene Acetals with Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds: A New Procedure for ?-Hydroxyester Synthesis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.9.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yoon UC, Jin YX, Oh SW, Cho DW, Park KH, Mariano PS. Comparison of photomacrocyclization reactions of trimethylsilyl- and tributylstannyl-terminated phthalimido- and maleimido-polyethers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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