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Dembitsky VM. Naturally Occurring Norsteroids and Their Design and Pharmaceutical Application. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1021. [PMID: 38790983 PMCID: PMC11117879 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The main focus of this review is to introduce readers to the fascinating class of lipid molecules known as norsteroids, exploring their distribution across various biotopes and their biological activities. The review provides an in-depth analysis of various modified steroids, including A, B, C, and D-norsteroids, each characterized by distinct structural alterations. These modifications, which range from the removal of specific methyl groups to changes in the steroid core, result in unique molecular architectures that significantly impact their biological activity and therapeutic potential. The discussion on A, B, C, and D-norsteroids sheds light on their unique configurations and how these structural modifications influence their pharmacological properties. The review also presents examples from natural sources that produce a diverse array of steroids with distinct structures, including the aforementioned A, B, C, and D-nor variants. These compounds are sourced from marine organisms like sponges, soft corals, and starfish, as well as terrestrial entities such as plants, fungi, and bacteria. The exploration of these steroids encompasses their biosynthesis, ecological significance, and potential medical applications, highlighting a crucial area of interest in pharmacology and natural product chemistry. The review emphasizes the importance of researching these steroids for drug development, particularly in addressing diseases where conventional medications are inadequate or for conditions lacking sufficient therapeutic options. Examples of norsteroid synthesis are provided to illustrate the practical applications of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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2
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Shah BH, Khan S, Zhao C, Zhang YJ. Synthesis of Chiral 2,3-Dihydrofurans via One-Pot Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Cycloaddition and a Retro-Dieckmann Fragmentation Cascade. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12100-12104. [PMID: 37552623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of 2,3-dihydrofurans bearing a quaternary stereocenter has been developed via Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic cycloaddition and a retro-Dieckmann Fragmentation cascade. The asymmetric allylic cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates with 3-cyanochromone followed by base-assisted retro-Dieckmann fragmentation proceeded smoothly via a one-pot process to produce chiral 3,4-disubstituted 2,3-dihydrofurans in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Hussain Shah
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Sardaraz Khan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Can Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Sichuan Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chengdu 610042, P. R. China
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3
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Construction of novel penta cyclic indolo-furo[3,2-c]quinoline and dihydrochromeno-furo[2,3-b]indol via sequential annulation strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Wang WK, Tan HR, Wang NN, Ruan HL, Zhao SY. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Direct Oxidative Annulation of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds with Maleimides: Access to Polysubstituted Dihydrofuran Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2711-2720. [PMID: 35018783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An efficient annulation method for the synthesis of polysubstituted dihydrofurans from 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and maleimides is described. The reactions can afford furo[2,3-c]pyrrole derivatives with satisfactory yields. The developed strategy realizes the direct oxidative double C(sp3)-H functionalization in the presence of copper(I) salts and 2-(tert-butylperoxy)-2-methylpropane. Meanwhile, this protocol features a mild reaction condition and simple catalytic system. A reaction mechanism involving a single electron oxidation is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ru Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Ning-Ning Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Li Ruan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yin Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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5
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Forster LC, Clegg JK, Cheney KL, Garson MJ. Expanding the Repertoire of Spongian-16-One Derivatives in Australian Nudibranchs of the Genus Goniobranchus and Evaluation of Their Anatomical Distribution. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:680. [PMID: 34940679 PMCID: PMC8706817 DOI: 10.3390/md19120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the mantle and viscera of the Indo-Pacific nudibranchs Goniobranchus aureopurpureus and Goniobranchus sp. 1 afforded 11 new diterpenoids (1-11), all of which possess a tetracyclic spongian-16-one scaffold with extensive oxidation at C-6, C-7, C-11, C-12, C-13, and/or C-20. The structures and relative configuration were investigated by NMR experiments, while X-ray crystallography provided the absolute configuration of 1, including a 2'S configuration for the 2-methylbutanoate substituent located at C-7. Dissection of animal tissue revealed that the mantle and viscera tissues differed in their metabolite composition with diterpenes 1-11 present in the mantle tissue of the two nudibranch species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Forster
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.C.F.); (J.K.C.)
| | - Jack K. Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.C.F.); (J.K.C.)
| | - Karen L. Cheney
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Mary J. Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (L.C.F.); (J.K.C.)
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6
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Forster LC, Pierens GK, Garson MJ. Elucidation of Relative and Absolute Configurations of Highly Rearranged Diterpenoids and Evidence for a Putative Biosynthetic Intermediate from the Australian Nudibranch Goniobranchus geometricus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:449-455. [PMID: 30418031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A diterpene (1), previously isolated from a Japanese marine sponge, together with two undescribed (2, 3) diterpenes with highly rearranged carbon skeletons have been characterized from the Australian nudibranch species Goniobranchus geometricus. The structures and relative configuration were determined by spectroscopic analyses informed by detailed molecular modeling, as well as by DFT, DP4, and coupling constant predictions. A 13 R,14 R configuration was determined for secoshahamin (1) by chemical correlation with 12-desacetoxyshahamin C (4) and 12-desacetoxypolyrhaphin A (5); each metabolite (1, 4, and 5) was subjected to saponification and lactonization, yielding the same δ-lactone product (6). Secoshahamin has the same carbon skeleton as a putative precursor that may play a key role in the biosynthesis of highly rearranged diterpenoid scaffolds via C-9/C-11 cleavage of a spongian diterpene precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Forster
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Mary J Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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7
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Hayton JB, Grant GD, Carroll AR. Three New Spongian Diterpenes from the Marine Sponge Dendrilla rosea. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three new diterpenes, aplyroseols 20–22 (2–4), were isolated from two specimens of the Australian marine sponge Dendrilla rosea. The structures and relative configurations of the new metabolites were elucidated from analysis of 2D NMR data. The compounds were screened for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but were inactive at 64µgmL−1.
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White AM, Pierens GK, Forster LC, Winters AE, Cheney KL, Garson MJ. Rearranged Diterpenes and Norditerpenes from Three Australian Goniobranchus Mollusks. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:477-483. [PMID: 26698272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three new norditerpenes (1, 6, and 7) and four diterpenes (2-5) with extensively rearranged carbon skeletons have been characterized from Australian nudibranchs. The relative configuration of the cyclopropyl-containing verrielactone (1) from Goniobranchus verrieri was suggested by spectroscopic analysis at 500 MHz informed by a combination of molecular modeling and DFT calculations. The nudibranchs G. splendidus and G. cf. splendidus provided 2-7, for which the structures and stereochemistry were deduced by 2D NMR studies at either 500 or 700 MHz. Each of the seven terpenoids exhibited a carbon skeleton modified from one of the tetrahydroaplysulphurin, spongionellin, or gracilane series of terpenes. A biosynthetic pathway to terpenes 1-7 from spongialactone is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M White
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ‡School of Biological Sciences, and §Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gregory K Pierens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ‡School of Biological Sciences, and §Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Louise C Forster
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ‡School of Biological Sciences, and §Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anne E Winters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ‡School of Biological Sciences, and §Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Karen L Cheney
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ‡School of Biological Sciences, and §Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mary J Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, ‡School of Biological Sciences, and §Centre of Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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9
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Mudianta IW, White AM, Garson MJ. Oxygenated Terpenes from Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs: Scalarane Sesterterpenes from Glossodoris hikuerensis and 12-Acetoxy Dendrillolide A from Goniobranchus albonares. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new scalarane sesterterpenes (1, 2) were characterized from an organic extract of a single specimen of the nudibranch Glossodoris hikuerensis collected from Bali. 12-Acetoxy dendrillolide A (10) was identified from specimens of Goniobranchus albonares, while dendrillolide A (11) was isolated both from G. albonares and its sponge diet. The structures and relative configuration of the new metabolites have been elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Wayan Mudianta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Ganesha University of Education, Bali, Indonesia 81116
| | - Andrew M. White
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mary J. Garson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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10
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11
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12
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Schnermann MJ, Beaudry CM, Genung NE, Canham SM, Untiedt NL, Karanikolas BDW, Sütterlin C, Overman LE. Divergent synthesis and chemical reactivity of bicyclic lactone fragments of complex rearranged spongian diterpenes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17494-503. [PMID: 21988207 PMCID: PMC3202687 DOI: 10.1021/ja207727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and direct comparison of the chemical reactivity of the two highly oxidized bicyclic lactone fragments found in rearranged spongian diterpenes (8-substituted 6-acetoxy-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one and 6-substituted 7-acetoxy-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one) are reported. Details of the first synthesis of the 6-acetoxy-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one ring system, including an examination of several possibilities for the key bridging cyclization reaction, are described. In addition, the first synthesis of 7-acetoxy-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanones containing quaternary carbon substituents at C6 is disclosed. Aspects of the chemical reactivity and Golgi-modifying properties of these bicyclic lactone analogs of rearranged spongian diterpenes are also reported. Under both acidic and basic conditions, 8-substituted 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanones are converted to 6-substituted-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octanones. Moreover, these dioxabicyclic lactones react with primary amines and lysine side chains of lysozyme to form substituted pyrroles, a conjugation that could be responsible for the unique biological properties of these compounds. These studies demonstrate that acetoxylation adjacent to the lactone carbonyl group, in either the bridged or fused series, is required to produce fragmented Golgi membranes in the pericentriolar region that is characteristic of macfarlandin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schnermann
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Christopher M. Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Nathan E. Genung
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Stephen M. Canham
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Nicholas L. Untiedt
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Breanne D. W. Karanikolas
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
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13
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Xu CF, Yuan CY. An improved method for the synthesis of optically active tomoxetines and fluoxetines. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20040220802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Schnermann MJ, Beaudry CM, Egorova AV, Polishchuk RS, Sütterlin C, Overman LE. Golgi-modifying properties of macfarlandin E and the synthesis and evaluation of its 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one core. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6158-63. [PMID: 20332207 PMCID: PMC2851978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001421107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Golgi-modifying properties of the spongian diterpene macfarlandin E (MacE) and a synthetic analog, t-Bu-MacE, containing its 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one moiety are reported. Natural product screening efforts identified MacE as inducing a novel morphological change in Golgi structure defined by ribbon fragmentation with maintenance of the resulting Golgi fragments in the pericentriolar region. t-Bu-MacE, which possesses the substituted 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one but contains a tert-butyl group in place of the hydroazulene subunit of MacE, was prepared by chemical synthesis. Examination of the Golgi-modifying properties of MacE, t-Bu-MacE, and several related structures revealed that the entire oxygen-rich bridged-bicyclic fragment is required for induction of this unique Golgi organization phenotype. Further characterization of MacE-induced Golgi modification showed that protein secretion is inhibited, with no effect on the actin or microtubule cytoskeleton being observed. The conversion of t-Bu-MacE and a structurally related des-acetoxy congener to substituted pyrroles in the presence of primary amines in protic solvent at ambient temperatures suggests that covalent modification might be involved in the Golgi-altering activity of MacE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schnermann
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Christopher M. Beaudry
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
| | - Anastasia V. Egorova
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 8013, Italy
| | - Roman S. Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via P. Castellino 111, Naples, 8013, Italy
- Telethon Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Consorzio “Mario Negri Sud,” Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), 66030, Italy; and
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, 2011 Biological Sciences III, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2300
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025
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15
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Kashman Y, Rudi A, Pappo D. Recent heterocyclic compounds from marine invertebrates: Structure and synthesis. PURE APPL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200779040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of unique heterocyclic natural marine products, without terrestrial counterparts, have been isolated from marine invertebrates, mainly sponges, ascidians, and soft corals. Many of these compounds display interesting biological activity. In this review, we report our recent studies on nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds ("alkaloids"), as well as some containing sulfur and oxygen, which have been isolated from Red Sea and Indo-Pacific organisms, and discuss progress on the synthesis of these natural products and structural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Kashman
- 1School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Amira Rudi
- 1School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- 1School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Israel
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Abstract
This review presents the structure, biological activity and, where applicable, references to the syntheses of 154 spongian and rearranged spongian diterpenoids isolated from marine sponges of the orders Dictyoceratida and Dendroceratida. There have been no studies of the biosynthesis of either spongian diterpenoids or their rearranged derivatives reported in the literature. The potential chemotaxonomic significance of spongian and rearranged spongian ditepenoids is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Keyzers
- Chemistry Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Wahidullah S, Guo YW, Fakhr IMI, Mollo E. Chemical diversity in opisthobranch molluscs from scarcely investigated Indo-Pacific areas. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 43:175-98. [PMID: 17153343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-30880-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Opisthobranch molluscs with both a rich variety of secondary metabolites and great biomedical potential represent the most intensively studied group of molluscs in natural product chemistry. We review here the chemical investigations into secondary metabolites of "sea slugs" from less-studied Indian, Chinese and Egyptian coasts, giving an overview of their most relevant biological activities. In addition to the biomedical interest of the metabolites, in which both structures and organisms often lose their own importance, this chapter emphasizes the phyletic and geographic distribution of the compounds in order to provide a further informational base for chemotaxonomical generalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wahidullah
- National Institute of Oceangraphy (NIO-CSIR), Dona Paula 403 004, Goa, India
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Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of (+)-norrisolide is presented. This natural product belongs to a family of marine spongiane diterpenes the structure of which is characterized by a fused gamma-lactone-gamma-lactol ring system attached to a bicyclic hydrophobic core. Our studies led to the development of a expedient synthesis of such gamma-lactone-gamma-lactol motifs based on ring expansion of a fused cyclopropyl ester. Highlights of the synthetic strategy toward norrisolide include the coupling of the two bicyclic systems by constructing a sterically demanding C9-C10 bond and the installation of the C19 oxygen at the last step of the synthesis via a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Brady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
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Rudi A, Erez Y, Benayahu Y, Kashman Y. Omriolide A and B; two new rearranged spongian diterpenes from the marine sponge Dictyodendrilla aff. retiara. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Hellwig V, Dasenbrock J, Gräf C, Kahner L, Schumann S, Steglich W. Calopins and Cyclocalopins − Bitter Principles fromBoletus calopus and Related Mushrooms. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200209)2002:17<2895::aid-ejoc2895>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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22
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Bandaranayake WM, Bemis JE, Bourne DJ. Ultraviolet absorbing pigments from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea: Isolation and structure of a new mycosporine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(96)00135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Cascade radical processes leading to polycycle constructions. The total synthesis of spongian-16-one. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)00740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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