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Fu Q, Gu Z, Shen S, Bai Y, Wang X, Xu M, Sun P, Chen J, Li D, Liu Z. Radiotherapy activates picolinium prodrugs in tumours. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1348-1356. [PMID: 38561425 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy-induced prodrug activation provides an ideal solution to reduce the systemic toxicity of chemotherapy in cancer therapy, but the scope of the radiation-activated protecting groups is limited. Here we present that the well-established photoinduced electron transfer chemistry may pave the way for developing versatile radiation-removable protecting groups. Using a functional reporter assay, N-alkyl-4-picolinium (NAP) was identified as a caging group that efficiently responds to radiation by releasing a client molecule. When evaluated in a competition experiment, the NAP moiety is more efficient than other radiation-removable protecting groups discovered so far. Leveraging this property, we developed a NAP-derived carbamate linker that releases fluorophores and toxins on radiation, which we incorporated into antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). These designed ADCs were active in living cells and tumour-bearing mice, highlighting the potential to use such a radiation-removable protecting group for the development of next-generation ADCs with improved stability and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Fu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Gu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyong Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxuan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.
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Rocker J, Zähringer TJB, Schmitz M, Opatz T, Kerzig C. Mechanistic investigations of polyaza[7]helicene in photoredox and energy transfer catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1236-1245. [PMID: 38887585 PMCID: PMC11181280 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic photocatalysts frequently possess dual singlet and triplet photoreactivity and a thorough photochemical characterization is essential for efficient light-driven applications. In this article, the mode of action of a polyazahelicene catalyst (Aza-H) was investigated using laser flash photolysis (LFP). The study revealed that the chromophore can function as a singlet-state photoredox catalyst in the sulfonylation/arylation of styrenes and as a triplet sensitizer in energy transfer catalysis. The singlet lifetime is sufficiently long to exploit the exceptional excited state reduction potential for the activation of 4-cyanopyridine. Photoinduced electron transfer generating the radical cation was directly observed confirming the previously proposed mechanism of a three-component reaction. Several steps of the photoredox cycle were investigated separately, providing deep insights into the complex mechanism. The triplet-excited Aza-H, which was studied with quantitative LFP, is formed with a quantum yield of 0.34. The pronounced triplet formation was exploited for the isomerization reaction of (E)-stilbene to the Z-isomer and the cyclization of cinnamyl chloride. Catalyst degradation mainly occurs through the long-lived Aza-H triplet (28 µs), but the photostability is greatly increased when the triplet efficiently reacts in a catalytic cycle such that turnover numbers exceeding 4400 are achievable with this organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Rocker
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Mondal PK, Tiwari SK, Singh P, Pandey G. Direct Arylation of Distal and Proximal C(sp 3)-H Bonds of t-Amines with Aryl Diazonium Tetrafluoroborates via Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17184-17196. [PMID: 34786938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A visible light-mediated arylation protocol for t-amines has been reported through the coupling of γ- and α-amino alkyl radicals with different aryl diazonium salts using Ru(bpy)3Cl2·6H2O as a photocatalyst. Structurally different 9-aryl-9,10-dihydroacridine, 1-aryl tetrahydroisoquinoline, hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline, and hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline frameworks with different substitution patterns have been synthesized in good yield using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pushpendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ganesh Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Dong W, Badir SO, Zhang X, Molander GA. Accessing Aliphatic Amines in C-C Cross-Couplings by Visible Light/Nickel Dual Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:4250-4255. [PMID: 33998797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general aminoalkylation of aryl halides was developed, overcoming intolerance of free amines in nickel-mediated C-C coupling. This transformation features broad functional group tolerance and high efficiency. Taking advantage of the fast desilylation of α-silylamines upon single-electron transfer (SET) facilitated by carbonate, α-amino radicals are generated regioselectively, which then engage in nickel-mediated C-C coupling. The reaction displays high chemoselectivity for C-C over C-N bond formation. Highly functionalized pharmacophores and peptides are also amenable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Dong
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shorouk O Badir
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Xuange Zhang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Abstract
The interaction between an electronically excited photocatalyst and an organic molecule can result in the genertion of a diverse array of reactive intermediates that can be manipulated in a variety of ways to result in synthetically useful bond constructions. This Review summarizes dual-catalyst strategies that have been applied to synthetic photochemistry. Mechanistically distinct modes of photocatalysis are discussed, including photoinduced electron transfer, hydrogen atom transfer, and energy transfer. We focus upon the cooperative interactions of photocatalysts with redox mediators, Lewis and Brønsted acids, organocatalysts, enzymes, and transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimer
L. Skubi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Travis R. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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Lenhart D, Bach T. Visible-light-induced, Ir-catalyzed reactions of N-methyl-N-((trimethylsilyl)methyl)aniline with cyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:890-6. [PMID: 24778745 PMCID: PMC3999855 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-N-((trimethylsilyl)methyl)aniline was employed as reagent in visible-light-induced, iridium-catalyzed addition reactions to cyclic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Typical reaction conditions included the use of one equivalent of the reaction substrate, 1.5 equivalents of the aniline and 2.5 mol % (in MeOH) or 1.0 mol % (in CH2Cl2) [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)]BF4 as the catalyst. Two major reaction products were obtained in combined yields of 30–67%. One product resulted from aminomethyl radical addition, the other product was a tricyclic compound, which is likely formed by attack of the intermediately formed α-carbonyl radical at the phenyl ring. For five-membered α,β-unsaturated lactone and lactam substrates, the latter products were the only products isolated. For the six-membered lactones and lactams and for cyclopentenone the simple addition products prevailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lenhart
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Abstract
In the reactions reviewed, an organic molecule under irradiation catalyzes a chemical reaction. The activation is based either on hydrogen or on electron transfer. Commonly used photoorganocatalysts are aromatic ketones, quinones, heterocycles, dyes; intermediates formed are radicals, radical ions and ions from precursors such as alkanes, alkenes, amines, ethers etc. Oxidation (mainly oxygenation) and reduction processes are obtained along with the α-functionalization of amines and ketones, conjugate additions, cycloadditions etc. The key characteristic of the method is the smooth generation of highly reactive intermediates under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, V.Le Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Miyake Y, Ashida Y, Nakajima K, Nishibayashi Y. Visible-light-mediated addition of α-aminoalkyl radicals generated from α-silylamines to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:6966-8. [PMID: 22669613 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32745g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated addition of α-aminoalkyl radicals generated from α-silylamines to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds using a photoredox catalyst is developed. We also succeeded in the isolation of a silyl enol ether as a primary product of the photochemical reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyake
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Rueping M, Koenigs RM, Poscharny K, Fabry DC, Leonori D, Vila C. Dual catalysis: combination of photocatalytic aerobic oxidation and metal catalyzed alkynylation reactions--C-C bond formation using visible light. Chemistry 2012; 18:5170-4. [PMID: 22431393 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kamon T, Irifune Y, Tanaka T, Yoshimitsu T. Total Synthesis of (±)-Kainic Acid: A Photochemical C–H Carbamoylation Approach. Org Lett 2011; 13:2674-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200772f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kamon
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yayoi Irifune
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yoshimitsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Yoshida JI, Kataoka K, Horcajada R, Nagaki A. Modern Strategies in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2265-99. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0680843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1027] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hoffmann N. Efficient photochemical electron transfer sensitization of homogeneous organic reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Laboratoire des Réactions Sélectives et Applications, UMR 6519 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, Cedex 02, France
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Fagnoni M, Dondi D, Ravelli D, Albini A. Photocatalysis for the Formation of the C−C Bond. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2725-56. [PMID: 17530909 DOI: 10.1021/cr068352x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fagnoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Photochemically induced radical addition of tertiary amines to C=C and C=O double bonds: A green chemistry contribution to organic synthesis. PURE APPL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200779111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced electron transfer considerably enriches the redox chemistry of organic molecules. This primary step has been used to produce α-amino alkyl radicals that can be added to various double bonds. The addition to olefinic and carbonyl bonds is discussed. Homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis methods with various electron-transfer sensitizers are described.
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Maruyama T, Suga S, Yoshida JI. Distannane mediated reaction of N-acyliminium ion pools with alkyl halides. A chain mechanism involving radical addition followed by electron transfer. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Smirnova J, Wöll D, Pfleiderer W, Steiner U. Synthesis of Caged Nucleosides with Photoremovable Protecting Groups Linked to Intramolecular Antennae. Helv Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200590067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kaiser J, Kinderman SS, van Esseveldt BCJ, van Delft FL, Schoemaker HE, Blaauw RH, Rutjes FPJT. Synthetic applications of aliphatic unsaturated α-H-α-amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3435-67. [PMID: 16172678 DOI: 10.1039/b507973j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the literature concerning synthetic applications of unsaturated aliphatic amino acids in the period May 2000 to December 2004.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Kaiser
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Toernooiveld 1, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Weintraub PM, Sabol JS, Kane JM, Borcherding DR. Recent advances in the synthesis of piperidones and piperidines. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Structure and reactivity of hydrocarbon radical cations. ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(03)38002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Suero R, Gorgojo JM, Aurrecoechea JM. Synthesis of 3-aminopyrrolidines by cyclization of neutral C-centered α-aminoalkyl radicals. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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